Glass-ceramic System Research Articles

Preparation and characterisation of sodium chloride-doped CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system glass-ceramics

ABSTRACT It is known that the treatments of chlorine-containing wastes, such as municipal solid waste incineration fly ash are particularly challenging. One method for treating chloride is to entrap it in glass by melting. It has been demonstrated that CaCl2 can be retained in CAS system glass-ceramics. However, as the main chloride, NaCl exhibits a low boiling point and a high vapour pressure. The fixation of NaCl and its effect on glass-ceramics remain unclear. In this study, 2.17% Cl− was incorporated into the base glass by limiting NaCl volatilisation during melting. Glass-ceramics were successfully prepared using the Cl-containing glass powder as the raw material by sintering and the chloride was evenly distributed between the glass phase and crystalline phase. The primary crystal phases observed were wollastonite and anorthite. Furthermore, when the sample was sintered at 825 °C for 4 hours, it exhibited a bending strength of 155 MPa and a hardness of 6.29 GPa. This method can effectively address the resourceful treatment of chlorine-containing wastes.

High sensitivity transparent glass ceramic systems development based on MgSO4:Dy2O3–B2O3 and MgSO4:Dy2O3–B2O3:ZnO:An investigation of FT-IR and thermal properties for thermoluminescence dosimeter applications

The demand for highly sensitive radiation dosimeters is increasing. Recent research underscores the effectiveness of MgSO4:Dy2O3–B2O3 and MgSO4:Dy2O3–B2O3:ZnO as new thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) in comparison to the commercial TLD-100. Two series of glass ceramics, [(MgSO4)86(Dy2O3)14]x[B2O3]1-x with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and [MgSO4-Dy2O3–B2O3]0·2[ZnO]x with x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, were successfully prepared using the melt quenching technique. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The XRD pattern confirmed the transparent ceramic nature of the samples, while DTA revealed their thermal stability. FTIR analysis identified the expected composition and vibrational bonds. Upon irradiation, the samples MSDB0.2 and MSDBZ0.05 exhibited the highest sensitivity and dose response, with TLD readings of 1278.84 nC and 3262.63 nC, respectively, compared to the TLD-100 reading of 213.45 nC. This enhanced sensitivity is attributed to MgSO4:Dy2O3 and ZnO, which facilitate charge carrier movement and effective trapping and release of charges in borate glass ceramics. The increase in sensitivity indicates improved accuracy, highlighting the potential of these materials as high performance radiation dosimeters for environmental and medical applications.

Solution-Based Suspension Synthesis of Li2S-P2S5 Glass-Ceramic Systems as Solid-State Electrolytes: A Brief Review of Current Research.

All-solid-state batteries are set to be the next generation of batteries offering improved performance and safety over current conventional lithium-ion batteries. Glass-ceramic Li2S-P2S5 solid-state sulfide electrolytes are promising contenders to achieve all-solid-state batteries with exceptional ionic conductivity on the order of 10-2 S cm-1. Solid-state processing techniques for synthesizing sulfide solid electrolytes are energetically and time consumptive. However, proposed solution processing techniques offer faster and lower temperature processes rendering them scalable. The chemistries that underly solution processing of sulfide solid electrolytes are still not well understood. This brief review highlights key aspects of current research into solution-based suspension synthesis processing techniques of Li2S-P2S5 sulfide solid electrolytes discussing precursor stoichiometries, solvent selectivity, reaction conditions, chemical impurities, and particle morphology with the intent of promoting further research into solution processing of sulfide solid-state electrolytes.

Effect of nucleating agents on structure and crystallization behavior of high-aluminum glass-ceramics system

In this work, a transparent and high strength spinel glass-ceramics containing excess Al2O3 (26.5 mol%) were prepared successfully. The influence of the substitution amount of TiO2 by ZrO2 on the structure, nucleation process, crystallization behavior and properties of glasses and glass-ceramics were investigated respectively. The results showed that ZrO2 would play different roles under different concentrations and the existence form of Al in glass network would also be influenced. Moreover, the nucleation process and crystallization behavior of glasses were studied and the mechanism of TiO2/ZrO2 induced crystallization was proposed. It is concluded that TiO2/ZrO2 as nucleating agents can induce glass to form Ti-rich phase droplets or Zr-rich inhomogeneous regions. Finally, the properties of the glasses and glass-ceramics with different nucleating agents were compared and analyzed. It is found that high Al2O3 content contributes to the improvement of microhardness, and could strengthen the role of ZrO2 in refining grains.

