Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage of Fiber-reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations Immersed in Three Different Beverages: In Vitro Study.

The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the microleakage of fiber-reinforced glass ionomer cement (GIC) and conventional glass ionomer cement restorations immersed in three different beverages. A total of 96 human exfoliating deciduous molars were selected which were cleaned and disinfected. Standardized Class V cavity preparations were done and buccal surface were restored with experimental fiber-reinforced glass ionomer cement (Exp-FRGIC), lingual surface were restored with Type II conventional GIC. They were divided into four groups according to the test beverage. The samples were subjected to various immersion regimes and evaluated for microleakage under stereomicroscope. Intragroup comparison for (Exp-FRGIC) showed significant microleakage when immersed in fresh fruit juice at high immersion whereas intragroup comparison in conventional GIC, showed highest microleakage with soft drink. Intergroup comparison of (Exp-FRGIC) in high immersion regime, showed more microleakage with specimen immersed in soft drink followed by fresh fruit juice. It can thus be concluded that the three beverages used in the study affected the microleakage of both restorative materials significantly. Increasing usage of fruit juices in the pediatric diet has a definite impact on the progression of caries and it directly or indirectly affects the quality of restorations placed in the oral cavity. How to cite this article: George MA, Chandak SA, Khekade SH, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage of Fiber-reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations Immersed in Three Different Beverages: In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(4):346-353.

Correlation between fluoride release, surface hardness and diametral tensile strength of restorative glass ionomer cements.

The aim of this study was to determine if there is a correlation between fluoride release, surface hardness, and diametral tensile strength of restorative glass ionomer cements (GICs). Conventional (Riva Self Cure) and resin-modified (Riva Light Cure) GICs were used. Thirty-four samples (ø 6 x 3 mm) were prepared for each cement. The kinetics of fluoride release (n=4) was evaluated over 28 days using a fluoride-selective electrode (ISE 4010-C00). The analysis of surface hardness (n=10) was performed using a microhardness tester (Shimadzu HMV-2000, Japan) with a Knoop indenter and a load of 25 gf for 30 seconds. The diametral tensile strength test (n=10) was conducted on a universal testing machine at a speed of 0.75 mm/min. Fluoride release data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test, while independent t-test was used for other analyses (α=0.05). Overall, the groups showed higher fluoride release until day 7 and a progressive decrease until day 28. On day 1 and day 21, Riva Self Cure showed a higher level of release than Riva Light Cure (p=0.026). Riva Light Cure showed higher diametral tensile strength (p<0.0001) and surface hardness (p=0.034) than Riva Self Cure. A negative correlation was found, indicating that higher fluoride release is associated with lower surface hardness and diametral tensile strength. Fluoride release and mechanical performance are related properties of GICs, and these properties exhibit different values depending on the type of material. Resin-modified GIC release less fluoride but exhibit better mechanical performance compared to conventional GIC. Key words:Diametral Tensile Strength, Fluoride, Glass Ionomer Cement, Surface Hardness.

Comparing modified USPHS and FDI criteria for the assessment of glass ionomer restorations in primary molars utilising clinical and photographic evaluation.

To compare the applicability of modified US Public Health Service (USPHS) and FDI criteria for evaluating glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations in primary posterior teeth through digital image analysis. This comparative analytic study was conducted at the Children's Dental Clinic RSKGM FKG UI, involving 40 GIC restorations on lower first primary molars in children aged 4-9years. After cleaning, the restorations were assessed clinically using modified USPHS and FDI criteria before taking digital images, then the collected images were re-evaluated using both sets of criteria, and the clinical assessment results were compared to the digital image assessment results. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the clinical evaluation of GIC restorations in primary teeth and their corresponding digital photographs when using the modified USPHS criteria, and although the use of FDI criteria yielded different results, these differences were not statistically significant. The assessment of GIC restorations through digital images aligns more closely with clinical assessments using the FDI criteria compared to the modified USPHS criteria.

Clinical Performance of Short Fibre-reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations in Cervical Carious Lesions: 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial.

