Glandular Size Research Articles

Regulation of Glandular Size and Phytoalexin Biosynthesis by a Negative Feedback Loop in Cotton.

Plants have evolved diverse defense mechanisms encompassing physical and chemical barriers. Cotton pigment glands are known for containing various defense metabolites, but the precise regulation of gland size to modulate defense compound levels remains enigmatic. Here, it is discovered that the VQ domain-containing protein JAVL negatively regulates pigment gland size and the biosynthesis of defense compounds, while the MYC2-like transcription factor GoPGF has the opposite effect. Notably, GoPGF directly activates the expression of JAVL, whereas JAVL suppresses GoPGF transcription, establishing a negative feedback loop that maintains the expression homeostasis between GoPGF and JAVL. Furthermore, it is observed that JAVL negatively regulates jasmonate levels by inhibiting the expression of jasmonate biosynthetic genes and interacting with GoPGF to attenuate its activation effects, thereby maintaining homeostatic regulation of jasmonate levels. The increased expression ratio of GoPGF to JAVL leads to enlarged pigment glands and elevated jasmonates and defense compounds, enhancing insect and pathogen resistance in cotton. These findings unveil a new mechanism for regulating gland size and secondary metabolites biosynthesis, providing innovative strategies for strengthening plant defense.

The efficacy of hyaluronic acid in treating premature ejaculation: A systematic review and single-armed meta-analysis

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of hyaluronic acid (HA) injection in treating patients with premature ejaculation (PE). Methods: Matching interventional studies from MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and CINAHL. Outcomes were intravaginal estimated latency time (IELT), glandular circumference, satisfaction score, and adverse event rate. Data were assessed with Open Meta Analyst, DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. Results: Ten interventional studies, three double-armed, with low to moderate bias risk, revealed significant differences in baseline IELT and 1, 3, and 6-month post-hyaluronic acid injection, with mean differences of 217.035 (95% CI, 89.330–344.739), 161.513 (95% CI, 37.262–285.764), and 196.350 (95% CI, 142.314–250.386) seconds. Glandular circumference increased by 10.956 mm (95% CI, 3.314–18.598) after six months. Conclusion: Hyaluronic acid successfully extended IELT in premature ejaculation patients at one, three, and six months post-treatment with no severe side effects. It also enhanced glandular size and sexual satisfaction for patients and their partners.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the organogenesis and development, and function of the mammalian parathyroid gland.

Serum calcium homeostasis is mainly regulated by parathormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid gland. Besides PTH and Gcm2, a master gene for parathyroid differentiation, many genes are expressed in the gland. Especially, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), and Klotho function to prevent increased secretion of PTH and hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland under chronic hypocalcemia. Parathyroid-specific dual deletion of Klotho and CaSR induces a marked enlargement of the glandular size. The parathyroid develops from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches except murine species in which the gland is derived from the third pouch only. The development of the murine parathyroid gland is categorized as follows: (1) formation and differentiation of the pharyngeal pouches, (2) appearance of parathyroid domain in the third pharyngeal pouch together with thymus domain, (3) migration of parathyroid primordium attached to the top of thymus, and (4) contact with the thyroid lobe and separation from the thymus. The transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in each of these developmental stages are elaborated. In addition, mesenchymal neural crest cells surrounding the pharyngeal pouches and parathyroid primordium and invading the parathyroid parenchyma participate in the development of the gland.

Large goiters and postoperative complications: does it really matter?

Thyroidectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. Although the mortality rate is currently approaching 0%, the incidence of complications in such a frequent surgery is not insignificant. The most frequent are postoperative hypoparathyroidism, recurrent injury, and asphyxial hematoma. The size of the thyroid gland has traditionally been considered one of the most important risk factors, but there is currently no study that analyzes it independently. The objective of this study is to analyze whether the size of the thyroid gland is an isolated risk factor for the development of postoperative complications. A prospective review of all patients who underwent total thyroidectomy at a third-level hospital between January 2019 and December 2021 was conducted. The thyroid volume was calculated preoperatively using ultrasound and, together with the weight of the definitive piece, was correlated with the development of postoperative complications. One hundred twenty-one patients were included. When analyzing the incidence of complications based on the quartiles of weight and glandular volume, there were no significant differences in the incidence of transient or permanent hypoparathyroidism in any of the groups. No differences were found in terms of recurrent paralysis. No fewer parathyroid glands were visualized intraoperatively in patients with larger thyroid glands, nor did the number of them accidentally removed during surgery increase. In fact, a certain protective trend was observed with regard to the number of glands visualized and glandular size or in the relationship between thyroid volume and accidental gland removal, with no significant differences. The size of the thyroid gland has not been shown to be a risk factor for the development of postoperative complications, contrary to what has traditionally been considered.

Ultrastructural and Molecular Evidence of Macroautophagy in Functioning PitNETs and Experimental Pituitary Tumors

Introduction: Macroautophagy is a lysosome-mediated degradation process that controls the quality of cytoplasmic components and organelles, with its regulation depending on autophagy-related proteins (Atg) and with Beclin1/Atg6 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3/Atg8) being key players in the mammalian autophagy. As reports on this mechanism in the field of pituitary neuropathology and neuroendocrinology are scarce, our study analyzed the ultrastructural signs of macroautophagy and the expression of Beclin1 and LC3 proteins in human functioning PitNETs and in experimental pituitary tumors. Methods: A group of humans functioning PitNETs and an experimental lactotroph model in rats of the F344 strain stimulated with estradiol benzoate (BE) were used. Ultrastructural and molecular evidence of the macroautophagic process was evaluated using different techniques. Results: In functioning PitNETs cohort, 60% exhibited evidence of macroautophagy, with a significant difference found for Beclin1 and LC3 between macro- and micro-PitNETs (p < 0.05). In the experimental model, the expression of both Beclin1 and LC3 proteins was immunopositive in normal and tumoral glands when analyzed by immunofluorescence, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. In the experimental model, protein expression was associated with increased glandular size and weight. Conclusions: Our study revealed evidence of macroautophagy at the pituitary level and the important role of Beclin1 and LC3 in the progression of functioning PitNETs, implying that this mechanism participate in regulating pituitary cell growth.

The transcription factor LaMYC4 from lavender regulates volatile Terpenoid biosynthesis

BackgroundThe basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs), as one of the largest families of TFs, are essential regulators of plant terpenoid biosynthesis and response to stresses. Lavender has more than 75 volatile terpenoids, yet few TFs have been identified to be involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis.ResultsBased on RNA-Seq, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and transgenic technology, this study characterized the stress-responsive transcription factor LaMYC4 regulates terpenoid biosynthesis. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment increased volatile terpenoid emission, and the differentially expressed gene LaMYC4 was isolated. LaMYC4 expression level was higher in leaf than in other tissues. The expression of LaMYC4 decreased during flower development. The promoter of LaMYC4 contained hormone and stress-responsive regulatory elements and was responsive to various treatments, including UV, MeJA treatment, drought, low temperature, Pseudomonas syringae infection, and NaCl treatment. LaMYC4 overexpression increased the levels of sesquiterpenoids, including caryophyllenes, in Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. Furthermore, the expression of crucial node genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis and glandular trichome number and size increased in transgenic tobacco.ConclusionsWe have shown that the stress-responsive MYC TF LaMYC4 from ‘Jingxun 2’ lavender regulates volatile terpenoid synthesis. This study is the first to describe the cloning of LaMYC4, and the results help understand the role of LaMYC4 in terpenoid biosynthesis.

Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism: 99mTc SestaMibi SPECT/CT results compare with hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism.

Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (nPHPT) is defined by an inappropriately increased serum PTH with normal serum calcium. Information about the diagnostic yield of parathyroid SPECT/CT scan and ultrasonography in nHPPT is limited and not conclusive. To evaluate the positivity rate of 99m Tc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT scan in nPHTP compared with classical hypercalcemic PHPT (cPHPT). We retrospectively studied 125 patients with 99m Tc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT scans. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: cPHPT (n = 93) and nPHPT (n = 32). The detection rate of 99m Tc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT in cPHPT was 86,02% (80/93) and 59.37%, in nPHPT (19/32), p = .003. No significant differences were seen between the SPECT/CT scan and ultrasonography (p = .28) and the agreement was higher in cPHPT than in nPHPT, p = .03. Sensitivity of 99m Tc-Sestamibi-SPECT/CT was 98% on a per-patient basis (PPV 96%) and 91% on a per-lesion basis (PPV 88%). Glandular size was smaller in nPHPT (mean value 6.8 mm) and it was related only with PTH value. Localization rate of parathyroid hyperfunctioning tissue with 99m Tc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT is lower in nPHPT and it is related to a smaller glandular size. However, our study suggests that the positivity rate and sensitivity are nonnegligible by adding SPECT/CT. The reduction in the detection rate in nPHPT could benefit techniques with higher resolution such as 18 F-Choline PET/CT when the clinical context justifies it.

Ultrasonography Features of Normal Submandibular Parenchyma and Incidental Diffuse Submandibular Disease: A Single-Center Study.

This study aimed to assess ultrasonography (US) features of normal submandibular parenchyma (NSP) and incidental diffuse submandibular disease (DSD). From January 2013 to December 2017, 39 patients underwent preoperative US of the submandibular gland before submandibular surgery in our hospital. Among them, 9 were excluded because of inadequate histopathologic data (n = 7) or poor US image quality (n = 2). The US features of the resected submandibular glands were retrospectively investigated by a single radiologist, blinded to clinicoserological information and the histopathologic result, using a picture archiving and communication system. Histopathologic analysis of the submandibular gland was retrospectively performed by a single pathologist. After histopathologic analysis, 11 of the 30 patients were classified as DSD and 19 as NSP. Of the individual US features, only parenchymal echotexture exhibited a statistically significant difference between NSP and DSD (P < 0.0001), whereas the other US features showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). There was no significant relationship between diffuse fibrosis and glandular size (P = 0.310) or the other US features (P = 1.000). In conclusion, US may be helpful for differentiating incidental DSD from NSP.

EXOGENOUS CYTOKININS APPLICATION INDUCES CHANGES IN STOMATAL AND GLANDULAR TRICHOMES PARAMETERS IN ROSEMARY PLANTS REGENERATED IN VITRO

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a native Mediterranean herb, used to typically prevent oxidation of fats and oils in foods and cosmetics. Rosemary represents an effective source of natural antioxidants with analgesic, diuretic, digestive and anti-inflammatory effects. This study is carried out to properly evaluate if exogenous cytokinin applications typically led to hyperhydration symptoms or any histological variability in stomatal density, stomatal distribution, glandular trichomes density and size of leaf epidermis. The colloidal technique was used for observation and measurement of leaf epidermis characters. The plantlets during in vitro culture were developed on MS media and two different PGRs ratios (BAP) / auxin (NAA) were tested: (i) 1 mg l-1 / 0.1 mg l-1 (ii) 2 mg l-1 / 0.1 mg l-1. In vitro leaves of both categories were taken for analyses 4 weeks after the first subculture and were compared with in vivo ones. The study showed that in vivo plantlets have hypostomatic leaves, meanwhile, in vitro plantlets of both categories consist of amphistomatic leaves. In all cases, there are observed anisocytic stomata. In vitro leaves have a higher stomatal density, value which is increased in higher concentrations of BAP and thus transpiration rates are affected. In vitro specimens show about 3 times higher trichomes density in comparison with in vivo ones, but their diameter is about 2 times lower. Glandular trichomes size and density are affected by BAP concentration in nutrient media. These results convincingly show that in vitro culture can be used successfully to improve secondary metabolites production by intentionally altering the growing physical and chemical conditions.