Altering the optical, physical, and TL Dosimetric properties of MgSO4:Dy2O3:B2O3 transparent glass ceramic system: Evaluating the impact of roughness control and ZnO inclusion

This research examines the influence of surface roughness and the incorporation of ZnO (0.05–0.20 mol%) on the magnesium sulfate: dysprosium oxide: boron oxide (0.1 < x < 0.5) glass ceramic system for dosimeter applications. The parent glasses were prepared using the melt-quenching technique, with all samples melted at 1350 °C, except for B, which was melted at 700 °C. The crystallization, roughness, and optical properties were further determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and UV–Visible Spectrophotometry, respectively. The glass ceramics were exposed to 2.97 mGy of X-ray radiation ten cycles to assess specific dosimetric capabilities. Among the doped samples, MgSO4:Dy2O3-(0.2B2O3:0.05ZnO) exhibited the most promising performance as a dosimeter. Notably, the Thermoluminescence Dosimetry (TLD) readings of the pre- and post-polished 0.2MDB were 1041.96 nC and 1278.84 nC, respectively, with roughness values of 1.83 nm and 54.7 nm. Similarly, the TLD readings of the pre- and post-polished 0.05MDBZ were 1888.33 nC and 3262.63 nC, respectively, with roughness values of 17.3 nm and 19.8 nm. This work highlights that surface roughness significantly enhances trapping efficiency, underscoring the importance of dosimeter polishing as a beneficial step in enhancing their performance.

Formation of a zirconium oxide crystal nucleus in the initial nucleation stage in aluminosilicate glass investigated by X-ray multiscale analysis

Understanding the nucleation mechanism in glass is crucial for the development of new glass-ceramic materials. Herein, we report the structure of a commercially important glass-ceramic ZrO2-doped lithium aluminosilicate system during its initial nucleation stage. We conducted an X-ray multiscale analysis, and this analysis was used to observe the structure from the atomic to the nanometer scale by using diffraction, small-angle scattering, absorption, and anomalous scattering techniques. The inherent phase separation between the Zr-rich and Zr-poor regions in the pristine glass was enhanced by thermal treatment without changing the spatial geometry at the nanoscale. Element-specific pair distribution function analysis using anomalous X-ray scattering data showed the formation of a liquid ZrO2-like local structural motif and edge sharing between the ZrOx polyhedra and (Si/Al)O4 tetrahedra during the initial nucleation stage. Furthermore, the local structure of the Zr4+ ions resembled a cubic or tetragonal ZrO2 crystalline phase and formed after 2 h of annealing the pristine glass. Therefore, the Zr-centric periodic structure formed in the early stage of nucleation was potentially the initial crystal nucleus for the Zr-doped lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic.

Exploring luminescence in transparent Glass–Ceramic coating: Study on Pr3+/ Dy3+ Co-doped SrO–Al2O3–SiO2 Glass–Ceramic particles

This study aimed to fabricate transparent glass–ceramic coatings with luminescent characteristics. To this end, a SrO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass–ceramic system doped with Pr3+ and Dy3+ ions, referred to as luminescent glass–ceramic (LGC), was synthesized via melting at 1550 °C for 1 h. LGCs were added as mill additives to the transparent glass–ceramic coating recipe at increasing weight percentages of 5, 10, 20, and 40% (5Pr, 10Pr, 20Pr, and 40Pr, respectively). The coating specimens fabricated through the wet spraying technique were vitrified and recrystallized at 820 °C for 4 min, resulting in an LGC coating. Further, the chemical composition, phase structure, thermal behavior, and bonding characteristics of the LGC systems were analyzed, and spectrofluorometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were performed after the coating procedure. The SEM indicated an increase in particle intensity per unit surface area. The spectrofluorometric analysis revealed that the standard sample did not display any discernible peaks; however, samples supplemented with particles exhibit emission bands at wavelengths of 485 (4F9/2 → 6H15/2, blue) and 575 nm (4F9/2 → 6H13/2, yellow) for Dy3+ ions and at 485 nm (3P0→3H4, blue) for Pr3+ ions. According to the CIE color graph, an increase in the quantity of added particles resulted in the region shifting toward the green–white area from the center of the blue–green region in the standard sample.

