Glass Cell Research Articles

Bottom of Line Corrosion Mechanism in Marginal Sour Environment Wet Gas Pipelines

Internal pipeline corrosion is a well-recognized issue in the oil and gas industry, especially in multiphase flow systems, such as wet gas transportation pipelines that contain mixed phases. Internal corrosion typically manifests as either top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) or bottom-of-the-line corrosion (BLC). While corrosion mechanisms in sweet environments (dominated by CO₂) are relatively well-understood, those in sour environments (dominated by H₂S) remain less thoroughly examined. In sour environments, the primary corrosion product is iron sulfide (FeS), while in sweet environments, iron carbonate (FeCO₃) tends to form. In marginally sour conditions, FeS layers are often non-uniform, promoting localized corrosion and pitting because low concentration of H2S. It is hypothesizes that higher concentrations of H₂S reduce both the pitting rate and depth.The objective of this research is to investigate the corrosion rate, surface profile, and morphology in a marginal sour environment, using profilometry analysis (ASTM G46) to assess pitting. The experiments were conducted in a glass cell setup simulating pipeline conditions with 3 wt% brine solution and 1000 ppm acetic acid. Corrosion behavior was assessed at H₂S concentrations of 0 ppm, 30 ppm, and 80 ppm using weight loss analysis, surface morphology, and profilometry measurements. Results indicate that increasing H₂S concentration decreases the pitting rate, supporting the study’s hypothesis.

Comparison of Corrosion Behavior of Two Stainless Steels for Medical Applications

Various materials are used in medicine and the main requirement is their biocompatibility, including corrosion resistance. In addition to destroying materials, the products released during corrosion can cause adverse reactions in the human body. Corrosion testing of any material proposed for biomaterials should therefore be conducted in a model or controlled environment similar to that of the human body. In this work, the results obtained in the study of high nitrogen stainless steel (HNS) as a material for the fabrication of implants are presented and compared with the results for classical Cr-Ni stainless steel, in analogous environments and conditions. The tests were carried out in Ringer’s and Hartmann’s solutions, at specified concentrations, temperatures and pH values. A three-electrode glass cell was used under open air conditions. The following electrochemical methods were used: open circuit potential (OCP) – time measurement, cyclic potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarizations. By means of light and scanning electron microscopy, surface changes were determined after exposing the steel specimens to the experimental media. The surface of the samples was also examined by EDX analysis to determine the nature of the corrosion products formed. From the results obtained, it was found that HNS-steel has higher resistance than Cr-Ni-steel in the model solutions studied.

Freely suspended nematic and smectic films and free-standing smectic filaments in the ferroelectric nematic realm.

We show that stable, freely suspended liquid crystal films can be made from the ferroelectric nematic (NF) phase and from the recently discovered polar, lamellar SmZA and SmAF phases. The NF films display two-dimensional, smectic-like parabolic focal conic textures comprising director/polarization bend that are a manifestation of the electrostatic suppression of director splay in the film plane. In the SmZA and SmAF phases, the smectic layers orient preferentially normal to the film surfaces, a condition never found in typical thermotropic or lyotropic lamellar LC phases, with the SmZA films exhibiting focal-conic fan textures mimicking the appearance of typical smectics in glass cells when the layers are oriented normal to the plates, and the SmAF films showing a texture of plaquettes of uniform in-plane orientation where both bend and splay are suppressed, separated by grain boundaries. The SmAF phase can also be drawn into thin filaments, in which X-ray scattering reveals that the smectic layer planes are normal to the filament axis. Remarkably, the filaments are mechanically stable even if they break, forming free-standing, fluid filaments supported only at one end. The unique architectures of these films and filaments are stabilized by the electrostatic self-interaction of the liquid crystal polarization field, which enables the formation of confined, fluid structures that are fundamentally different from those of their counterparts made using previously known liquid crystal phases.

