Glass Fibre Reinforced Research Articles

Analysis of FS and Surface Roughness in Heat-Polymerized Poly Methyl Methacrylate Acrylic Resin Reinforced with Different Concentrations of Glass Fibers and Polypropylene Fibers: A Laboratory Study Using EDX and SEM

This study aimed to evaluate the flexural strength (FS) and surface roughness (Ra) of heat-polymerized poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic resin reinforced with glass fibers (GF) and polypropylene fibers (PPF) in different concentrations. One hundred heat-cured PMMA resin samples were prepared and randomly allocated into five groups based on fiber reinforcement (n = 20). Group 1 had no fiber reinforcement, Group 2 had 0.5% silanized GF reinforcement, Group 3 had 1% silanized GF reinforcement, Group 4 had 0.5% silanized PPF reinforcement, and Group 5 had 1% silanized PPF reinforcement. Fatigue load was applied through artificial aging. FS testing of fifty samples was performed using a universal testing machine, and Ra was analyzed using an optical interferometric profilometer. Specimens were selected for SEM and EDX analysis. To find the differences among the studied groups, one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey’s test were utilized. The results showed that Group 5 (1% PPF reinforcement) presented the highest fracture resistance (90.1±9.8 MPa), while the minimum FS scores were observed in Group 1 (no reinforcement) (59.2±7.1 MPa). Group 3 (1% GF reinforcement) exhibited the highest values of surface roughness (1.99±0.1992), whereas the lowest roughness scores were observed in Group 1. The study concluded that incorporating 0.5% PPF into the resin denture is a viable option for reinforcing the prosthesis without increasing surface roughness.

Fiberglass Reinforcement of Additively Manufactured Polymeric Specimens via FDM Process

This scientific paper focuses on the utilization of fiberglass reinforcement in the manufacturing of additively manufactured polymeric specimens via the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) process. The study explores the potential of fiberglass for enhancing the mechanical properties of FDM printed parts. The research investigates the effects of fiberglass reinforcement on the mechanical characteristics of FDM printed specimens. Fiberglass, known for its unique structural properties, is incorporated into the polymer matrix during the printing process. The study evaluates the influence of varying fiberglass content, fiber orientation, and processing parameters on the tensile strength of the resulting composite specimens. The mechanical properties of the fiberglass-reinforced FDM printed specimens are assessed through experimental testing, including tensile tests. The results are compared to those of unreinforced FDM printed specimens to identify the improvements achieved through the addition of glass fibers. The paper discusses the potential benefits of incorporating fiberglass into FDM printed parts.

Performance of Combined Woven Roving and Mat Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Under Absorption Tower Lifting Loads.

This study investigates the structural integrity of a glass-fiber reinforced polymer absorption tower during lifting operations, evaluating factors of safety and stress distribution for both horizontal and vertical scenarios. A key focus is the comparative analysis of surface and volumetric meshing techniques in finite element modeling. Results demonstrate that surface models achieve comparable stress predictions to computationally intensive volumetric models, significantly reducing computational demands without compromising accuracy. For instance, stress at the flange edge with holes was accurately captured using a surface model with 5675 elements (12.79 MPa), yielding similar results to a volumetric model requiring over 94,000 elements (13.37 MPa). Similar computational efficiency and agreement between modeling approaches were observed at the packing support ring-shell joint. Finite element analysis employing Hashin's failure criterion, informed by industry-standard experimental data, revealed safety factors ranging from 1.9 to 2.5 for horizontal lifting and four for vertical lifting. These safety factors indicate sufficient margins for safe operation. While these findings support the feasibility of both lifting methods, further investigation is recommended to address the lower safety factors observed in specific horizontal lifting scenarios. A comprehensive assessment incorporating industry standards, dynamic load effects, and potential mitigation strategies is crucial to ensure the long-term structural integrity of the GFRP absorption tower.

Applications of Independent Component Thermography for Testing and Evaluation of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Materials

Abstract A novel post-processing technique is proposed for analysing time series thermographic data obtained by imposing a frequency-modulated heat flux on a Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) material for Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation (NDT&E). The proposed approach bridges the gap between the statistical and spatiotemporal analysis of the captured thermographic sequence to inspect and identify the flat bottom holes in the sample. It emphasizes the defect detection capabilities of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based thermography named Principal Component Thermography (PCT) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) based thermography named Independent Component Thermography (ICT) and compares them by using two distinct algorithmic implementations for each method. The effectiveness of these four algorithmic implementations is evaluated using the dynamic range of the temporal profiles. This work presents a significant step toward gaining deeper insight into statistical post-processing techniques for defect identification in InfraRed Thermography (IRT).