Strengthening functional properties and competitive crystallization behavior of La2O3-BaO-CaO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic for solid oxide fuel cells: Agglomeration effect of rare-earth oxide

In this paper, the agglomeration effect of rare-earth oxide has been confirmed through that the thermal properties, viscosity, crystalline phase, and high temperature resistivity of the 35BaO-(15-x)CaO-5Al2O3–10B2O3–35SiO2-xLa2O3 (x = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 mol%, BABSCLa) glass system were systematically investigated. With the increase of the La2O3/CaO molar ratio, the results of Raman and infrared spectra of the BABSCLa glass showed that the Q4, Q3, and Q2 units of [SiO4] decrease, while Q1 and Q0 units increased in the BABSCLa glass structure, because the La2O3 as the glass network modifier can create more non-bridging oxygen than the CaO. However, the "agglomeration" effect of La ions with the high field strength could adsorb the oxygen in glass to form the La–O–La (Si) bond, resulting that the glass transition temperature and softening temperature of the BABSCLa glass continued to increase with the addition of La2O3, and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of annealed glass decreased from 11.37 to 10.87 × 10–6K–1, respectively. Simultaneously, the main crystalline phase of the BABSCLa glass-ceramic gradually changed from the low crystallization activation energy BaSiO3 phase with 287 kJ/mol to Ba3La6(SiO4)6 phase with 454 kJ/mol duo to the "agglomeration" effect of La ions. The CTE of the BABSCLa glass-ceramic increased from 12.35 to 13.05 × 10–6K–1 and then decreased to 11.75 × 10–6K–1. The direct-current (DC) resistivity of the BABSCLa glass-ceramic was higher 105 Ω•cm at a high temperature of 750 °C, which had good high-temperature electrical insulation. This demonstrated the La2O3 strengthening BaOCaO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic system was an effective method for the preparation of hermetic glasses.

Synthesis, Structural and Radiation-shielding Properties of Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 Glass–ceramic System

Synthesis, Structural and Radiation-shielding Properties of Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 Glass–ceramic System

Influence of Sm2O3/AgNPs Addition on the Properties of Lithium-Borate Glass-Ceramic System

This work reports the effect of adding Sm2O3 and silver nanoparticles, in small quantities up to 1 mol%, on the optical and structural properties of the B2O3-Li2O glass-ceramic system. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples show the presence of small quantities of the B2O3 crystalline phase, in addition to a major amorphous phase. Various structural units like BO3, BO4, and LiO4, present in the samples network, are responsible for the absorption bands from the FT-IR spectra. The optical spectra provided valuable information such as the identification of the observed electronic transitions, the energy gap, the refractive index, and metallization values. The luminescence data show the fact that with the addition of metallic NPs the quenching phenomenon can be observed after 0.5 mol% samarium ions. The studied systems are interesting for optical and semiconducting devices.

Improving properties of Na2O–CaO–SiO2 glass by CdO, Fe2O3 addition and its crystallization for sealing applications

The present work describes the preparation and characterization of new glass and glass-ceramic systems dependent on the Na2O–CaO–SiO2 composition which modified with partial CdO/CaO and Fe2O3/SiO2 substitutions. Typical temperatures for thermal analysis were examined by DTA and dilatometry measurements as a function of CdO and Fe2O3 contents. As well, the chemical stability and control crystallization of the newly established glasses and glass-ceramics were decided and discussed. The Tg and Tc temperatures decreased, while the CTE values increased with CdO and Fe2O3 contents. The produced glass-ceramics were dense and well-crystallized, including precipitation of the Na4Ca4Si6O18 phase with its derivative of the Na6Cd3Si6O18 phase, in addition to CaFeSi2O6 of the pyroxene type. The CTE of the prepared glasses and glass-ceramics is linearly increasing as a function of compositions. The values vary within the range of 33–72 × 10−7 °C−1 for the glasses, whereas they ranged from 57-104 × 10−7 °C−1 for their corresponding glass-ceramics. The results of the dissolution rate indicated that the DR ratio was increased by CdO/CaO replacements for the glasses and their crystalline samples. While the durability improved by Fe2O3/SiO2 substitutions. The DR and CTE values of the prepared materials are very close to or surpass the values of commercial sealing materials. The thermo-chemical properties showed that the prepared glass-ceramics, especially those with high Fe2O3/SiO2 replacement, are promising candidates as environmentally safe sealant materials for different applications, such as encapsulating photovoltaic cells and sensors used in unmanned systems in military applications.

Molecular Dynamics Study on the Formation of Ordered Arrangement of Ba-Ba Atomic Pairs in the SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-BaO Glass-Ceramic

In this study, the barium–calcium aluminosilicate (BaO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2) glass-ceramic system (BCAS) was modelled by using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method based on Born–Mayer–Huggins (BMH) potential for interatomic interactions. The model system was heated to 5000 K and cooled to 300 K for obtaining a glassy structure. Then the temperature of the system was increased to 400 K, 500 K and 600 K temperatures for observing more ordered structure. For understanding of order formation, the structural development was analyzed by partial radial distribution function (PRDF). The results demonstrated that the PRDF peaks of Ba-Ba became sharper than other bond pairs with the increasing of annealing temperature. These sharp peaks at distant atomic distances represent the occurrence of ordered arrangement in Ba-Ba interactions.