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Concentration Influence Toward Uniform and Localized Corrosion Rate of API 5L X65 Steel at Elevated Temperature

ABSTRACT Trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in a carbon dioxide (CO2) dominant environment reduce general corrosion rates by forming thin iron sulfide layers but increase localized corrosion. This study investigates how varying H2S concentrations affect the corrosion rates of API 5L X65 steel at 70°C. Using a 2L glass cell setup, steel coupons were immersed in a solution containing 1000 ppm NaCl and 500 ppm HAc for seven days. Corrosion rates were determined through weight loss measurements, and surface morphology was analyzed using SEM and EDX. H2S concentrations of 0, 30, 60, and 100 ppm were tested. At 0 ppm H2S, the uniform corrosion rate was 2.53mm/yr. The addition of 30 ppm H2S reduced the rate to 1.00 mm/yr, showing a 60% inhibition efficiency. However, the highest pitting corrosion rate of 6.30 mm/yr occurred at 30 ppm H2S, with a maximum pit depth of 123μm. The results suggest that lower H2S concentrations lead to localized corrosion, while higher concentrations form a protective film, reducing corrosion rates.

Influence of Temperature and Pressure on the Wetting Progress in 21700 Lithium‐Ion Battery Cells: Experiment, Model, and Lattice Boltzmann Simulation

AbstractThe electrolyte filling and subsequent wetting of the active material is a time‐critical process in the manufacturing of lithium‐ion batteries. Due to the metallic cell housing, the process phenomena are insufficiently accessible, preventing the replication of the wetting processes by mathematical or simulative methods and hindering efforts to accelerate the wetting process. Therefore, this publication employs a glass cell housing for electrolyte filling of a 21700 cylindrical cell to investigate the wetting at different temperatures and process pressures. In parallel, a mathematical replication of the wetting, as well as a lattice Boltzmann pore‐scale simulation, is used to evaluate the influence of these varying process boundary conditions. The results show a strong temperature dependence on electrolyte wetting and the positive effect of pressure changes in the wetting process. These findings are particularly relevant to the process design of large‐scale cylindrical cell manufacturing.

Development of compact electrolytic enrichment system for environmental tritium analysis.

The new electrolytic enrichment system with compact glass cell was designed. Three (Ni-Fe-Ni) electrodes are used, and electrolysis is carried out at a rate of 2.45g per h with constant current density of 120mA per cm2. This enrichment system allows the enrichment for small, limited sample volumes (e.g. Tritiated Water (HTO) recovered from air). With an initial water volume of 100ml, the tritium enrichment factor of 7 within 2days and a detection limit of 0.12Bq per L can be obtained by Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) measurement for 1000minutes, which is better than the direct measurement with 50ml sample water using large vial. It is also possible to perform the high enrichment process. The initial sample volume of 700ml enriched for 12days by manual refilling yields a tritium enrichment factor of around 43 and detection limit of 0.02Bq per L for 1000minutes of LSC measurement.

Synthesis of Porous Carbons from Candlenut Shells Using Various Types of Activators for Environmentally Friendly Supercapacitors

Porous carbon is one of the promising electrode materials for supercapacitors due to its unique and engineerable microstructural properties. The study of the synthesis of porous carbon from waste biomass is very important due to the abundance of natural resources, low cost production and contribute to solving environmental problems. In this study, porous carbons derived from candlnut shell with various type of activator was studied the chemical structural, morphological and electrochemical properties then evaluated as electrodes for supercapacitor. We have been successfully synthesized of porous carbon from candlenut shells using three steps of the process, i.e.: carboni-zation, activation and calcination. Carbonization was carried out at 700°C in a furnace using a closed crucible to minimize the oxygen. The chemical activation conducted using three types of activators, i.e. ZnCl2, H3PO4 and KOH then calcination process by heated at 800°C for 1 h under Ar flow. The results of the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis show that the carbonization process increases the content of aromatic C=C functional groups and reduce the OH, C-H, C-O and C=O functional groups. The carbonization process has also increased the electrical conductivity of the sample around 0.8525 S/m. The results of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images can be observed that the activation process of carbon has formed which was indicated by the appearance of many pores on the surface area of carbon. N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)) characterization was indicated that the porous carbon is dominated by mesoporous with a pore size around 2-50 nm. BET characterization also can be determined the surface area of porous carbon around 477 m2/g for ZnCl2, 636 m2/g for H3PO4, and 681 m2/g for KOH. This synthesized materials are further employed in a symmetric supercapacitor using simple glass cell. The best performance of supercapacitor achieved by KOH porous carbons with 16.30 F/g of specific capacitance, 2.26 Wh/kg of energy density and 1038 W/kg of power density.