Impact of Manufacturing Methods on the Mechanical Characteristics of Polymer Matrix Composites with Glass and Epoxy Fiber Reinforcement

Impact of Manufacturing Methods on the Mechanical Characteristics of Polymer Matrix Composites with Glass and Epoxy Fiber Reinforcement

Design and Characterization of Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Multifunctional Composites with Succinonitrile Fillers for Ambient-Temperature Structural Sodium-Ion Batteries.

A new approach to developing structural sodium batteries capable of operating in ambient-temperature conditions has been successfully achieved. The developed multifunctional structural electrolyte (SE) using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a matrix integrated with succinonitrile (SN) plasticizers and glass-fiber (GF) reinforcements identified as GF_PEO-SN-NaClO4 showed a tensile strength of 32.1 MPa and an ionic conductivity of 1.01 × 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature. It displayed a wide electrochemical stability window of 0 to 4.9 V and a high sodium-ion transference number of 0.51 at room temperature. The structural electrode (CF|SE) was fabricated by pressing the structural electrolyte with carbon fibers (CFs), and it showed a tensile strength of 72.3 MPa. The fabricated structural battery half-cell (CF||SE||Na) demonstrated good cycling stability and an energy density of 14.2 Wh kg-1, and it retained 80% capacity at the end of the 200th cycle. The cycled electrodes were observed using scanning electron microscopy, which revealed small dendrite formation and dense albeit uniform deposition of the sodium metal, helping to avoid a short-circuit of the cell and providing more cycling stability. The developed multifunctional matrix composites demonstrate promising potential for developing ambient-temperature sodium structural batteries.

An experimental and analytical approach to study the sliding wear performance of epoxy composites with steel wire and glass fiber reinforcement

This study investigates the sliding wear behavior of hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with alternating layers of glass fiber mats and steel wire mesh. The objective is to enhance the wear resistance of glass fiber-epoxy composites with the incorporation of steel wire mesh. Three composite types with different stacking sequences are fabricated using the hand layup technique. Dry sliding wear tests are conducted using a pin-on-disc test rig under various operating conditions, following to ASTM G99 standard. Taguchi analysis with L25 orthogonal array identifies sliding velocity as the most influential factor on wear rate, followed by normal load. Steady-state wear analysis is performed to evaluate the effect of each significant factor independently. Analysis of variance results show sliding velocity significantly affects wear rates, contributing 67.63% for glass-epoxy composite (G11) and more than 75% for glass-steel-epoxy hybrid composites (G7S4 & G4S7). A regression model, based on experimental data, predicts specific wear rates with error margins of 3.17% for glass-epoxy composite and less than 2% for glass-steel-epoxy composites. Additionally, electron microscopy is used to analyze worn surfaces, revealing the primary wear mechanisms.

Investigation of the Interfacial Fusion Bonding on Hybrid Additively Manufactured Components under Torsional Load.

Hybrid manufacturing processes integrate multiple manufacturing techniques to leverage their respective advantages and mitigate their limitations. This study combines additive manufacturing and injection molding, aiming to efficiently produce components with extensive design flexibility and functional integration. The research explores the interfacial fusion bonding of hybrid additively manufactured components under torsional loading. Specifically, it examines the impact of various surface treatments on injection molded parts and the influence of different build chamber temperatures during additive manufacturing on torsional strength. Polycarbonate components, neat, with glass or carbon fiber-reinforcement, are produced and assessed for dimensional accuracy, torsional strength, and fracture behavior. The findings emphasize the critical role of surface treatment for the injection molded components before additive manufacturing. Additionally, the study identifies the influence of chamber temperatures on both dimensional accuracy and torsional strength. Among all investigated materials, plasma-treated neat samples exhibited the best torsional strength. The torsional strength was increased by up to 87% by actively heating the build chamber to 186 °C for neat polycarbonate. These insights aim to advance the quality and performance of hybrid additively manufactured components, broadening their application potential across diverse fields.

Experimental research on the glass fiber-reinforced effect and mechanisms of sand powder 3D-printed rock-like materials

Conducting laboratory tests on natural rocks has significant value for the scientific and practical advancement of various types of rock engineering. The investigation of a rock-like materials that is similar in characteristics and structure to natural rock is key to the further advancement of laboratory rock experiments. The rapid development of sand powder 3D printing technology in recent years has provided a solution for fabricating rock-like materials. However, the low strength and elastic modulus of sand powder 3D-printed materials limit their application in simulating natural rocks. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to enhance the mechanical properties of sand powder 3D-printed materials utilizing glass fiber reinforcement by incorporating glass fiber into sand powder 3D-printed rock-like specimens. The mechanical properties and microstructural variations of the specimens with varying glass fiber contents are investigated utilizing mechanical testing, acoustic emission, scanning electron microscopy, etc. The results indicate that (1) it is feasible to utilize glass fiber to enhance the mechanical properties of sand powder 3D-printed materials; (2) The mechanical properties of sand powder 3D printing materials are significantly enhanced by the addition of glass fiber; and (3) the mechanisms controlling the reinforcement effect of glass fiber addition on sand powder 3D-printed specimens are determined by analyzing the microstructural characteristics of the specimens. This study improves the applicability of sand powder 3D-printed materials in simulating natural rock, thereby promoting the further application of 3D printing in the field of rock mechanics.