Improving the thermo-physical behavior of Li2O-Al2O3-P2O5-SiO2 glass–ceramic system by triple-step heat treatment processes

Improving the thermo-physical behavior of Li2O-Al2O3-P2O5-SiO2 glass–ceramic system by triple-step heat treatment processes

Novel ion-exchangeable nepheline glass-ceramics for dental application

Ion exchange of a glass-ceramic system with a specific crystalline phase can lead to materials with superior chemical, physical and mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to characterize newly synthesised nepheline glass-ceramics for dental restorative applications. Four novel experimental glasses based on the nepheline composition were ground into fine powders and then sinter-crystallized into monolithic glass-ceramics. The developed glass-ceramics were characterized before and after ion exchange in a potassium nitrate bath using X-ray diffraction, EDX-SEM, and biaxial flexural strength, hardness and solubility testing in accordance with ISO-6872. The ion exchange process of nepheline containing glass-ceramic Al20 increased the characteristic strength by more than 163% compared to the starting value. The experimental glass-ceramics increased in strength after ion exchange compared to their as-sintered values by 139%, 24% and 123%. The strength scatter decreased after ion exchange for the nepheline-containing glass-ceramics by 10%. The characterised glass-ceramics in this work require further investigation and have the potential to be developed into layered glass powders, which can be ion exchanged after sinter-crystallization to produce dental restorations with superior mechanical and chemical properties.

Sodium-Bismuth-Titanium glass–ceramic network: A high capacity anode network for Na+ ion storage

This article discusses 95[35Na2O-65Bi2O3]: 5TiO2 (mol%) glass-ceramic anode material system (abbreviated as GC-NBT5.0) in order to overcome major issues with Na-ion battery technology, such as inadequate reversible capacity, rate capability, electrical conductivity, and safety. After heat treatment for different heat treating regimes, the production of intense intermediate domains Na3Bi and Na3Ti results in flexible active centers with which heavier Na+ ions may react very easily for Na+ ion storage in the glass-ceramic anode network. As evaluated at 50mA/g over a longer cycle life of up to 3000 cycles, the GC-NBT5.0-8h glass ceramic anode beats both glass anode and traditional graphite anodes with a specific discharge capacity of 801mAh/g. However, the cell design is still backed by the best electrical conductivity because of the good interfacial contact between the glass-ceramic anode and electrolyte, and the lowest cycle-dependent complex impedance characteristics (Rct and Zw), which guarantee consistent capacity retention and the highest Columbic efficiency over longer cycle durations.

Radiation shielding performance of recycled waste CRT glasses doped with Li2O and Y2O3: Potential applications in medical facilitates

In this study, waste cathode ray tube screen glass (WCSG) doped with Li2O and Y2O3 was prepared and investigated for physical properties, structural definition, and their charged radiation and neutron shielding competence through a series of experimental and theoretical approaches. Using the cold isostatic press method, WCSG-infused Li2O + Y2O3 composite glass ceramic samples were prepared. The Li2O + Y2O3 composite concentrations were varied from 0 (STV), 10 (STV-YLI1), and 20 (STV-YLI2) wt%. The prepared glasses were sintered, and their crystal structure and surface microstructure were probed using the XRD technique and SEM images. The prepared samples were analysed for their radiation shielding abilities, starting from the computation of parameters related to their interaction with charged radiation and neutrons. The ESTAR, PSTAR, ASTAR, and STRIM software. In addition, the fast neutron (FN) removal cross section (FNRCS) and thermal neutron (TN) total cross-section (σtot) for the prepared glasses were evaluated theoretically using established models. The XRD spectra of the samples showed distinct crystalline structure and the formation of glass-ceramic material. The addition of the Li2O + Y2O3 composite reduced surface pores, increased hardness, and increased the sample density. The Vickers hardness values were calculated as 495, 527, and 552 HV for the STV, STV-YLi1, and STV-YLi2 samples, respectively, while the corresponding densities were 2.506, 2.592, and 2.634 g/cm3. The addition of Li2O + Y2O3 to the WCSG slightly improved the glass-ceramic system's charged particle shielding ability. The FNRCS of STV, STV-YLi1, and STV-YLi2 are 0.0775, 0.0827, and 0.0867 cm-1 respectively. The ability of the prepared glass ceramics to absorb fast and thermal neutrons improved with the addition of Li2O + Y2O3. The materials are recommended for use as environmental friendly radiation shields.

