Glass Thermometer Research Articles

Reshoring concepts: definitions and a structured bibliometric review

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to clearly mark the clusters in the related literature using bibliometric analysis and draw useful implications for the academic research purposes especially in the stream of Supply Chain Management (SCM).Design/methodology/approachBy employing rigorous selection criteria, sample articles were selected for synthesizing and conducting a bibliometric analysis. This paper tries to identify the significance of the concept of reshoring with the aspect of SCM, operations, logistics etc. Starting from sample selection, systematic selection criteria has been used to generate the database, using Scopus. The sample size was 184. Using VOSViewer, statistical and graphical representations were generated for clusters in the literature that will be useful for judging the trends of research under shoring concepts.FindingsFindings show that unclear difference compared to other supply chain concepts obstructs further theory development within reshoring concepts. To address this challenge, the review categorizes themes and defines boundaries. Based on the analysis findings, this paper advocates for additional research in areas that are crucial but have received limited or no attention. Specifically, there is a need for action research on motivations, governance modes, and location selection concerning reshoring decisions.Research limitations/implicationsThis review has a few limitations. The absence of publications in other language, than English, may result in a significant loss of knowledge. This research paper cited a few relevant publications in the form of conference papers, industry reports, books, and book chapters. Nonetheless, they were excluded from the organized bibliometric audit. To further advance the knowledge in this field, exploratory longitudinal case studies will bring to focus the changes on manufacturing strategies using the shoring and reshoring stages.Practical implicationsA current example of this is a French company named Stil (Terzian, 2020) which brought its glass thermometer production back to its home after the unexpected closure of its suppliers from China. Another Italian firm has restarted production of disposal bio-degradable face masks after 15 years to compete with low-cost alternatives from China (Greco, 2020). Reshoring concepts are now under consideration of organizations including Boeing, Bosch, Phillips and more.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this represents one of the earliest efforts to conceptualize and define reshoring concepts, aiming to distinguish them from one another appropriately. To accomplish this, the earlier demarcated clusters precede this section’s classification of reshoring concepts illustrated in Table 8. Based on the synthesis of definitions and thematic clusters above, we have concluded the literature review in this emerging field. It is intended to contribute to theory development and practitioner support in reshoring decisions by clarifying the dimensions.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PEMANTAU DENYUT JANTUNG DAN SUHU TUBUH BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER MENGGUNAKAN LABVIEW DI KLINIK TAZAKKA PURWAKARTA

Heart rate and body temperature are one of the determining factors or vital signs in the selection of health. Measurements regarding heart and body temperature are carried out to determine the clinical signs and are useful to confirm the diagnosis of a disease. In the process of checking the heart rate and body temperature still use conventional equipment such as a stethoscope and glass thermometer. The measurement process is done one by one then the process of recording the results of measurements is done by hand. this system is less effective because it takes a lot of time. In this study a monitoring system was developed that refutes the state of integrated body temperature, the measurement results related to the patient's health status installed through a desktop-based application. This monitoring process is carried out using a heart rate sensor to deny the heart rate and a DS18B20 sensor to measure body temperature. Input data processing from the second sensor is done using a microcontroller. The method used to make this research is a prototype. Overall this system is able to measure heart rate and body temperature, equipped with a user interface feature using LabView that can display heart rate, body temperature and to find out the level of health from the research results obtained an error value of 2.26% to measure heart rate and 0.81% for body temperature measurements. Keywords: Heart Rate, Body Temperature, Automation System, Information System, LabView

Feasibility Analysis of Weather Observation Equipment at Meteorological Stations in Supporting Flight Safety at Rahadi Oesman Ketapang Airport