The aim was to assess the clinical performance of experimental short fiber-reinforced glass-ionomer cement (FR-GIC) in the treatment of cervical caries lesions. A total of 45 patients were randomly enrolled in this trial according to the split-mouth design. The FR-GIC was prepared by adding short glass fibers at a mass ratio of 20% into the powder portion of Fuji II LC. The cervical lesions in the intervention group were restored with FR-GIC, while unmodified Fuji II LC was applied as the control. Clinical evaluation was performed by two blinded operators at baseline, at 6, and 12 months using modified USPHS criteria. The data were analyzed using Friedman's test, followed by the Nemenyi post hoc test with a significance level of α = 0.05. After 1 year, all restorations were fully retained. There was no statistically significant difference (p⟩0.05) between the two materials based on the evaluated criteria. Both groups had 4 (10%) cases with Bravo scores for cavos-surface marginal discoloration. Regarding marginal integrity, Bravo scores were observed in 5 (12.5%) cases in the intervention group and 4 (10%) cases in the control group. Both materials in the treatment of cervical caries lesions demonstrated satisfactory clinical outcome throughout the 12-month follow-up.

Hall Technique for the management of hypomineralized first permanent molars: A protocol of a randomized controlled trial with 3-year follow-up

The aim of this clinical protocol is to describe the methodology for the evaluation of the clinical performance of Hall Technique (HT) in comparison with glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations in first permanent molars (FPM) severely affected by molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH). This protocol is related to a two-arm, parallel group, controlled and randomized superiority trial. It will be included 92 participants, 6 to 12 years-old, presenting at least one FPM with post-eruptive enamel breakdown and/or atypical caries and/or unsatisfactory atypical restoration involving cusp and extending to at least two tooth surfaces. Two trained and calibrated dentists will select the participants and assess the outcomes. Eight experienced clinicians who work as dentists at the public oral health system will be trained to perform the interventions. The participants will be randomized into the test (HT) or the control group (GIC). The outcomes will be assessed every 6 months up to 3 years. The primary outcome is the survival rate of the restorations. Secondary outcomes include satisfaction of the participants, parents, and dentists; impact on oral heath related quality of life; self-reported discomfort during treatment; signs/symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction; and cost-effectiveness. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis will be used to analyze the primary outcome. Mann-Whitney or t-test will be used to compare the secondary outcomes between groups. We expect to provide scientific evidence about the treatment approach that maximizes success rates and minimizes retreatments in severe HMI.

Comparative evaluation of surface microhardness and microleakage after application of commercially available G-Coat Plus, nano silver fluoride resin coat and petroleum jelly over glass ionomer cement restoration: an in vitro study

Background Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a widely used tooth coloured material. However, GIC holds certain undesirable properties. In order to overcoming the major drawback of moisture sensitivity, surface coatings like petroleum jelly, varnish are applied over GIC restoration. Thus, the present study was planned to compare efficacy of newly formulated nano silver fluoride resin coat with G Coat Plus and petroleum jelly on microhardness and microleakage of Type IX GIC. Methods Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of thirty-six non carious premolars and restored with type IX GIC. The restored teeth were divided into 3 groups: Petroleum gel, G Coat plus and Nano silver fluoride resin coat. Protective surface coatings were applied over the restorations, dried for 2 minutes and thermocycled. Teeth were then placed in 1% methylene blue for 24 hours. Longitudinally sections were prepared and were observed under stereomicroscope at 25x magnification for dye penetration. Forty-five blocks of PVC were prepared and restored with GIC. Samples were divided into three groups equally as mentioned earlier and a layer of each coating was applied on all samples according to the groups and dried for 2 minutes. Further, surface microhardness (SMH) of the samples was tested by Vickers microhardness machine under a load of 50 grams for 10 seconds at 3 sites and a mean was calculated. Statistical analysis was conducted using post hoc and one way-ANOVA tests. Results The microleakage scores of three groups were statistically insignificant. The mean microhardness of all samples in the three groups showed no statistically significant difference. The mean surface microhardness of group 1 was 66.44±4.57 whereas for group 2 and group 3 it was 76.15±3.02 and 79.22±4.03 respectively. Conclusions The novel agent containing nano silver fluoride is showed superior results and is intended to augment the properties of GIC.