Structure and magnetic properties of [formula omitted] bioactive glass-ceramic system for magnetic fluid hyperthermia application

Ferrimagnetic glass-ceramics comprising maghemite crystals were synthesized for magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) usage. The present work is focused on the result of the chemical composition and heat treatment temperature on the magnetic behavior of (60−x)SiO2−(10+x)FeO−20CaO−10Na2O,0≤x≤30 glass-ceramic system. It was observed that with the increasing of FeO from 10 to 40 wt% in the glass-ceramic compound, the percentage of maghemite phase increased. It was also seen that in the low heat treatment temperature (680 °C), by adding iron oxide up to 30 wt%, iron cations acts as a network former, and more than this amount acts as a network modifier. In contrast, iron cations in the same composition range at high temperatures (840 °C), acts as a network modifier. According to the VSM results, the maximum magnetization of glass-ceramics incremented from 0.23 emu/g to 0.30 emu/g with the increase in FeO percentage. It was also observed that with the increment of iron oxide percentage, the morphology of maghemite crystals changed from spherical to dumbbell-shaped.

Potential utilization of oil sludge incineration bottom ash for glass-ceramics: Crystallization kinetics, properties and toxicological evaluation

The bottom ash (OIBA) generated from the incineration of hazardous oil sludge is classified as a hazardous waste. In this work, the OIBA was applied as raw material to prepare SiO2-Al2O3-CaO system glass-ceramics by melt-sintering with the addition of waste glass wool (GW). The effects of basicity (CaO/SiO2 ratio, 0.52-1.05) and sintering temperature (900–1050 °C) on the crystallization kinetics, properties, microstructure, leaching concentrations of heavy metals and potential toxicity of glass-ceramics were investigated. The results showed that the crystallization pattern was two-dimensional crystallization, and with the decrease of basicity, the main crystalline phase evolved from gehlenite to diopside. And the glass-ceramics with basicity of 0.88 and sintering temperature of 950 °C exhibited the best comprehensive properties, including density (2.72 g/cm3), water absorption (0.06%), compressive strength (452.45 MPa) and chemical corrosion resistance. In addition, the reduction of heavy metal leaching concentration indicates that produced glass-ceramics showed excellent solidification effect on heavy metals, the low toxicity of glass-ceramics leaching solution to the wheat seeds and Artemia suggests the environmental protection characteristics of OIBA-based glass-ceramics. These findings proved that the glass-ceramics produced by OIBA and GW could be a promising method to dispose hazardous waste with preparing high value-added construction materials.

The Influence of CaF2 Doping on the Sintering Behavior and Microwave Dielectric Properties of CaO-B2O3-SiO2 Glass-Ceramics for LTCC Applications

With the rapid development of microelectronic information technology, microelectronic packaging has higher requirements in terms of integration density, signal transmission speed, and passive component integration. Low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) exhibit excellent dielectric properties and low temperature sintering properties, which meets the above-mentioned requirements. This work investigates the effects of CaF2 doping (0–16 mol%) on the glass structure, sintering behavior, crystallization, microstructure, and microwave dielectric properties of the CaO-B2O3-SiO2 (CBS) glass-ceramic system. Glass-ceramics were prepared using the conventional melting and quenching method. The physical and chemical properties of the glass-ceramics were analyzed using various techniques including TMA, SDT, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and a network analyzer. The results indicate that CaF2 doping can effectively reduce the sintering temperature and softening temperature of CBS ceramics. It also substantially improves the densification, dielectric, and mechanical properties. The appropriate amount of CaF2-doped CBS glass-ceramics can be sintered below 800 °C with a low dielectric constant and loss at high frequency (εr &lt; 6, tanδ &lt; 0.02 @ 10~13 GHz). Specifically, 8 mol% CaF2 doped CBS glass-ceramics sintered at 790 °C exhibit excellent microwave dielectric and thermal properties, with εr ~ 5.92 @ 11.4 GHz, tanδ ~ 1.59 × 10−3, CTE ~ 7.76 × 10−6/°C, λ ~ 2.17 W/(m·k), which are attractive for LTCC applications.

Effect of CdS on optical properties of ZnO–PbO–SiO2 glass–ceramic systems

Effect of CdS on optical properties of ZnO–PbO–SiO2 glass–ceramic systems