Weather is one of the main factors for the world of aviation in supporting flight safety. Because aircraft are included in the mode of transportation that occurs in the atmosphere, so it greatly influences the operation of aircraft. Bad weather can cause flight schedules to change suddenly, causing delays and threatening flight safety. Therefore it is necessary to carry out weather observations, these observations are carried out by an agency called the Meteorological Station. The implementation of weather observations requires meteorological tools, these tools are divided into two types, namely conventional tools and automatic tools. What must be considered from the weather observation tool at the Rahadi Oesman Ketapang Meteorological Station is its feasibility. Therefore, this study aims to determine the condition of weather observation tools in supporting flight safety and to determine the obstacles experienced by the Ketapang Meteorological Station and the handling of these obstacles. This study used qualitative research methods. The data needed is primary data in the form of interviews and observations. And secondary data documentation in the form of data obtained from the Rahadi Oesman Ketapang Meteorological Station, in addition to other data obtained through journals, articles, or previous research that has something to do with the research that researchers are doing. Data analysis techniques in this study used data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. Based on the data obtained from this study, the tools used at the Rahadi Oesman Ketapang Meteorological Station are operationally feasible, as evidenced by the results in the latest calibration certificate. However, after the calibration was carried out the following month, several obstacles were found, such as conventional and automatic tools that had problems, such as broken glass thermometers, sensors and networks on AWOS and AWS, frequent interruptions occurred which prevented data transmission, and the rain gauge was damaged. Then constrained by a very minimal supply of spare parts, so it is necessary to increase the spare parts.

Macro-vegetation and physicochemical aspects of Tirwum pond in Bauchi Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria

Water is a key player in any biological system and it is vital to quality existence of living things. The abundance, assemblage, density, diversity and kinds of macro-vegetation present in a system are pointers to ecological health and the knowledge of biodiversity upsurge or decline is necessary for management decisions at various levels. In the evaluation of Macro-vegetation and some physicochemical factors of Tirwum pond, samples were collected once a month for six consecutive months. According to the manufacturer’s operating procedure as approved by EPA, Colorimeter hach DR 890 was used to determine turbidity, HANNA HI 9813-5 was used to determine total dissolved solids (TDS), (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO) was measured by JPB-70A pen type intelligent dissolved oxygen analyzer, nitrate and phosphate were determined by means of PALINTEST photometer Wagtech 7100. The determination of TSS and TS were by filtration and evaporation methods respectively and temperature was measured in situ using mercury in glass thermometer. 60 quadrats of 1x1m2 were thrown and a long, double-headed rake dipped down, turned 360degrees within each quadrant and all plants within the quadrant frame were counted and identified. The species richness was six belonging to four families. Diversity and evenness index were 1.69 and 0.94 correspondingly. Most values of pH were within the optimum range. The above 3mg/L of all nitrogen values branded the pond as polluted. The abundance of three macro-vegetation families negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen (p˂ 0.01, p˂0.05), but positively correlated with Temperature (p˂0.05). The abundance of macro-vegetation showed negative correlation with EC and TDS (P ˂ 0.05). The absence of submerged macrophytes, high concentration of nitrate and low concentration of dissolved oxygen reflected the impaired state of the pond community and the species richness of six is bad for biodiversity at local and global level.

The Effect of the Conversion Coefficients of Platinum-Based Resistance Thermometers on the Uncertainty Estimation

Different types of thermometers (resistance thermometers, thermocouples, liquid in glass thermometers, radiation thermometers, etc.) are used in temperature measurements. Resistance thermometers are among the most reliable types of sensors used for sensitive temperature measurements. The traceability, accuracy and precision of the measurement results are important for the reliability of the measurements. There are many parameters that affect the uncertainty estimation in measurements made with resistance thermometers. One of the parameters to be considered in the uncertainty estimation is the interpolation error in converting the resistance value to temperature. Different methods (ITS-90, Calendar Van Dusen CVD, Polynomial equation) can be used to convert the resistance value to temperature. The problem is that there are differences in the temperature values read using the coefficients obtained by different methods. In this study, the effect of errors from CVD and polynomial equation methods on measurement uncertainty was investigated.