The Hippo Signaling Transducer TAZ Regulates Mammary Gland Morphogenesis and Carcinogen-induced Mammary Tumorigenesis

Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that controls organ size by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and stem cell self-renewal. TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with the PDZ-binding motif) is a key downstream effector of the mammalian Hippo pathway. Here, using a transgenic mouse model with mammary-gland-specific expression of constitutively active TAZ, we found that TAZ induction in mammary epithelial cells was associated with an increase in mammary glandular size, which probably resulted from adipocyte hypertrophy. Consistent with its known oncogenic potential, we observed tumor formation in TAZ transgenic mice after administration of the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) and demonstrated that tumorigenesis was reliant on the presence of TAZ. Our findings establish a previously unknown roles of TAZ in regulating both mammary gland morphogenesis as well as carcinogen-induced mammary tumor formation.

Computed tomography features of the major salivary glands after radioactive iodine ablation in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

No previous study has investigated computed tomography (CT) features of the major salivary glands (MSGs) after postoperative radioactive iodine ablation (RIA). This study aimed to assess CT features of the MSGs after RIA in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The study population comprised consecutively registered PTC patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy, RIA, follow-up neck ultrasonography (US), and neck CT. The US and CT features of the parotid and submandibular glands in each patient were retrospectively evaluated by a single radiologist. Post-RIA changes were determined by comparisons between follow-up neck US results (main reference) and between preoperative and post-RIA neck CT features. Of the 28 patients, 13 (46.4%) showed post-RIA changes in the parotid glands (n=8), submandibular glands (n=0), or both (n=5) on neck CT. Of the 56 MSGs in 28 patients, post-RIA changes were more common in the parotid glands (n=23, 41.1%) than in the submandibular glands (n=8, 14.3%). The common CT findings of post-RIA changes in the parotid gland included low parenchymal attenuation, decreased glandular size, a lobulated margin, decreased or increased parenchymal enhancement, and an inhomogeneous enhancement pattern, whereas common CT findings of post-RIA changes in the submandibular gland included decreased glandular size, a lobulated margin, iso-enhancement, and an inhomogeneous enhancement pattern. The common CT features of post-RIA changes in MSGs include decreased glandular size, a lobulated margin, and an inhomogeneous enhancement pattern.

Contribution of early SPECT/CT to 99mTc-MIBI double phase scintigraphy in primary hyperparathyroidism: Diagnostic value and correlation between uptake and biological parameters

AimTo evaluate the value of 99mTc-MIBI double-phase scintigraphy (DPS) and early SPECT/CT in the pre-surgical assessment of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Also, to calculate the correlation between uptake and some biological parameters. Material and methodsForty patients with PHPT were included: 37 solitary adenomas, 1 hyperplasia, and 2 double adenomas. Fifteen patients had ectopic glands.DPS and early SPECT/CT were acquired in all patients. Ultrasound was performed in 31/40. All patients underwent surgery, intra-operative iPTH measurements, and histopathological examinations.Qualitative DPS uptake was assessed and correlated to pre-surgical calcium, iPTH levels, gland weight, and maximum diameter. ResultsIn the planar study, there were 23 positive cases, 8 doubtful, and 9 negatives. With the SPECT/CT, 8/9 negatives cases were located. All doubtful cases were confirmed as positives. Gland location improved in 16 cases (12 ectopic).DPS+SPECT/CT failed to detect a solitary adenoma and at least one gland in three cases of multiglandular disease (MGD). The sensitivity by patient was: DPS 72.5%, DPS+SPECT/CT 90%, and ultrasound 42%.Ultrasound and scintigraphy (DPS+SPECT/CT) were concordant in 16/31 patients. For the rest of them, scintigraphy proved correct in 14/15, and both techniques failed in one case.There was a significant correlation between level of uptake and iPTH level, gland weight, and maximum diameter. ConclusionEarly SPECT/CT improves sensitivity and the locating of parathyroid pathological glands and increases diagnostic confidence. iPTH level, glandular size, and weight are related to the qualitative assessment of 99mTc-MIBI uptake in early DPS.

Contribution of early SPECT/CT to 99mTc-MIBI double phase scintigraphy in primary hyperparathyroidism: Diagnostic value and correlation between uptake and biological parameters.