Miswak-Infused Glass Ionomer Cement: A Comparative In Vitro Analysis of Antibacterial Efficacy and Compressive Strength.

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations are commonly used in primary dentition, due to their aesthetic appeal, self-adhesive nature, and biocompatibility. However, the material's limited antibacterial activity and inadequate mechanical strength highlight the necessity for modifying the material. The study aims to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial potency and compressive strength of GIC-incorporated Miswak extract with that of conventional GIC. After obtaining the Miswak extract, a modified GICwas formulated by combining the extract with the conventional GIC powder and liquid components, in three different ratios (Powder: Extract and Liquid), Group I (2:1:1), Group II (3:1:2), Group III (3:2:1), and the Group IV as control, which consist of unmodified/conventional GIC. To evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of the modified and unmodified GIC, standard strains of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus were utilized. For each group, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was tested. For the evaluation of compressive strength, cylindrical moulds were utilized in compliance with ISO 9917-1:2007 standards and tested using the universal testing machine (Instron, ElectroPuls®, Bangalore, IND). The highest force exerted at the point of specimen fracture was recorded to calculate the compressive strength values in MPa. The data obtained were analyzed using the StatisticalPackage for the Social Sciences (IBMSPSSStatisticsforWindows,IBMCorp., Version 24.0, Armonk,NY)software. The statistical analysis was conducted utilizing repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) to calculate the mean MICvalues and compressive strength, with pairwise comparisons assessed using Tukey's post hoc test. The results provedthat the antimicrobial properties of Miswak containing GIC performed better against S. mutans and Lactobacillus with a statistically significant difference when compared with group IV (p<0.05), it has been found that an increase in the concentration of extract increased the antimicrobial potency. Significant results were obtained in compressive strength where GroupII (41.49±3.6) and Group III (15.23±4.96) proved to be weaker than the control (62.69±2.58), while Group I showed no differences from the control group (p>0.05). It can be concluded that Group I was found to be better in terms of both antimicrobial properties and compressive strength, where no significant difference in compressive strength was identified when comparing Group I with Group IV. Thus, the overall study depicts that a lesser concentration of extract can be the best option in terms of good antimicrobial properties without altering its strength. Hence, the Miswak containing GIC could be a promising restorative material; further studies should include considering intraoral variables such as masticatory stress, moisture levels and in-vivo tests of this combination.

Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength and modes of failure of five different reinforced glass ionomer restorative cements to TheraCal LC: An in vitro study.

The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and modes of failure of different reinforced glass ionomer cement restorative materials such as GC IX, GC Gold Label 2 LC, Amalgomer CR, Equia Forte, and Secure Core Z to TheraCal LC. A total of 50 acrylic blocks, each containing a cylindrical hole in the center were prepared from self-cure acrylic resin and randomly divided into five groups and restored, namely Group A - TheraCal LC + GC Fuji IX, Group B - TheraCal LC + GC Gold Label 2 LC, Group C - TheraCal LC + Amalgomer CR, Group D - TheraCal LC + Equia Forte, and Group E - TheraCal LC + Secure Core Z. All the specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C for 24 h before testing. The statistical tests used for the analysis of the result were: one-way ANOVA, Tukey multiple comparison test, and the Chi-squared test, and P < 0.05 is considered as the level of significance. Equia Forte showed the highest SBS, while GC type IX showed the lowest SBS with TheraCal LC. Equia Forte can be the restorative material of choice when TheraCal LC is used as a base materials for better clinical efficacy.

