Glass-carbon Hybrid Composites Research Articles

Study on Abrasion Wear behaviour of Hybrid Composites using dimensional Analysis and Wear Models

The prediction of abrasive wear behavior of Glass-Basalt (GB) and Glass -Carbon (GC) hybrid composites in two body wear mode using dimensional analysis has been presented. The blend (PA66/PTFE) in 80/20 wt. % proportion was used as the base material. The individual effect of glass fibers and carbon fibers (10 wt. % each) were also studied and compared. Melt mix method using twin screw extrusion and injection molding process were used for developing hybrid composites. The mathematical model to predict the wear loss has been developed using dimensional analysis for the aforesaid hybrid composites and evaluated through justification using experimentally determined wear loss. Further, the wear behavior due to two body abrasion of hybrid composites is justified using abrasive wear models. It is noticed that developed mathematical model and wear models agrees with the abrasion wear behavior of composites studied. It is noticed that Ratner -Lancaster factor (σε) was used as one variable for the abrasion wear model. It is proved that specific wear rate is indirectly proportional to the wear resistance. Furthermore, the individual effect of short fibers is compared with GB and GC hybrid composites. It is proved that hybrid composites exhibited the better wear resistance.

Dry sliding friction and wear behavior of hybrid glass - carbon fiber reinforced PA66/PTFE composites

The tribological response and the frictional effects in dry sliding wear behaviour of hybrid Glass –Carbon composites under the action of sliding load and sliding velocity was studied. The material systems considered for the investigation were PA66/PTFE blend (80/20 wt. %), Blend(PA66/PTFE)/10 wt.% short glass fiber (SGF), Blend (PA66/PTFE)/10 wt.% short carbon fiber (SCF) and Blend (PA66/PTFE)/10 wt.% SGF/10 wt.% SCF (GC).These composites were produced using melt mixing method through extrusion and followed by injection molding. The experimentation was conducted as per ASTM G99 method. The experimentation data revealed that the significant wear resistance was exhibited by Glass-Carbon hybrid composites under the action of all the test parameters. This is attributed to the hybrid effect of fibres which may restrict the early reaching of softening point of polymers thereby preventing melting wear. Further, the formation of uniform and defined transfer polymer substrate on the steel disc surface reduced the frictional effects. Further, Blend/SCF composites were better than Blend/SGF composites. The composites studied were sensitive to applied normal load compared to velocity. The combined matrix and fiber wear were credited to the critical wear volume loss. Fiber misalignment, matrix deformation, melting wear and fiber peeling were some of the failure mechanisms observed in the morphological study of hybrid composites through SEM images.

Comparative study of Mechanical properties of Glass Carbon Hybrid Composites with fine blanking using analysis software and Experimental method

Abstract In the present advanced material technology applicable in the automobile, naval and aircraft structures, the composite materials reinforced with glass fibre, carbon fibre, etc., play important role due to the excellent properties such as high specific strength, strength to weight ratio, good corrosion resistance in the saline atmosphere. In this study, Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP), Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) and glass-carbon Fibre Reinforced plastic (GCFRP) laminated composites were manufactured by hand layup process. Then a hole was produced on each specimen, as per ASTM standards by fine blanking process. The values of the tensile strength and flexural strength of the composite specimen were determined and compared by stress analysis and experimental method. It has been found that strength of Glass-Carbon fibre hybrid composite is between CFRP and GFRP composites.

Mechanical properties and microstructure of glass carbon hybrid composites

Abstract In recent years, automobile, naval and aircraft structures are manufactured using composite materials reinforced with glass fiber, carbon fiber, etc., because of their high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, strength to weight ratio and applicability in saline environments. In this study, glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and glass-carbon fiber reinforced plastic (GCFRP) laminated composites were manufactured by means of the hand layup process. Subsequently, a hole was drilled into each specimen of the above composites by means of conventional drilling and fine blanking and finally, the specimens were prepared as per ASTM standards D256, D790, D3039 and D 5868. A detailed study of the mechanical properties and micro-structure analysis of the above specimens and lap jointed specimen was carried out. It turned out that the tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength of glass carbon hybrid fiber reinforced plastic composite was significantly higher as compared to the glass fiber reinforced plastic composite due to lower fiber breakage and fiber pull out in the fine blanking of the GCFRP.