Characterization of Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites

Characterization of Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites

Effects of Dolomite Geopolymer Filler on Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composite

Effects of Dolomite Geopolymer Filler on Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composite

Experimental and numerical investigation of the modal parameters for thin laminated composite plates

In the present work, glass fiber-reinforced (GFR) composite specimens were fabricated using the vacuum-bag molding process. The properties related to the vibrational response of the fabricated composite plates, such as natural frequency, modal density, and damping loss factor (DLF), were investigated through both experimental and numerical approaches. The effects of different parameters, including boundary conditions (BCs), fiber orientations, laminate layer numbers, and aspect ratios, were comprehensively studied. It was found that the experimental and numerical results were in close agreement. For each case, finite element analysis was performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes. Regarding the various BCs, the DLF was observed to be highest (0.47) for fully clamped BC and lowest (0.12) for free-free BC, whereas the modal density was highest (0.068) for cantilever BC and lowest (0.037) for fully clamped BC. In terms of different lamination schemes, the DLF was highest (0.42) for a plate with quasi-isotropic fibers and lowest (0.25) for a plate with unidirectional fibers, while the modal density was highest (0.068) for quasi-isotropic fibers and lowest (0.047) for unidirectional fibers. Regarding the plates with different laminate layers, the highest DLF (0.47) was observed for a plate with 16 layers, while the lowest DLF (0.33) was found in a plate with 8 layers. Conversely, the highest modal density (0.067) was observed for a plate with 8 layers, and the lowest (0.057) was noted for a plate with 16 layers. Lastly, considering aspect ratios, the highest DLF (0.48) was observed for an aspect ratio of 0.5, and the lowest (0.26) for an aspect ratio of 1.5. The highest modal density (0.09) was also observed for an aspect ratio of 0.5, while the lowest modal density (0.045) was for an aspect ratio of 1.5.

Mechanical properties investigation of hybrid TI3C2TX MXene and carbon nanotube reinforced glass fiber epoxy composites

Mechanical properties investigation of hybrid TI3C2TX MXene and carbon nanotube reinforced glass fiber epoxy composites

Damage monitoring of glass/epoxy-curved laminates with different stacking sequences using acoustic emission

Delamination is a major concern in the curvature area of a composite laminate due to the flexural stresses occurring between the laminates. This research focuses on the respective merits of different stacking sequences obtained by layering the glass fiber reinforcement at various orientations in an epoxy resin to manufacture a curved laminate. In particular, laminates with stacking sequences, such as Unidirectional [0°]24, Cross-ply [0°/90°]6S, Angle ply [±45°]6S, and Quasi-isotropic laminates [0°/±45°/90°]3S, were tested by performing four-point bending tests. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and experimental analysis characterized damage modes, including delamination. AE parameters, such as amplitude, energy, duration, cumulative count, and peak frequency, were utilized to characterize the damage mechanisms of the various stacking sequences. Experimental AE data confirmed that fiber orientation influences delamination resistance and failure mechanisms. Furthermore, compared to other layup sequences, the peak load of cross-ply (Layup B) was found to be greater by 48.7%, 32.87%, and 50.14%. Cross-ply curved laminates also have higher interlaminar tensile strength and curved beam strength than other sequences. They also failed less often due to delamination than other sequences. Finally, scanning electron microscope characterization verified and validated all damage processes found in the AE data collection. As a result, these findings play a significant role in predicting the lifetime, delamination failure, and strength of curved composite laminates.

Fabrication and performance of short glass fiber reinforced polyamide composites

This article deals with the impact of short glass fiber (GF) on the performance of 60/40 wt% of polyamide 6/polyamide 12 (PA6/PA12) blend. The short fiber-reinforced composites were fabricated by using melt compounding via twin screw extruder and injection molding. The morphological, water uptake, rheological, thermo-mechanical, and mechanical properties of the composites were discussed. The morphological observations show that the PA6/PA12 blend exhibited compatible morphology and also adhesion between the fiber and matrix was quite strong. The tensile strength/modulus and storage modulus of the blend were substantially improved with GF reinforcement as a result of these morphological findings. While the water uptake of neat PA6 decreased significantly after blending with PA12, the incorporation of GF further reduced the water uptake of the PA6/PA12 blend. The thermomechanical analysis showed the enhancement of the stiffness of the composites and also glass transition temperature increment.