Determination of Physico-Chemical Parameters of St. Nicholas River, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria

The Physicochemical parameters of St. Nicholas River were determined from October, 2020 to September, 2021. Three sampling stations were identified and used throughout the duration of the studies. They were Meinmokiri, Ebierewo-bugo and Egeinkiri sampling stations. The physicochemical parameters were measured in situ with Mercury in Glass Thermometer for Temperature, Hand held Digital Salinometer for (Model AR8012) for Salinity, pH meter (Model PH-009(1)) for pH, Digital conductivity tester (Model AR8011) for Conductivity, TDS meter (Model AR8012) for Total Dissolved Solid, Digital Water Velocity meter (Model PF LV550) for Water Velocity, Secchi Disk for Transparency, Digital Depth Founder (Model SD-5) for Water Depth and Dissolved Oxygen Meter (Model OM-51-10) for Dissolved Oxygen. The mean values of the Physicochemical parameters of water at the three sampling stations are temperature; 29.98±0.550C, Dissolved Oxygen DO; 11.89±0.33mg/L, Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD; 2.06±0.26 mg/L, Salinity; 16.80±2.06 PPT, Conductivity; 27.54±3.03µS/cm, Total Dissolved Solids TDS; 9.44±0.50mg/L, pH; 7.41±0.14, Water Depth; 0.58±0.06m, Transparency; 27.27±0.03cm and Water Velocity; 54.79±5.71m3/s. These physicochemical parameters values are comparable with other water bodies in the Niger Delta indicating contaminated waters. The contamination was caused by anthropogenic activities in terms of parameters assessed, therefore mitigation should be put in place for biodiversity conservation and sustainability of the ecosystem.

A comparative study to assess the reliability of the digital and glass thermometer in the adults admitted in all male wards of Era medical college & hospital Lucknow, U.P.

Temperature is one of the most common and important clinical sign. Maintenance and monitoring of the thermoregulation is a basic requirement in nursing care. Determining accurate measurement of temperature is very important for providing quality care to the patient and to prevent complication as abnormal temperature is strongly associated with the serious diseases. Vital signs are basic component & assessment of physiological & psychological health of the client. Vital signs (Cardinal Signs) and its component body temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure & pain. Body temperature is an indicator of health & its is important vital sign. Body temperature regulated by thermo-regulating center in Brain called as Hypothalamus. Body temperature measure by various types of thermometer available in the market. The aim of the study to assess the reliability of the digital & glass thermometer. The design selected for present study was comparative research design. The study was conducted on 60 male patients who was selective by using convenient sample technique. The results revealed that there was no significance difference between digital & glass thermometer at (PC0.05) level of significance tabulated 2 value (0.97) and clinical significance 0.2° celsius.

Changes in viable bacterial counts and physicochemical parameters of water used during live transportation of Pangasius catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in Bangladesh.

Objective:The study was undertaken to assess the changes in viable bacterial counts and physicochemical parameters of water used during the live transportation of Pangasius catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). The correlations between the changing patterns of these parameters were also established.Materials and Methods:Water samples were collected every 2 h interval, plated onto agar plates for assesing viable bacterial counts. Physicochemical parameters, namely, water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and ammonia (NH3) concentration in the water were measured with a glass thermometer, DO test kit, pH test kit, and total NH3 measurement kit, respectively.Results:The viable bacterial counts increased significantly from 0 to 2 h in all the studied channels and remained almost similar up to the end of the supply channels. The water temperature was almost stable regardless of the supply channels and transportation period at around 30°C. The DO concentration and pH level decreased, and NH3 concentrations increased gradually in all the supply channels. The viable bacterial counts were inversely correlated to the DO levels and directly associated with the NH3 concentrations of the water used during the live transportation of Pangasius catfish.Conclusions:Gradual increase in viable bacterial counts and fluctuation in some vital physicochemical parameters with the duration of transportation indicated an unfavorable environment for the survival of Pangasius catfish.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMAGE PROCESSING METHOD ON THE AUTOMATIC READING SYSTEM OF THE GLASS THERMOMETER USING A DIGITAL CAMERA