Effect of silver diamine fluoride on the microleakage of flowable resin composite and glass ionomer cement restorations to carious primary dentin: an-in vitro study

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) on the microleakage of flowable resin composite (FRC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations bound to carious primary dentin.MethodsForty-four extracted carious primary molars were allocated into four groups as follows (n = 11 teeth/group): Group I, Flowable resin composite (FRCa): SDF38% treatment + FRC, Group II, Flowable resin composite (FRCb): FRC without SDF treatment, Group III, Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GICa): SDF38% treatment + GIC, Group IV, Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GICb): GIC without SDF treatment. Specimens were subjected to thermo cycling at 500 cycles between 5 to 55 °C (dwell time of 60 seconds) in baths before being immersed for 24 h in a 1% toluidine blue solution. Microleakage testing was conducted for each specimen in two areas; occlusal and gingival. Specimens were evaluated under stereomicroscope at 4x magnification. Results were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by pairwise comparisons utilizing Dunn’s post hoc test at p ≤ 0.05.ResultsInsignificant differences between different groups (p = 0.49) were observed at the gingival walls area readings. The highest value was found in GICb (2.33 ± 0.52), while the lowest value was found in FRCa (1.71 ± 0.76). Insignificant differences between different groups (p = 0.982) were observed at the occlusal walls area readings. The highest value was found in FRCa (1.43 ± 0.98), while the lowest value was found in GICb (1.17 ± 1.33).ConclusionSDF does not adversely affect the microleakage of FRC and GIC restorations bound to carious primary dentin.

Color stability of nano resin-modified glass Ionomer restorative cement after acidic and basic medications challenge

Background: Color stability of glass ionomers (GIs) could be affected by many factors such as pH and consumption of liquid medications like antibiotics. Most common antibiotics used during childhood are amoxicillin suspension (AM.S) and azithromycin suspension (AZ.S) which have acidic and basic pH respectively. Aim: to evaluate and compare the effect of AM.S and AZ.S on color stability of nano resin-modified GI. Methods: Thirty disc of nano resin-modified glass ionomer (2mm height x 4mm diameter) were divided into three groups (n=10 for each) and independently exposed to AM.S, AZ.S, and artificial saliva (A.S.). Color stability was evaluated in triplicate by VITA Easyshade® before and after three immersion protocols, repeated over a three-week duration with two-days intervals. In each protocol, samples were exposed for two minutes, three times daily for AM.S, once daily for AZ.S, and A.S. full day. GI discs rinsed off after each immersion and kept in artificial saliva until next immersion period. Results: One way ANOVA test and Post-hoc analysis of the changes in color space compartments of nano-resin modified GI samples demonstrated just a significant change (p˂0.05) in yellow-blue axis (Δb*) value after immersion in AM.S in comparison with A.S. Total Color change values (ΔE) of nano resin-modified glass ionomer samples also illustrated a significant effect (p˂0.05) between AM.S and A.S. only. The highest (ΔE) value was recorded for samples immersed in AM.S (ΔE =12.5) followed by AZ.S (ΔE=6.5) while the lowest was recorded for A.S. (ΔE=1.1). Conclusion: AM.S (the acidic medication) exhibited a higher staining effect to nano-resin modified GI samples when compared with AZ.S (the basic medication). Several factors such as low pH, more exposure time and coloring material of the immersion media added critical roles in coloring instability.

Image Visualization and Mechanical Measurements on Biocompatible Glass Ionomer Restorative Cement

Image Visualization and Mechanical Measurements on Biocompatible Glass Ionomer Restorative Cement

Evaluation of Giomer Using Eighth Generation Bonding Agent and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Restoration in Non-Carious Cervical Lesions.

Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL) raise a considerable restorative challenge for the dentist in bonding, as adhesion is not as strong and predictable as enamel bonding. A critical factor for restorative success is the selection of restorative material. Clinicians have tried many restorative materials and techniques to obtain the best performance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the clinical outcome of a Giomer and Resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) restoration in NCCL using united states public health service (USPHS) criteria at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Patients from age 25 - 50 years having non-carious cervical lesions on both the sides and requiring restorations were screened. 20 patients were selected and further divided into 2 groups using simple random sampling technique. Group A- Beautifil II restoration using G-Premio bond (n = 10) and Group B- Ketac N100 restoration (n = 10). Restorations were done according to manufacturer's instructions and consequently evaluated at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months using the USPHS criteria for marginal discolouration, marginal integrity, surface texture, colour match, gross fracture and post-operative sensitivity. Giomer restorations showed better results than RMGIC. There was decrease in alpha ratings in both the study groups i.e., Giomer and RMGIC from 6 to 12 months. The overall findings suggest that both Giomer and RMGIC gave satisfactory clinical results when used to restore non-carious cervical lesions. Both the materials can successfully be used since there was no statistically significant difference in the clinical outcome.