Visible-light-driven Fe-catalyzed alkylation for synthesizing functionalized polyolefin elastomers as advanced encapsulants in photovoltaic modules

Polyolefin elastomer (POE) has emerged as a promising encapsulant for photovoltaic modules, attributed to its exceptional water vapor barrier properties, robust weather resistance, and enhanced anti-potential induced degradation (anti-PID) capabilities. Despite these advantages, the interfacial adhesion of POE remains a significant challenge, particularly its suboptimal bonding with glass and solar cells, which impedes its broader application within the photovoltaic industry. This study introduced glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomers into POE through a photo-induced iron-catalyzed alkylation reaction, developing a novel polyolefin encapsulant for photovoltaic modules. The encapsulant was designed to possess high light transmittance, enhanced adhesion, and elevated resistivity. The modified POE boasts an impressive light transmittance nearing 98% and an adhesive strength of 28.3 N cm−1, both superior to traditional ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) materials. Additionally, this work delves into the correlation between crystallization behavior and light transmittance, elucidating the influence of GMA incorporation on the adhesion and insulation properties of POE through gaussian simulations.

Exploration of a vapor cell optical frequency standard scheme implemented using Doppler-free spectroscopy.

We implement a compact optical frequency standard scheme with laser frequency locked to the 5S1/2 (F = 2) - 6P3/2 (F' = 3) transition of the second excited state of 87Rb atoms in a 3 mm cubic glass cell, using a Doppler-free saturated absorption spectroscopy. The experimental results show the frequency stability at the level of 2.2 × 10-12 at 1 s. Furthermore, we conduct an experimental study on the effect of a repump laser on the frequency performance of the saturated absorption spectroscopy optical frequency standard, providing valuable experimental results with reference values for implementing this type of optical atomic clock.

From waste to an added-value commodity: challenges in valorization opportunity of tin-residual sand for silica-based industry

Abstract Extensive tin mining activities produce sand piles with high silica, leaving vast environmental and economic responsibilities. The circular economy implementation can address these problems by valorizing quartz sand as industrial sand. Therefore, the study assesses the quartz sand left over from tin mining and processing activities on Bangka Island to become a valuable product within the CPQvA Framework consisting of classification (C), potential utilization (P), quantity and viability (Qv), and application (A). The criteria comprise 12 weighted questions to define the criticality indices categorized as easy, moderate, and difficult. With complex purification technology, quartz sand can be used as silica sand for ceramics, foundry mould, refractory bricks, glass, and solar cells. The quantity is large and feasible for a factory scale with expensive investment and operational costs. The product performance shows good quality from a technical aspect. Due to impurities content and its complex purification technology, the valorization of quartz sand produces a difficult criticality index for the solar cells, a moderate criticality index for the glass and ceramics industry, and an easy criticality index for the glaze, refractory brick, and foundry mold industries. Therefore, proven and efficient purification technology is crucial for further research.

Methodology for Corrosion Inhibitor Persistency Studies in Batch Inhibition

A novel methodology and experimental apparatus were developed to address the limitations of previous studies and investigate corrosion inhibitor persistency under batch treatment conditions. This approach effectively removed all residues after inhibitor application and prevented O2 ingress during film formation and subsequent steps. A model compound corrosion inhibitor (CI) was utilized to validate the methodology and investigate the effects of solvent on CI persistency. In all experiments, CI was applied in situ on the prepared API 5L X65 steel rotating cylinder electrode inside the empty deoxygenated glass cell using a holder and vial. The setup used a reservoir of CO2-sparged uninhibited brine to continuously dilute the test electrolyte at a constant flow rate. Electrochemical measurements were performed at 20-min intervals to characterize the inhibition behavior over time.