The reading performance of an analog thermometer, Liquid in Glass Thermometer (LiGT), can be improved using a digital camera. The aim is to minimize the human error on the reading of LiGT and increase the accuracy of temperature measurement results. In order to achieve an accurate result, a robust image processing method is required in the measurement. In this work, the LiGT image generated using a digital camera is analyzed using the technique in HSV color space which consists of some image processing methods (e.g., thresholding, morphology filter). The type of LiGT used is the glass thermometer with the colored liquid. There are three main parts to this developed technique process, i.e., identifying the scale of LiGT to calculate the pixel per temperature unit value (ppt), segmentation of the liquid column, and calculate the temperature based on the ppt value. Through simulation with a synthetic image, we demonstrate that the developed technique in this work has successfully read (measured) the temperature value of the LiGT (having a scale unit of 1oC) with a measurement error of 0.04oC. In the experimental results, we also report the developed technique performed on a real image of LiGT.

Clinical Efficiency of Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer over Axillary Digital Thermometer and Mercury in Glass Thermometer with Paracetamol

Fever is defined as rise in normal body temperature above 98.6°F. Clinical thermometer is a medical instrument for measuring human body temperature. The traditionally used mercury in glass thermometer was replaced by digital thermometer due to mercury toxicity. Non-contact infra-red thermometer is a non-invasive thermometer used for un-cooperative pediatric patients. The objective of this study is to determine the clinical efficiency of non-contact infrared thermometer over axillary digital thermometer and mercury in glass thermometer over a range of body temperature by using paracetamol in febrile patients. This descriptive hospital based cross sectional study was conducted from 5th December 2019 till 23rd August 2020 after ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee of Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Mercury in glass thermometer, axillary digital thermometer and non-contact infrared thermometer were used to measure body temperature in febrile patient. Body temperature was re-measured one hour after administration of paracetamol. Data was entered and analyzed with statistical package for social sciences version 16. Axillary digital thermometer has high predictability in the upper body temperature range (in febrile state) but its predictability is low in lower body temperature range (our normal body temperature). Non-contact infrared thermometer in comparison with axillary digital thermometer has lower predictability in both upper and lower body temperature range. Clinical efficiency of non-contact infrared thermometer is less than that of axillary digital thermometer and mercury in glass thermometer in febrile patients.

Body temperature fatigue behaviour of reciprocating and rotary glide path instruments in sodium hypochlorite solutions alone or combined with etidronate.

The aim of the study was to compare cyclic fatigue (CF) resistance of reciprocating and rotary glide path instruments in the presence of irrigation solutions at body temperature. CF resistance of 100 instruments (50 ProGlider and 50 WaveOne Gold Glider) was tested in sodium hypochlorite solutions alone (NaOCl) or in combination with etidronate (NaOCl/HEBP). The CF platform with a simulated canal (curvature = 60°/radius = 3 mm) was submerged in a temperature-controlled bath with the solutions kept at 37 ± 1°C controlled by a precision mercury glass thermometer. Instruments were actioned following manufacturer guidelines, and time to failure was recorded and compared among groups with Weibull analysis. Reciprocating glide path preparation instruments were more resistant to CF than rotary instruments in both irrigation solutions. The irrigation solution did not affect the mean life of ProGlider, but reciprocating instruments lasted significantly longer used in presence of NaOCl compared to NaOCl/HEBP.

Measurement of Body Temperature in Postsurgical Children: Comparisons of Infrared Nonskin Contact Digital Thermometer, Skin Contact Digital Thermometer, and Mercury in Glass Thermometer.