Retrospective Clinical Evaluation of RMGIC/GIC Class V Restorations.

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical performance of glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) materials in Class V carious cervical lesions restored by dental students. Ninety-six (96) restorations performed with either GIC (Fuji IX) (n = 39) or RMGIC (Fuji II LC) (n = 57) were evaluated using the modified USPHS criteria by two independent investigators at two follow-up evaluations (two years apart). The Fisher statistical test was used to compare USPHS criteria and examine significant differences, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The Kaplan-Meier algorithm was used to calculate the survival probability. The overall success rate of Class V restorations was 72.9% at the second follow-up evaluation, with restorations ranging in age from 2.5 to 3.5 years. The RMGIC (Fuji II LC) restorations exhibited a significantly higher overall success rate compared to the GIC (Fuji IX) restorations (p = 0.0104). Significant differences were observed in retention (p = 0.0034) and color match (p = 0.0023).

Silver diamine fluoride modified atraumatic restorative treatment compared to conventional restorative technique on carious primary molars–A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveTo compare the success of silver diamine fluoride-modified atraumatic restorative technique (SMART) with that of the conventional drill and fill method in restoring carious lesions in primary molars. MethodChildren (4–8years old) reporting to a tertiary care hospital setting with asymptomatic cavitated dentinal carious lesions in primary molars were randomly allocated to two groups; SMART and Conventional; and subsequently restored with Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC). Follow-up evaluations were carried out by blinded independent evaluator at 6-months intervals to assess the status of restorations. Primary outcome was the success of restorations at 24 months and the secondary outcome was the child's behaviour and acceptance of the treatment at the time of interventions. Two sample Z-test of proportion, logistic regression analysis and Chi-square test were used to compare the outcomes in two groups. ResultsA total of 226 children (SMART group, 112 and conventional, 114) were included with 280 and 282 GIC restorations placed by the SMART and the conventional method respectively. At 24-months, 459 (81.6 %) primary molars were available for evaluation. Success rates of restorations was 38.4 % and 45.8 % % in SMART and conventional groups respectively (p = 0.105). The rate of acceptability of treatment in the SMART and conventional group was 79 % and 56 % (p<0.001) respectively. ConclusionThere was no significant difference in the success rates of GIC restorations by SMART and conventional technique in carious primary molars at 24 months. SMART was better accepted by children as compared to the conventional restorative technique. Clinical significanceSMART can be an alternative option to treat the asymptomatic carious lesions in primary molars and is well accepted by children than the conventional drill and fill technique thus implying that it has a useful role in un-cooperative children.

Comparative Evaluation of Fluoride Release from Four Commercially Available Pediatric Dental Restorative Materials.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride-releasing abilities of commercially available restorative materials such as-Activa™ BioActive-restorative™ material, Zirconomer (Shofu Inc), Beautifil® II (Shofu Inc), GC Gold Label 9 high strength posterior restorative glass ionomer cement (GIC Corp). A total of 40 disk specimens (10 of each material) were placed into distilled/deionized (DI) water and the fluoride release was measured for 30 days. Fluoride ion measurement was performed at the end of the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th, and 30th day under normal atmospheric conditions by fluoride ion selective electrode (F-ISE) (Orion 9609 BNWP, Ionplus SureFlow fluoride electrode, Thermo Scientific, United States of America) coupled to a benchtop analyzer (Hachsen Ion+). All the materials included in the study exhibited fluoride release. Although there were differences in the amounts of fluoride released between Activa™, Zirconomer, and GC Gold Label 9 the mean difference between these three groups was not found to be statistically significant. Beautifil® II showed low amounts of fluoride released at all time intervals. Among the above-compared materials Activa™ and Zirconomer exhibit both improved mechanical properties as well as they have fluoride-releasing ability so can be preferred over conventional glass ionomer restorations. Dhumal RS, Chauhan RS, Patil V, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Fluoride Release from Four Commercially Available Pediatric Dental Restorative Materials. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-1):S6-S12.