Hybridization effect of fibers on mechanical properties of PA66/PP blend-based thermoplastic composites

The effect of hybrid fibers on mechanical behavior of thermoplastic composites is most important for structural applications. This article deals with the effect of hybrid short fibers i.e., short glass fiber (SGF), short carbon fiber (SCF), and short basalt fibers (SBF) on 80/20 wt% of polyamide 66/polypropylene (PA66/PP) blend. The glass-carbon hybrid composites (CG) and glass-basalt hybrid composites (BG) were prepared by using melt mix twin screw extruder. The mechanical properties such as tensile, flexure, and impact strength of hybrid composites were studied as per ASTM methods. Further, hardness and density of hybrid composites were also discussed. The experimental results revealed that hybrid fibers effect greatly enhanced mechanical behavior of PA66/PP blend. The CG composites exhibited improvement in tensile strength by 76.7%, flexural strength by 104.12 and 20.82% reduction in elongation whereas BG composites by 77.22, 109, and 12.92% reduction in elongation, respectively. Significant enhancement in strength of composites was observed due to hybrid fibers effect. The synergistic effect between hybrid fibers and matrix helped in improving mechanical behavior. The impact strength of hybrid composites was reduced due to brittle nature of fibers. Fiber fracture, fiber pull out and fiber misalignment are some of the mechanisms observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs.

Effect of stacking sequence on physical, mechanical and tribological properties of glass-carbon hybrid composites

Abstract A study was done to determine the effect of best stacking sequence (position and orientation) on the mechanical properties, friction and wear response of hybrid composites. The main purpose of the study was to determine the best available stacking sequence for which the physical, mechanical and three body abrasive wear rate is optimum. Test for mechanical properties (tensile strength, flexural strength, inter laminar shear strength, impact strength and hardness) was done on glass-carbon hybrid composites. The composites were then subjected to test for three body abrasive wear on a designed experimental setup. Five different factors (sliding velocity, fabric weight percentage, normal load, sliding distance and abrasive particle size) varied in steps to evaluate the friction and three body abrasive wear response of the composites. The design of experiment using Taguchi’s orthogonal array and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to find out minimum specific wear rate. The results revealed the significance in arrangement of two different layers of fabric (glass and carbon) and the difference in properties obtained by them. Using Taguchi experimental analysis it has been observed that three body abrasive wear rate is minimum at 72 cm/s sliding velocity, 30 wt.% fabric content, 80 N normal load, 90 m sliding distance and 125 μm abrasive particle size. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies revealed the dynamics of three-body abrasive wear and underlying micro-mechanisms that result in the analysis of three body abrasive wear.

Dynamic Mechanical and Flexural Characteristics of Glass-Carbon Hybrid Composites

This paper deals with the fabrication of test specimens of Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), Glass-Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (G-CFRP) and Carbon glass fiber reinforced plastic (C-GFRP) by using hand layup method. The low velocity point load setup was fabricated and fixed in the milling machine by using cam pointer arrangement. The specimens have been subjected to the low velocity point load for specific duration by exposure time such as 0,15,30,45 and 60 minutes. Then impact and DMA tests are also carried out for the above specimens. From the DMA test results it was found that the storage modulus and loss factor of GFRP specimen are high compared with others. Izod impact test result shows that impact strength of G-CFRP specimen is high. The flexural results reveals that among the four types of laminates CFRP gives higher order of flexural strength and modulus compared to the others

Flexural Fatigue of Unbalanced Glass-Carbon Hybrid Composites

Unbalanced composite layups with bend-twist coupling show potential for aeroelastic tailoring in wind turbine blades. Before these materials can be implemented, their responses to long term cyclic loading must be considered. This paper studies the fatigue characteristics of an unbalanced glass-carbon hybrid laminate with a [45glass/−45glass/24carbon/24carbon]s layup. Flexural fatigue was performed at 7 different load magnitudes up to 1 × 106 cycles to characterize the failure modes and fatigue life of the composite. Stiffness degradation occurred on the tension side due to matrix cracking and small regions of delamination on the glass plies, whereas the failure mechanism of the laminate was by delamination between the glass and carbon. S-N curves were generated from experimental results and static finite element analyses (FEA) based on interlaminar shear stresses and were compared with laminates from previous literature. It was determined that the interlaminar stresses were influenced more so by the lower stiffness of the unbalanced layup than by the induced torsional deflections: leading to the conclusion that bend-twist coupling had little influence on flexural fatigue of glass-carbon hybrid composites.