Electrolyte Formulation By Design of Experiments: The Hidden Correlations in the Li-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction Reaction for Ammonia Production

Ammonia, a fundamental building-block for fertilizers and other many commodities, is responsible, through the Haber-Bosh (HB) process, of around 1.4% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, HB operates in severe conditions (200 atm), and is fossil fuel dependent, since the few huge, centralized plants are combined with steam reforming for H2 production. To find a renewable-driven and delocalized electrochemical process for NH3 production, complementary to HB, could be a key solution for our society that is facing climate change crisis and that is demographically growing [1].In view of process electrification, the Li-mediated (Li-m) pathway represents the most promising solution in the N2 reduction reaction (NRR) challenging field. Exploiting the unique reducing power of this alkali metal, this strategy achieves the highest Faradic efficiency (FE) and NH3 production rate [2,3,4].Li+ ions from the aprotic electrolyte are electrodeposited on the cathode, where N2 is reduced and protonated into NH3 thanks to a proton donor or a proton shuttle, as EtOH. On the plated Li, a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) unavoidably forms, and its nature and morphology are straightly dependent on the electrolyte composition. The different diffusion rate of Li+, N2, and H+ trough the SEI layer determines the selectivity towards NH3 formation. The correct reactant ratio at the electrode surface is essential to hinder both the hydrogen evolution reaction and an excessive Li plating, maximizing the FE [5,6].Design of experiment (DoE) together with response surface methodology (RSM) are a powerful tool that can reveal, with a restricted number of experiments (e.g. 9), the optimal composition of the electrolyte towards the highest FE and the hidden intercorrelations among variables. In particular, we aimed at studying two key variables, i.e. EtOH and Li-salt concentration; to this purpose, the Doehlert design with two factors and three replicates of the central point was chosen and RSM was employed to model the response and determine the optimal conditions.The study was repeated with two different fluorinated Li-salt, LiBF4 and LiFOB. LiBF4 has recently shown an improved stability and FE for the Li-m NRR process, correlated to the LiF presence in the SEI layer. The optimal combination of the electrolyte components obtained from the DoE for LiBF4 is in accordance with previous study, validating the statistical methodology applied. The newly proposed salt showed an increase of the 25% in the FE with respect to LiBF4 in the same conditions [7,8]. Experiments was conducted under 20 bar N2 in an autoclaved glass cell with a proper gas purification. As in previous study with this Li-m strategy in this set-up, even in this case the total NH3 amount obtained overcame the amount of possible impurities coming from the N2 gas, moreover controls tests with Ar instead of N2 were performed.

A flexible beamline combining XUV attosecond pulses with few-femtosecond UV and near-infrared pulses for time-resolved experiments.

We describe a beamline where few-femtosecond ultraviolet (UV) pulses are generated and synchronized to few-cycle near-infrared (NIR) and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulses. The UV light is obtained via third-harmonic generation in argon or neon gas when focusing a phase-stabilized NIR driving field inside a glass cell that was designed to support high pressures for enhanced conversion efficiency. A recirculation system allows reducing the large gas consumption required for the nonlinear process. Isolated attosecond pulses are generated using the polarization gating technique, and the photon spectrometer employed to characterize the XUV radiation consists of a new design based on the combination of a spherical varied-line-space grating and a cylindrical mirror. This design allows for compactness while providing a long entrance arm for integrating different experimental chambers. The entire interferometer is built under vacuum to prevent both absorption of the XUV light and dispersion of the UV pulses, and it is actively stabilized to ensure an attosecond delay stability during experiments. This table-top source has been realized with the aim of investigating UV-induced electron dynamics in neutral states of bio-relevant molecules, but it also offers the possibility to implement a manifold of novel time-resolved experiments based on photo-ionization/excitation of gaseous and liquid targets by ultraviolet radiation. UV pump-XUV probe measurements in ethyl-iodide showcase the capabilities of the attosecond beamline.

Adsorption and transport of acid dye through polymer inclusion membrane with Aliquat 336 and TBP

Colour is typically the initial pollutant identified in wastewater. Membrane separation represents a novel approach to separation processes, with expectations of supplanting many traditional separation systems. The aim of this study is to investigate polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) consisting of tri octyl methyl ammonium chloride as the carrier, tributylphosphate as the modifier, poly-vinyl chloride as the base polymer and 2-Nitro phenyl pentyl ether as the plasticizer for removing an acid dye (Red Erionyl A-3G) from aqueous solution. The dye adsorption on the membrane surface and its transition to the stripping phase was achieved by placing the membrane between two glass cells. Changing the stripping solution ensured both adsorption on the membrane surface and the transfer of all the dye to the stripping stage. Using a mixture of 0.8 M salicylic acid and 0.8 M NaOH, along with stirring at 1000 rpm during the stripping phase, extraction efficiency reached 98% in the feed phase and 53% in the stripping phase. When 1 M NaOH solution was employed as the stripping solution, the membrane absorbed all the dye within 10 minutes, but there was no transition to the stripping phase. The membrane has a durability of 2 days.Graphical abstract