Context:Postoperative fever is known to occur after all surgical procedures irrespective of the type of anesthesia. Thermometry devices that work without touching or disturbing the child seem to be appreciated more than the conventional skin contact thermometers. However, whether this technology is reliable to be adapted for routine pediatric surgical care is debatable.Aims:The aim of this study was to study the accuracy of infrared nonskin contact digital thermometer (IRT) compared to the skin contact digital thermometer (DT) and mercury in glass thermometer (MT).Settings and Design:A prospective cross-sectional study was done in postoperative patients at a pediatric surgical center over a period of 3 months.Subjects and Methods:The forehead temperature was recorded with IRT. This was followed by recording the temperature in one armpit by DT and the other armpit by MT. Readings were promptly documented.Statistical Analysis Used:A sample t-test was done which gave the P value and mean. Linear regression analysis was carried out to find correlation coefficients. Bland–Altman test was used to access the concordance between all readings.Results:We found a strong correlation between temperature readings taken by DT (mean = −0.03, r = 0.07, slope = −0.04) and IRT (mean = 0.89, r = 0.091, slope = −0.14). However, on comparison of results with the MT, there are wider limits of agreement with the IRT (−0.31–2.09) in comparison to DT (−0.66–0.59).Conclusion:Skin contact digital thermometer are more accurate and suitable for checking body temperature as compared to infrared nonskin contact digital thermometer in postoperative pediatric patients.

Influence of protein-mineral feed additive from marine aquatic organisms on growth intensity and nonspecific resistance of broiler chickens under different microclimate conditions

The conducted research was aimed at determination of the impact produced by feeding protein and mineral feed additive produced out of the primary processing aquatic organisms wastes: sea mussels, red algae as well as of the sea water upon the productivity and non-specific resistance of broiler chickens raised in conditions of the normative and non-normative characteristics of the broiler house microclimate. The feed additive was applied to 20–42 day broiler chickens of “Ross 308” cross. The studied broilers were clinically healthy. Throughout the entire experiment, a series of the sanitary and hygienic microclimate parameters were determined, such as temperature, humidity, rate of changes as well as bacterial contamination of air, content of ammonia and carbon dioxide in air, and illumination of the broiler house. The house temperature was measured every day with the aid of a common spirit-in glass thermometer. Air humidity was established with the aid of an August psychrometer, air draft speed, harmful gas concentrations and illumination indicators were measured in compliance with the generally accepted methods. Bacterial contamination was determined with the use of the method of microorganism precipitation on a solid breeding ground placed in Petri dishes followed by a count of the bacterial colonies per 1 m3. The blood analysis included determination of haemoglobin, erythrocytes and leukocytes. In the blood serum, the lysozyme activity (LABS) and bactericidal activity (BABS) were determined. It was established that enriching the basic ration with the protein and mineral additive in quantity of 7 % in addition to the feed mass under conditions of the normative microclimate produced a positive effect on the growth intensity, livability and non-specific resistance indices of the broiler chickens. Thus, the live weight of broilers was reliably greater by 4.7 % and the livability equalled 100 %. The haemoglobin content was reliably greater by 7.6 %, erythrocytes – by 11.5 %, BABS – by 34.5 % and LABS – by 35.9 % as compared with the control group of broiler chickens. At the same time, when the studied feed additive was fed to broiler chickens kept in the microclimate conditions that did not meet the normative requirements, the reliable difference to the control indices was not established. Hence, the research results have proved that application of the protein and mineral feed additive is effective under the optimal microclimate conditions. High figures of livability and growth intensity of broiler chickens are based on a high resistance which is being formed provided the optimal microclimate and application of feed additives have been provided.