Performance Evaluation of Treated—Untreated Jute—Carbon and Glass—Carbon Hybrid Composites of Bisphenol-C based Mixed Epoxy—Phenolic Resins

Jute—carbon and glass—carbon hybrid composites of mixed matrix material [epoxy resin of bisphenol-C (EBC) and bisphenol-C-formaldehyde (BCF) of 50 wt% of the fibers] have been prepared by hand lay-up technique at 150°C under 7.6MPa pressure for 2h. Alkali-treated jute fibers have been acrylated to improve their physico-chemical properties. Tensile strength, flexural strength, electric strength, and volume resistivity of untreated (JCEBCF-50), treated (TJCEBCF-50) jute—carbon and glass—carbon (GCEBCF-50) composites are 10 MPa, 17 MPa, 1.60 kV/mm, and 5.9 × 1012 Ω-cm; 14.65 MPa, 19.33 MPa, 2.09 kV/mm, and 6.79 × 1012 Ω-cm; and 21.4 MPa, 24.53 MPa, 1.62 kV/mm, and 5.71 × 1012 Ω-cm, respectively. Alkali treatment and acrylation of jute fibers resulted in 46.50, 13.71, 24.40, and 15.15% improvement in tensile, flexural, electric strengths and volume resistivity, respectively. Water uptake tendency of jute—carbon composite is considerably reduced upon alkali treatment and acrylation of jute fiber. Observed equilibrium water content in all the three composites is HCl > H2O > NaCl. Observed reduction in water uptake in TJCEBCF-50 is due to esterification of hydrophilic OH groups. In boiling water saturation time is reduced 20 times for JCEBCF-50 and TJCEBCF-50, and 16 times for GCEBCF-50 without any damage. Hybrid composites may be useful for low load bearing application and also in marine field.

Effect of Stacking Sequence on the Mechanical Properties of Glass–Carbon Hybrid Composites before and after Impact

Hybrid composites are susceptible to accidental low energy impacts from hazards such as tools dropping during maintenance, transportation debris and hailstones. These impacts can cause significant strength reduction and localized damage which is potentially a source of mechanical weakness especially for graphite composites. The effect of stacking sequence on mechanical properties of stitched composites is studied for low velocity impact damages. Tests were performed for the same volume fraction (Vf) with different hybrid sequence and ply angle. The incorporation of glass fibers in carbon reinforced structures improved impact properties and increased the strain to failure. The addition of carbon fibers to the surface of glass-reinforced composites increases the flexural modulus for undamaged samples. Tensile failure mechanism of damaged plies seems to be affected by the interaction of reinforcement property, hybrid order and ply angle.

Static and Dynamic Fatigue of Glass–Carbon Hybrid Composites in Fluid Environment

Unidirectional glass fiber reinforced and glass-carbon fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composite samples (% glass to carbon fiber volume ratio 90: 10 and 75: 25)were subject to two-point bend rupture test in distilled water at 75 C and tension-tension cyclic test in both air and distilled water at 25 C. In the rupture test, while no obvious difference in rupture time was observed at larger deflections, glass– carbon hybrid samples showed prolonged rupture time in comparison to all-glass samples when loaded at 10% maximum deflection. When compared to samples tests in air, cyclic loading in water resulted in shorter fatigue lives for both all-glass and hybrid composite samples. However, hybrid samples showed better environmental fatigue resistance in water than all-glass samples, to 10 7 cycles. By incorporating appropriate amount of carbon fibers in glass fiber composite, long-term performance of glass–carbon hybrid composites under static and dynamic fatigue is substantially enhanced. It is demonstrated by the present study that the intra-ply hybrid approach is effective and economical in improving the durability of fiber reinforced polymer composites for long term applications.