Technology and research on the influence of liquid crystal cladding doped with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles on light propagation in an optical taper sensor

The results obtained for new dual-cladding optical fiber tapers surrounded by liquid crystal (LC) doped with Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a specially developed glass cell are presented. The created structures are sensitive to changes in refractive index values in the surrounding medium caused by modifying external environment parameters. In this investigation, cells are filled with nematic LCs 6CHBT and with the same mixture doped with 0.1 wt% and 0.5 wt% of magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs). The taper is made on a standard single-mode telecommunication fiber, stretched out to a length of 20.0 ± 0.5 mm, and the diameter of the tapers is approximately 15.0 ± 0.3 μm, with a loss lower than 0.5 dB @ 1,550 nm. Measurements are carried out in a wide range covering the visible and infrared ranges in two setups: 1) without a magnetic field, with steering only by voltage and 2) with an applied magnetic field. The presented spectrum results are divided into two ranges according to the parameters of optical spectrum analyzers: 350–1,200 nm and 1,200–2,400 nm. For all investigations, a steering voltage is chosen from the range of 0 to 200 V, which allows for establishing the influence of dopants on transmitted power and time response at different arrangements. Due to the sensitivity of LCs to temperature changes, this paper focuses on measuring at room temperature the effect of the magnetic field on propagation in a fiber optic taper. The proposed solution demonstrates the technology for creating advanced components as a combination of fiber optic technology, LCs, and nanoparticles. The presented results show the possibility of creating new sensors of various external factors such as magnetic or electric fields in miniaturized dimensions.

Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium of Sesame Fatty Acid (Ethyl and Methyl) Ester + Glycerol + Ethanol/Methanol Mixtures at Different Temperatures.

This study aimed to investigate the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) behavior of sesame fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) and methyl ester (FAME) in combination with glycerol and the co-solvents ethanol and methanol. FAEE and FAME were produced through the transesterification of mechanically extracted and purified sesame oil, using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a homogeneous base catalyst. The reactions were conducted in ethanol and methanol to produce FAEE and FAME, respectively. Post-reaction, the products were separated and purified, followed by an analysis of the LLE behavior at 313.15 K and 323.15 K under atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa). The experimental process for the miscibility analysis utilized a jacketed glass cell adapted for this study. Miscibility limits or binodal curves were determined using the turbidity-point method. Tie lines were constructed by preparing mixtures of known concentrations within the two-phase region, which allowed the phases to separate after agitation. Samples from both phases were analyzed to determine their composition. This study revealed that higher temperatures promoted greater phase separation and enhanced the biodiesel purification process. The NRTL model effectively correlated the activity coefficients with the experimental data, showing good agreement, with a root-mean-square deviation of 3.5%. Additionally, the data quality was validated using Marcilla's method, which yielded an R2 value close to 1. Attraction factors and distribution coefficients were also calculated to evaluate the efficiency of the co-solvents as extraction agents. The findings indicated higher selectivity for methanol than for ethanol, with varying degrees of distribution among the co-solvents. These results offer significant insights into enhancing biodiesel production processes by considering the effects of co-solvents on the LLE properties of mixtures, ultimately contributing to more efficient and cost-effective biodiesel production.

Automated hyperpolarized 129Xe gas generator for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging applications

We describe a method and an apparatus for producing hyperpolarized (HP) Xe gas of high concentration without Xe condensation. The HP Xe generator works under atmospheric pressure and employs a quasi-continuous method to provide a continuous supply of HP Xe gas by adopting technologies for supplying a highly pure gas, a gas control system and precise pressure control. The apparatus has a glass cell containing solid Rb metal and solid Xe in vacuum at a low temperature and is heated so that the Xe becomes a gas and Rb exists in a gas-liquid mixture. Then a magnetic field is applied with laser beam irradiation to produce polarized Xe gas of high concentration. The device was evaluated using a 2T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Long-term experimental operation demonstrated the continuous collection of 30 ml syringes of HP Xe gas with a sufficient polarization rate for fast one scan acquisition. A practical device for the automated manufacture of HP 129Xe gas was thus successfully developed.