Practice for the determination of convective coefficients

<br /><table class="t1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="td1" valign="top"><p class="p2"><span class="s1"> </span>El presente documento muestra cómo determinar el coeficiente de transferencia de calor en convección libre, utilizando datos de temperatura, leídos en forma de intervalo, alrededor del bulbo de un termómetro de vidrio. Para esto, se realizó el experimento de enfriamiento del bulbo de un termómetro y se registraron los datos del descenso del menisco del termómetro. Se construyeron dos modelos de transferencia de calor para el enfriamiento del bulbo, con su respectiva solución analítica. En el primer modelo, se consideró la temperatura del bulbo de mercurio igual a la temperatura de la envoltura de vidrio, mientras que en el segundo modelo no se consideró esta restricción. Con las soluciones analíticas de estos modelos y usando un método de mínimos cuadrados modificado para trabajar con datos leídos en forma de intervalo, se determinó el coeficiente experimental de transferencia de calor en forma de intervalo. Para validar ambos modelos, las temperaturas calculadas se graficaron y compararon con los datos experimentales. Los resultados muestran que el coeficiente de transferencia de calor calculado con el modelo sin restricciones es el que mejor representa los datos experimentales.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Evaluation of expanded uncertainty at glass thermometer calibration

A method for calibrating a glass thermometer is investigated and a procedure for measurement uncertainty evaluation based on the kurtosis method is developed. The correlation between the indication of the reference and calibrated thermometers at uncertainty evaluation is taken into account. The effectiveness of the reduction method applying in calculating the uncertainty of correlated measurements is demonstrated. Uncertainty budgets have been drawn up, which can be used as the basis for developing software tools to automate the uncertainty evaluation. A real example of the measurement uncertainty evaluation at glass thermometer calibration is considered. It is shown that taking into account the correlation between the measurement results of the calibrated and reference thermometers allows to reduce the values of the combined and expanded measurement uncertainty by almost 1.5 times. The coincidence of the results obtained by the proposed method and the Monte Carlo method is shown.

A portable immune-thermometer assay based on the photothermal effect of graphene oxides for the rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium

Previously reported photothermal strip test methods generally used a membrane as the antibody carrier and a thermal imaging camera or sensor as detector. To further simplify the detection device, a modified mercury head of the glass thermometer can act as the antibody carrier. Meanwhile, the temperature variation signal (ΔT) generated by the photothermal effect of labeled nanomaterials can be detected by the thermometer directly. Thus, the antibody carrier and detector can be integrated on a portable and cheap thermometer, which greatly simplified the device and detection steps of the photothermal method. The excellent photothermal effect of graphene oxides was used to improve the detection sensitivity. The main parameters of the performance of immune-thermometer assay were optimized and the Salmonella typhimurium was chosen as the representative target. Under the optimized conditions, the ΔT and the different number of Salmonella typhimurium were plotted to establish the standard curve. The detection limit was estimated to be 103 CFU·mL−1. The entire detection operation was consistently finished in 15 min. Overall, the proposed immune-thermometer exhibited good precision, selectivity and acceptable stability. The immune-thermometer assay was also successfully implemented and validated in different foodstuffs, which showed that it can be used as a novel and promising technique for rapid, simple and on-site screening of hazards in food, biological, clinical or environmental samples.

Linear multimode interference fiber temperature sensor using the liquid in glass thermometer principle.

A temperature sensor based on a multimode interference thermometer is designed and fabricated. The operation mechanism is based on the thermal expansion of a specific volume of ethylene glycol contained in a glass bulb that is connected to a capillary of the same material, with a no-core fiber (NCF) inserted and centered into the capillary tube. As the temperature is increased, the liquid is expanded, and the NCF is gradually covered by the liquid, resulting in a peak wavelength shift that is correlated to the temperature variations. A sensitivity of 0.4447 nm/°C and highly linear response with an R2 of 0.99962 are obtained. The advantage of this configuration is that the sensing temperature range can be adjusted by changing either the inner diameter of the capillary tube or the bulb volume. We can also measure negative temperatures by simply modifying the freezing point of the liquid, which demonstrates the viability of the sensor for many applications.