Mechanical and metallurgical properties of a glass fiber-reinforced Al7075 hybrid composite produced by infiltration and after aging and abrasion

Abstract Within the scope of this study, composite structures were produced by reinforcing Al7075 with 6 mm size glass fiber (GF) scrap at different weight rates (2–3 %) using the infiltration method. Mechanical and metallurgical examination of unreinforced Al7075 samples and reinforced Al7075 composite samples were carried out. After the aging heat treatment of the samples, pin-on-disc wear and hardness tests were performed. FESEM and EDS analyses were conducted to examine the hardness and microstructural changes caused by the applied processes on the samples. It was observed that GF reinforcement increased the hardness of the material and there was full wettability between Al 7075 and GF. Thus, wear resistance increased. The highest hardness and wear resistance were obtained in the 6 h aged 2 wt.% GF-reinforced Al 7075 matrix hybrid composite sample. In addition, it was observed that the distribution of GF scrap added as reinforcement at a rate of 2 wt.% in Al 7075 was homogeneous, and the hardness measurements taken from different areas were similar.

Tribology Behavior of In-Situ FDM 3D Printed Glass Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed parts are generally weaker compared to injection-moulded parts. Fibre reinforcement is one of the techniques used to enhance the mechanical strength and the tribological behavior of the FDM-printed parts. Recently, a new method for creating FDM 3D-printed composites was developed. Current work focuses on the tribological behavior of the glass fibre-reinforced PLA, manufactured using this new composite manufacturing method. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of Glass Fibre (GF) reinforcement on FDM 3D-printed thermoplastic composites, specifically polylactic acid (PLA) under different linear sliding speed and directions. All 3D printed glass fibre-reinforced PLA (PLA-GF) composites exhibited a lower wear rate and a higher friction coefficient compared to 3D printed PLA. Increasing in disc’s linear speed or sliding speed of the pins resulted in a lower coefficient of friction and wear rate. In addition, a perpendicular raster direction towards the disc rotation or pin motion experienced greater friction and greater wear.

Effect of the Glass Fiber Orientation on Mechanical Performance of Epoxy based Composites

Composites are one of the most advanced and adaptable engineering materials. The strength of any composite depends upon volume/weight fraction of reinforcement, orientation angle and other factors. The present work focuses on the determination of the mechanical properties of pure epoxy and unidirectional glass fiber reinforced epoxy. Nowadays, glass fibers are being used in several engineering applications like electronics, aviation, automobile, sport industry etc. Glass fibers are having excellent properties like high strength, flexibility, stiffness, and resistance to chemical attack. With an increase in the content of unidirectional glass fiber volume the properties of unidirectional glass Fiber Reinforcement Polymer (GFRP) composite were improved. It may be used in different forms like chopped, woven mat, short fibers and long fibers etc. Each type of glass fiber has unique properties and is used for different applications. The mechanical and thermal properties of various polymer composites reinforced with glass fibers when subjected to mechanical loading have been studied and reported.

Clinical Performance of Short Fibre-reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations in Cervical Carious Lesions: 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial.

The aim was to assess the clinical performance of experimental short fiber-reinforced glass-ionomer cement (FR-GIC) in the treatment of cervical caries lesions. A total of 45 patients were randomly enrolled in this trial according to the split-mouth design. The FR-GIC was prepared by adding short glass fibers at a mass ratio of 20% into the powder portion of Fuji II LC. The cervical lesions in the intervention group were restored with FR-GIC, while unmodified Fuji II LC was applied as the control. Clinical evaluation was performed by two blinded operators at baseline, at 6, and 12 months using modified USPHS criteria. The data were analyzed using Friedman's test, followed by the Nemenyi post hoc test with a significance level of α = 0.05. After 1 year, all restorations were fully retained. There was no statistically significant difference (p⟩0.05) between the two materials based on the evaluated criteria. Both groups had 4 (10%) cases with Bravo scores for cavos-surface marginal discoloration. Regarding marginal integrity, Bravo scores were observed in 5 (12.5%) cases in the intervention group and 4 (10%) cases in the control group. Both materials in the treatment of cervical caries lesions demonstrated satisfactory clinical outcome throughout the 12-month follow-up.

Study of Compressive Strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Cubes

Abstract: Nowadays, complex civil engineering work requires high-performance concrete materials. Researchers worked on reinforced concrete to provide sustainable solutions. Materials like carbon, glass, eggshell etc are used for reinforcement with concrete. While study of reinforced concrete cubes performance, compressive strength is an important parameter that need to be focused more. In this paper, experiments were carried out to study the influence of percentage glass fiber reinforcement in concrete on compressive strength. In order to evaluate Compressive Strength (N/mm2) obtained on CTM for GFRC cube of Size: 150x150x150 mm and the age of cube was kept 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. It was observed that maximum compressive strength can be achieved for glass fiber reinforcement of 10 % when age id cube is kept 28 days.