Development of absorption spectrophotometry of iron(III) in environmental water and sediments using NEDA and its application to the field.

In this study, we developed a simple method that enables iron(III) in environmental water to be directly determined via spectrophotometry. In water samples, iron(III) formed a yellowish complex with N-1-Naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDA) at pH 2.0-2.8, the maximum absorption wavelength of which was 462nm. Detection sensitivity increased in the presence of chloride ions and remained constant for 2-24h with 0.05-0.57molL-1 chloride. Therefore, NEDA solution containing chloride ions was used as a chromogenic reagent for the determination of iron(III). The determination range for this method was 0.1-20mgFe(III)L-1 in a 5cm glass cell. The developed method is highly selective for iron(III) and has been successfully applied to freshwater, brackish water, seawater, turbid water in rivers, as well as to riverbed and freshwater lake sediments. In addition, a combination of the proposed NEDA method and the 1,10-phenanthroline method enabled simultaneous determination of iron(III) and iron(II).

The investigation of thickness-dependent mono-fractal, optical and optoelectronics properties of sputtered silver thin film for silicon solar cell

Here we report, the room temperature deposition of silver (Ag) thin films on silicon, glass and silicon solar cell substrates by magnetron sputtering. The effect of thickness on the deposited thin films and their morphological, fractal, optical and solar cell parameters have been extensively investigated. AFM results show that the Ag thin films are composed of different-size of nano-grains and the grain size increases with increasing thickness. Mono-fractal parameters, namely fractal dimension (Df) and Hurst exponent (H), were determined from the power spectral density function. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies indicate that the deposited samples exhibit the presence of oxidation state of Ag (0) in thin films, confirming the stable structure. The optical analysis shows that the transmittance of the deposited thin films decreases with increasing thickness, on the other hand, the silver thin film with thickness of 20 nm shows surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) at 436 nm. Current-voltage (I–V) curves were measured in dark and under illumination mode at standard testing conditions, i.e., 300K, 1000 W/m2 and 1.5 AM global using a solar simulator. These measurement studies indicate that thicknesses are effectively impacts on photovoltaic performance. The calculated values of change in solar efficiency (Δη) are 0.26, −0.20, −0.76 and −6.88 % for thin films with nominal thickness 0.5, 1, 2 and 20 nm respectively.

Delamination Techniques of Waste Solar Panels: A Review

Solar panels are an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels; however, their useful life is limited to approximately 25 years, after which they become a waste management issue. Proper management and recycling of end-of-life (EOL) solar panels are paramount. It protects the environment because of the high energy consumption of silicon production. We can effectively decrease energy and cost requirements by recovering silicon from recycled solar panels. This is one-third of those needed for manufacturing silicon directly. Moreover, solar panels include heavy metals, such as lead, tin, and cadmium, which pose risks to human health and the environment. Empirical evidence suggests that the costs of mining materials can exceed those of recycled materials, thereby making recycling a more cost-effective means of resource harvesting. This review paper focuses on the techniques developed to delaminate solar panels, which are considered a crucial step in the recycling of EOL solar panels. Initially, various classifications of solar panels are given. Subsequently, an analysis of the diverse methods of solar panel delamination and their efficacy in the retrieval of valued materials is presented. This investigation has identified three primary modes of delamination, namely mechanical, thermal, and chemical. Among these, mechanical delamination is deemed to be a sustainable and cost-effective option when compared to thermal and chemical delamination. The current most popular method of thermal delamination is characterized by its high energy consumption and potential emission, and the chemical delamination generates hazardous liquids that pose their own threat to the environment. This study emphasizes the mechanical delamination techniques, characterized by their environmentally friendly nature, minimal ecological footprint, and capacity to retrieve entire glass panels intact. This paper also discusses the current gaps and potential enhancements for mechanical delamination techniques. For example, some delamination techniques result in crushed materials. Thus, the handling and recovery of materials such as glass and silicon cells require the implementation of an appropriate sorting technique. Also, the value obtained from recovering crushed materials is lower than that of intact glass and silicon cells.