Glass-metal Composites Research Articles

Evaluation of Tensile properties of FRP Composite Laminates under Varying Strain Rates and Temperatures

The present investigation deals with the characterization of tensile behavior of various Fiber Reinforced Polymer composites under Thermo-Mechanical loading. Five different types of Uni-Directional (UD) composites of Carbon, Glass, Carbon-Glass hybrid and Metal Laminates of Carbon & Glass were tested for tensile behavior. Tensile tests were performed at strain rates of 10-3, 10-2, & 10-1 s-1 at Room Temperature,250 0C and 450 0C. Stress-strain relations reveal the strain rate and temperature sensitive behavior of composites. Glass, Glass-Carbon, Glass-metal epoxy composites showed higher peak tensile stress under room temperature with varying strain rates as compared to neat carbon epoxy composites. Also, high strain rate tensile properties such as peak stress and peak strain of Glass-Carbon-Epoxy specimens were 26%, and 60% higher than that of the neat carbon epoxy composite. The failure mechanisms of both the composites were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy. The composites mainly failed due to matrix crack within elastic range under room temperature and failed with significant plastic deformation of matrix and fibers under test temperatures 250 0C and 450 0C. Finally, this study reveals that the continuous phase of metal layer embedded between Uni-Directional Glass and Carbon fiber, based composite system can be tailored to act as an energy-absorbing material system under both elastic and plastic stress strain regimes.

Application of the Glass-Metal Composite Made by Spin Casting Method for Pressure Hulls of Deep-Sea Submersibles

In this work the manufacturing techniques of layered constructional material metal-glass-metal by method of centrifugal casting are considered. The scheme of installation for production of cylindrical shells from a glass-metal composite is provided, the research of the main technological modes providing reliable connection of aluminium coverings with the glass which is in a plastic state is conducted optimum values of temperature parameters are defined. Methods of electronic microscopy have investigated the diffusive layer which is formed on border glass-aluminium.

Method for calculating stress evolution in glass-metal composite taking into account structural and mechanical relaxation processes

Technological modes of annealing layered glass-metal composite material are investigated. A cylindrical glass-metal composite vessel with an internal glass cylinder is used as a model sample in the experimental studies of highly compressed fragile rocks mass. A mathematical model of the evolution of technological and residual stresses during its annealing is considered. The difficulty in modeling is due to the glass transition process and the elastic-plastic behavior of the metal. Structural and mechanical relaxation processes in glass are calculated using the Tula-Naariswami-Moynihan-Mazurin method, which is based on the concept of structural temperature, and the Boltzman-Volterra superposition principle. The dependence of viscosity and coefficient of linear temperature expansion on the structural temperature is taken into account. Elastic state in the stress space is limited by the surface of the Mises limit state for metal shell. In this paper, a finite-difference scheme for calculating structural changes and process stresses over the entire temperature treatment interval is proposed. To assess the accuracy of the developed calculation algorithm, we used an analytical solution of the problem with the Maxwell core in the absence of temperature-time analogy in glass and elastic deformation of the metal layer. Calculations of technological stresses in glass metal composite based on borosilicate glass and low carbon steel for various temperature regimes of annealing were carried out. The proposed mathematical model and calculation method can be used for evaluating residual stresses in the technology of applying glass coatings on metal pipes.

Stress Relaxation in Cylindrical Glass-To-Metal Junctions With Account for the Quality of a Junction Region

With account for a complex behavior of glass (the phenomenon of glass transition) and the degree of adhesion between glass and metal layers, a numerical-analytical method for calculating the evolution of a stress state of glass–metal composite during temperature treatment is proposed. The effect of relaxation processes in the glass–metal junction region on the technological and residual stresses in the composite is studied.

Characteristics of diffusion zone in changing glass-metal composite processing conditions

The influence of manufacturing technology on the characteristics of the glass and steel contact zone in manufacturing new structural material - glass-metal composite is studied theoretically and experimentally. Different types of structures in the contact zone and its dimensions affect the strength characteristics of the composite. Knowledge about changing the width of the glass and steel contact zone after changing such parameters of the technological regime as temperature, holding time and use of solders will allow one to control the structure and characteristics of the glass-metal composite. Experimental measurements of the width of the diffusion zone in the glass-metal composite for different regimes and their statistical processing according to the full factor experiment are presented in this article. The results of analysis of some mechanical characteristics of the diffusion zone are presented: microhardness and modulus of elasticity for samples, prepared according to different processing regimes.

Application of cylindrical covers from glass-metal composite made by spin casting method for strong cases of deep-sea submersibles

In this work the manufacturing techniques of layered constructional material metal-glass-metal are considered by method of centrifugal casting; a similar approach to formation of a glass layer without superficial microcracks has no analogues in the world practice. The scheme of installation for production of cylindrical covers from a glass-metal composite is provided. The research of the main technological modes providing reliable connection of aluminium coverings with the glass which is in a plastic state is conducted. Optimum values of temperature parameters are defined. Methods of electronic microscopy have investigated the diffusive layer which is formed on the glass-aluminium border.

Simulation parameters of temperature in the process of manufacturing a glass-metal composite

A mathematical model is proposed for solving the problem of the glass cylinder deformation under the action of temperature and pressure in a confined region. Experimental investigations were made to confirm modeling parameters.