The potential of biogas production from fruit wastes (Watermelon, Mango and Pawpaw)

The study determined the potential of biogas production from fruit wastes: mango, pawpaw and watermelon and their combinations. Fixed batch type anaerobic digesters were locally fabricated and used for the study. Retention time was for 45 days. The different substrates were prepared into slurry treatments by grinding and mixing with water in the ratio of 1:3, and 1:2 for only watermelon treatment because of its high moisture content. Determination of process pH, temperature and viable anaerobic counts were carried out to monitor how their variations in the anaerobic digesters affected the biogas production process, using pH meter, mercury in glass thermometer and a locally designed anaerobic glove box. Quantification of biogas yield was by liquid displacement. The pH, temperature and anaerobic counts varied over the 45 days retention time. The total volume of biogas produced from each digester at the end of the digestion was 2971 cm3, 1577 cm3, 83 cm3, 5103 cm3, 1630 cm3, 916 cm3, and 4348 cm3, from watermelon (W), mango (M), pawpaw (P), watermelon + melon (WM), pawpaw + water melon (PW), mango and pawpaw (MP) and mango, watermelon, and pawpaw (MWP), respectively. The excellent biodegradability potential displayed by watermelon waste and to a lesser extent mango waste is of great importance in waste management and the energy transition vision of Nigeria.

The resultant physiochemical effect of organic, artificial and mixed diets of Clarias gariepinus to enhance growth

This study was carried out at the University of Abuja permanent site Gwagwalada, Abuja to determine the water quality parameters of Clarias gariepinus fed with organic, artificial and mixture of organic and artificial diets. The materials and the fingerlings were all purchased from Ajima farms, Kuje Area Council. After seven days of acclimatization, a group of ten (10) fishes were stocked in three treatments of plastic rubber with carrying capacity of 60 litres. Treatment A were fed with artificial (Coppens), treatment B with organic (chicken droppings) while treatment C with mixture of artificial and organic (both Coppens and chicken droppings) and the experiment ran for a period of 90 days. They were fed 7 days a week (twice daily) between 8 and 6 pm by hand casting at the rate of 4% body weight. The water quality parameters were taken once a week. Nitrate, pH and ammonia were calculated using combii 11 strip while temperature was taken using mercury in glass thermometer. The temperature was between (26 to 27°C), pH (5 to 8 mg/l), nitrate (0.01 to 60 mg/l), ammonia (0.01 to 2.15 mg/l) and dissolved oxygen (5 to 6.6) respectively. All quality water parameters taken were found to be within the recommended range for optimum growth performance of Clarias gariepinus.

Diagnostic accuracy of digital thermometer compared to mercury in glass thermometer for measuring temperature in children

Background: A wide variety of devices are available to record temperature from skin, oral or rectal mucosa and the tympanic membrane. The accuracy of different devices is varied and the primary objective of this study is to compare the diagnostic accuracy of digital thermometer against mercury in glass thermometer in children. The secondary objective was to determine the average time taken by the digital thermometer to record the temperature.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in a pediatric ward at Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Egmore, Chennai. In all 92 febrile children aged 1 month to 12 years admitted in the ward, temperature was measured at the time of admission using both digital and mercury in glass thermometers placed in each axilla after obtaining informed consent. Concordance and discordance of both measurements were determined using Pearson Correlation coefficient and Bland altman plot. Average time taken by digital thermometer to record temperature was noted.Results: There was a good correlation between mercury and digital thermometer recordings (r=0.976, p<0.001). The Bland-Altman test showed that almost all residual values (estimated-observed) are random and the fall within the 95% confidence interval. The average time taken by the digital thermometer to record the temperature was 88.03 seconds (95% CI-54.58 to 121.49).Conclusions: Digital thermometer is as accurate as mercury in glass thermometer in recording temperature. The average time taken by the digital thermometer to record temperature is 88.03 ±17.07 seconds.