Evaluation of Age, Chief Complaint, Diagnosis, and Treatment Done during the First Dental Visit among Children in an Academic Dental Institution in Southern Kerala, India.

A regular and timely first dental visit plays a cardinal role in the future oral health of the child. It is used to begin preventive and corrective interventions in dental care. To evaluate the age, chief complaint, diagnosis, and treatment done during the first dental visit among children in an academic dental institution in southern Kerala, India. A descriptive cross sectional retrospective survey was conducted between January and June 2022 among children in an academic dental institution in southern Kerala, India. The hospital records at the Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences were examined to obtain the child's age, chief complaint, diagnosis, and treatment done during the first dental visit among children. Statistical Analysis: The data were expressed in frequencies and percentages. The records of 1000 children (680 male and 320 female) were examined. Most children (40%) who came for their first dental visit were aged between 4 and 6 years. Only 16% of children aged 0-3 years came for their first dental visit. Pain and sensitivity (50%) and tooth decay (17%) were the most common chief complaints among children. Dental caries (45%) and pulpal pathology (38%) were the most common diagnoses among children. The most common treatments done were glass ionomer cement restorations (32%), followed by prescribing medications (29%). No treatment was required for 16% of the children. Only a minority (3%) of the children received preventive treatments. The first dental visit was delayed, and most children sought treatment only during apparent acute symptoms. There is a high prevalence of oral disease burden and underutilization of preventive dental care among children. Education of parents on the value of first dental visits and the usage of preventative dental care in children is crucial.

Phytic Acid: A Novel Dentine Conditioning Agent for Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations: An In Vitro Scanning Electron Microscopic Study.

Various dentin conditioners have been recommended to enhance the bond strength of glass ionomer cement (GIC) to dentin. The purpose of the in vitro study was to determine the efficacy of three dentin conditioners on the microshear bond strength of GIC and the failure patterns of the restoration, as well as the efficacy of removing the smear layer using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Eighty healthy mandibular premolars were cleaned, isolated, and divided into four groups (n = 20). Flat coronal dentinal surfaces were accomplished by removing the occlusal surface of the crowns. Each group received the following treatment: group 1 with 10% polyacrylic acid; group 2 with 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); group 3 with 1% phytic acid; and group 4 with no conditioning (control). High-strength Fuji IX GIC was applied to the dentin, and samples were thermocycled and de-bonded with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min employing a shear force. A stereomicroscope and a SEM were used to examine the dentin surface at magnifications of 2000× and 5000×. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's post hoc test, and Chi-squared test were used to assess data on microshear bond strength, smear layer removal, and failure modes. The bond strength of group 4 was statistically highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) compared to the other groups. However, the differences between groups 2 and 3 were insignificant. Mixed pattern of failure was the least in group 3 (IP6). In group 3, the SEM photomicrograph revealed open dentinal tubules with complete removal of the smear layer. The results of the present study affirm that phytic acid enhances the bond strength of GIC restorations and removal of smear layer to a level comparable to EDTA as a dentin conditioner.

The Effect of 1% Povidone Iodine Mouthwash on The Surface Roughness of Zirconia Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement

&#x0D; Introduction: Zirconia reinforced glass ionomer cement is a new generation glass ionomer cement restoration material with the addition of zirconia nanoparticles that is equivalent in strength to amalgam while maintaining ability to release fluoride like conventional glass ionomer cements. Surface roughness can be affected by various factors including the use of mouthwash. Mouthwash that is commonly used during pandemic COVID-19 is 1% povidone iodine. Previous study stated that povidone iodine mouthwash contains alcohol and acidic pH which can decrease the hardness of composite resins. Objective: To determine the effect of 1% povidone iodine mouthwash on the surface roughness of zirconia reinforced glass ionomer cement. Methods: This was a true experimental laboratory research with a pre test and post test control group design. The research samples consisted of 36 samples of zirconia reinforced glass ionomer cement with diameter of 10 mm and height of 2 mm. The samples were divided into two groups: the control group which was immersed in artificial saliva and the treatment group which was immersed in 1% povidone iodine mouthwash for 24 hours. Surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester. Data were analyzed using Paired Sample T-Test and Independent Sample T-Test. Results: Paired Sample T-test results showed no significant difference in the surface roughness of the control group between before and after immersion with p value = 0,074 (p&gt;0,05) and a significant difference in the surface roughness of the treatment group between before and after immersion with p value = 0,000 (p&lt;0,05). Independent Sample T-Test results showed significant difference in the surface roughness between the control group and the treatment group with p value = 0,000 (p &lt;0.05). Conclusion: 1% povidone iodine mouthwash has an effect on increasing the surface roughness of zirconia reinforced glass ionomer cement.

Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage and Shear Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer Cement, Composite, Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Restorative Material: An In Vitro Study

Aim: Evaluation of microleakage and shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement, composite, resin modified glass ionomer Cement Restorative Material. Material and Method: Thirty freshly extracted non carious teeth, free of cracks and restorations, collected for the present in-vitro study. Teeth were divided in three equal group i.e. group A: Glass Ionomer Cement. Group B: Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement, Group C: Composite Resin. All groups' shear bond strengths were evaluated using a universal testing machine. A rod in the shape of a chisel was positioned close to the bonded restorative material and directly next to the flat dentinal surface. To debond the material, a cross head of universal testing machine at a speed of 0.5mm/min was employed. Then, Mega Pascal Units (MPa) were used to calculate the shear bond strength. To evaluate the microleakage two coats of nail polish were applied to the samples, leaving a 1 mm window around the cavity boundaries. A wet cotton pellet was placed over the restoration to avoid desiccation while the nail polish was being applied. Inverted teeth were submerged for 24 hours at 37°C under vacuum in a solution of 2% Rhodamine-B dye. Only the coronal part of the teeth were dyed to avoid dye leakage via the root apices. The surface-adhered dye was washed off the specimens in tap water after removing them from the dye solution, and nail polish was then removed with a BP blade. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally in a bucco-lingual direction through the center of the restorations using a water-cooled low-speed diamond disc. The section with the greater leakage was evaluated with a stereomicroscope at ×25 magnification to determine the extent of dye penetration at the occlusal and gingival margins by two evaluators who were blinded to the experimental groups. Result: Composite resin showed highest shear bond strength followed by Bond Strength of Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and least with conventional glass ionomer cement. Microleakage was found lower in composite resin as compared to Resin modified glass ionomer cement and glass ionomer cement. Conclusion: It can be stated that Composite resin and Resin modified glass ionomer cement have good shear bond strength and lower microleakage as compared to Glass Ionomer Cement.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Bond Strength of Metal Brackets Adhered to Different Dental Restorative Materials using Different Orthodontic Adhesives

During orthodontic treatment, teeth with brackets may sometimes be restored with different restorative materials. In this case, the content of the orthodontic adhesive selected for bracket bonding may also be important.This study compared the bond strength of metal orthodontic brackets adhered to different resin composite and glass ionomer cement (GIC) restoration surfaces with glass ionomer-based and resin-based orthodontic adhesives to determine the best orthodontic adhesive for use in restored teeth.This study prepared 80 discs. Four material groups of 20 discs were created: reinforced high-viscosity GIC, high-viscosity GIC, flowable bulk-fill resin composite, and nanohybrid resin composite. Specimens in each material group were divided into two subgroups that differed in the orthodontic adhesive used to bond the brackets to the prepared specimens. After 24 hours, the specimens were shear bond strength (SBS) tested at 1 mm/min using a universal tester.The SBS of glass ionomer-based orthodontic adhesive differed significantly between metal brackets adhered to different bases (P < 0.001). The highest SBSs were observed between metal brackets and high-viscosity glass ionomer restorations (6.79 ± 2.38). The highest SBSs observed with a resin-based orthodontic adhesive were between metal brackets adhered to nanohybrid resin composite restorations (8.84 ± 2.10; P = 0.030).Glass ionomer-based orthodontic adhesive provided safer bond strength and demineralization prevention when applying metal brackets to teeth with glass ionomer restorations.