Correction: Corrigendum: Revealing the nanoparticles aspect ratio in the glass-metal nanocomposites irradiated with femtosecond laser

We studied a femtosecond laser shaping of silver nanoparticles embedded in soda-lime glass. Comparing experimental absorption spectra with the modeling based on Maxwell Garnett approximation modified for spheroidal inclusions, we obtained the mean aspect ratio of the re-shaped silver nanoparticles as a function of the laser fluence. We demonstrated that under our experimental conditions the spherical shape of silver nanoparticles changed to a prolate spheroid with the aspect ratio as high as 3.5 at the laser fluence of 0.6 J/cm2. The developed approach can be employed to control the anisotropy of the glass-metal composites.

Control of Glass–Metal Composite Optical Nonlinearity via Nanostructuring

We perform theoretical study of the nonlinear transmission and nonlinear diffraction in nanogratings etched at the surface of copper- and silver-based glass–metal composites. By assuming low metal concentration in the glass matrix, we employ Maxwell Garnett approach to obtain refractive index and absorption coefficient, while the optical nonlinearity of the composite is described using anharmonic oscillator model. We demonstrate that both nonlinear refraction and nonlinear absorption contribute to the light-induced transmittance of the nanostructured slab of the copper-based composite. In particular, in contrast to the silver-based composite, the nonlinear refraction modifies considerably the wavelength dependence of the light-induced transmission change in the copper copper-based composite.

Revealing the nanoparticles aspect ratio in the glass-metal nanocomposites irradiated with femtosecond laser.

We studied a femtosecond laser shaping of silver nanoparticles embedded in soda-lime glass. Comparing experimental absorption spectra with the modeling based on Maxwell Garnett approximation modified for spheroidal inclusions, we obtained the mean aspect ratio of the re-shaped silver nanoparticles as a function of the laser fluence. We demonstrated that under our experimental conditions the spherical shape of silver nanoparticles changed to a prolate spheroid with the aspect ratio as high as 3.5 at the laser fluence of 0.6 J/cm2. The developed approach can be employed to control the anisotropy of the glass-metal composites.

Determining Interface Strength of Glass-Metal Bi-Layer Laminates Using Cross-Push Method

Bond strength of metal-glass bilayer laminate was determined via a simple testing approach using cross-bonded sample and a special fixture. Tensile and shear strength in the interface for glass-metal composite were obtained by this way. It is demonstrated that the strength can be accurately determined when it is lower than the glue strength but it is invalid if the strength is higher than the glue strength. The specimen preparation and testing principle is introduced for determining the interface bonding strength of coatings.

Mechanism of the formation of coatings on metallic substrates from separated glass-metal composites

Copper-based coatings on iron and nickel substrates are prepared from separated glass-copper composites. The coatings are formed at temperatures of 1080–1100°C, which provides the formation of metal melts. It is revealed that, after separating the glass-metal composite, the formation of a metal layer obeys general regularities of the interaction in the “solid metal-thin melt layer” system. The coating structure is governed by the phase diagram of the “substrate-coating” metal system.

An investigation of sintered glass-metal composites: Y. Kun et al (South East University, Nanjing, China), PM Technology, Vol 11, No 1, 1993, 47–52. (In Chinese)

One of the main requirements of a metal–glass sealing is hermeticity along with mechanical strength of the metal–glass bond. For this purpose, the thermal expansion coefficient of the metal needs to be as close as possible to the glass expansion coefficient to limit stress development in the glass. Second, an oxide layer should be developed on the metal surface that works as an interface, for the transition from glass properties, gradually, to metal properties. For these purposes, a ferritic stainless steel stabilized with titanium has been developed. The thermal coefficient expansion of the metal was measured using a Chevenard differential dilatometer. To evaluate adhesion of the oxide film on the metal, oxide spallation after deformation has been performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done to determine the oxide structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to analyze the superficial composition of the oxide. It is shown that chromium affects the thermal expansion coefficient of the metal. A study of the oxide film formed by a thermal treatment under wet hydrogen atmosphere is presented. During this thermal treatment a double oxide layer is built up. The outer layer, made of a spinel type MnCr2O4 with titanium oxide in the extreme surface, dissolves in the glass. The inner layer, made of a chromia scale ensures the mechanical cohesion. Moreover, it is shown that silicon contained in the steel segregates at the metal–oxide interface and decreases metal–oxide adhesion, and consequently metal–glass sealing.

Some properties and structure of iron-containing glasses and glass-metal composites

Some properties and structure of iron-containing glasses and glass-metal composites

Microstructural studies of glass-metal composites produced by ion-exchange and hydrogen treatments

Detailed electron micrographic studies have been carried out on float glass surface subjected to sodium ⇌ copper ion-exchange in molten salts followed by a reduction treatment in hydrogen. Spherical copper particles of diameters ranging from 50 to 300 a are formed in the glass matrix depending on the ion-exchange and reduction temperatures. The nucleus density of these particles is maximum at around 450‡C. Phase separation in glasses whether incipient or induced by ion-exchange, increases considerably the nucleus density when such samples are subsequently reduced. This is ascribed to the increase in the number of copper atoms surrounding the nucleation sites in the phase separated glasses. The optical absorption spectra of the glass-metal composites show two bands, namely at 17 400 cm−1 and 23 000 cm−1 respectively. The absorption maxima for both the bands occur for specimens reduced at temperatures between 450 and 500‡ C corresponding to the temperature of maximum nucleus density. The bands at 17 400 cm−1 and 23 000 cm−1 are assigned to the conduction resonance and plasma resonance respectively as predicted by Maxwell-Garnet theory on aggregated metal systems dispersed in a dielectric matrix.