To evaluate the value of 99mTc-MIBI double-phase scintigraphy (DPS) and early SPECT/CT in the pre-surgical assessment of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Also, to calculate the correlation between uptake and some biological parameters. Forty patients with PHPT were included: 37 solitary adenomas, 1 hyperplasia, and 2 double adenomas. Fifteen patients had ectopic glands. DPS and early SPECT/CT were acquired in all patients. Ultrasound was performed in 31/40. All patients underwent surgery, intra-operative iPTH measurements, and histopathological examinations. Qualitative DPS uptake was assessed and correlated to pre-surgical calcium, iPTH levels, gland weight, and maximum diameter. In the planar study, there were 23 positive cases, 8 doubtful, and 9 negatives. With the SPECT/CT, 8/9 negatives cases were located. All doubtful cases were confirmed as positives. Gland location improved in 16 cases (12 ectopic). DPS+SPECT/CT failed to detect a solitary adenoma and at least one gland in three cases of multiglandular disease (MGD). The sensitivity by patient was: DPS 72.5%, DPS+SPECT/CT 90%, and ultrasound 42%. Ultrasound and scintigraphy (DPS+SPECT/CT) were concordant in 16/31 patients. For the rest of them, scintigraphy proved correct in 14/15, and both techniques failed in one case. There was a significant correlation between level of uptake and iPTH level, gland weight, and maximum diameter. Early SPECT/CT improves sensitivity and the locating of parathyroid pathological glands and increases diagnostic confidence. iPTH level, glandular size, and weight are related to the qualitative assessment of 99mTc-MIBI uptake in early DPS.

Usefulness of Magnetic Resonance Sialography for Diagnosis of Idiopathic Chronic Sialadenitis

Background and ObjectivesZZThe symptoms of salivary diseasess are often nonspecific, and a variety of investigative methods can be employed. Conventional sialography, which is still widely used for diagnosis of salivary ductal pathologies, has the withdrawback of invasiveness and radiation exposure, and thus ultrasound and magnetic resonance (MR) sialography can replace the conventional tools. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of MR sialography for the diagnosis of idiopathic chronic sialadenitis. Subjects and MethodZZFrom November 2013 to June 2014, we have retrospectively analyzed 26 patients who have had swelling and pain of salivary glands and undergone MR sialography for further diagnosis of the idiopathic salivary obstructive symptom. We analyzed the symptom scores, salivary flow rate (SFR) and parameters of salivary gland scintigraphy. Then we evaluat ed correlation among MR sialography findings (duct visualization, grade of stenosis at main duct, degree of sialectasis and glandular volume size). ResultsZZAmong the 26 patients, stenosis of salivary duct was observed in 14 patients (53.8%), chronic sialadenitis without stenosis in 6 patients (23.1%), Sjogren’s syndrome in 3 patients (11.5%), Juvenile reccutent parotitis in 1 patient (3.8%), and 2 patients were norma (7.7%). The degree of sialectasis was significantly correlated with Tmin (time interval, in minutes, from stimulation to minimum count), maximum secretion (p＜0.05), and glandular volume size was also significantly correlated with unstimulated SFR ( p＜0.05). But others did not show any significant correlations. From these findings, we report three cases that were useful to diagnose the gland disease using MR sialography. ConclusionZZResutls show that MR sialogarphy indirectly reflects the salivary gland function. Therefore MR sialography can be helpful when the differential diagnosis of idiopathic chronic sialadenitis is difficult with conventional tools.

AB65. Experience in the use of synthetic fillers in phalloplasty

Penis size has been a source of anxiety for men throughout history, and men often feel the need to enlarge their penises in order either to improve their self-esteem or to satisfy and impress their partners. Many different types of penile enhancement surgery are performed all over the world, although there are medico-legal issues and paucity of scientific data. An ideal procedure for phalloplasty should rely on two principles: minimal incision with limited scarring and no interference with the erectile function. Several techniques have been described to increase penile length, including cutting the suspensory ligament with or without V-Y plasty of the lower abdominal skin, possibly with fat, dermis, autologous rib cartilage, or synthetic material graft to prevent reattachment of the suspensory ligament. Liposuction or lipectomy has been used for patients with a large infrapubic pad of fat. Surgery to enhance the penile girth includes lipoinjection, dermal free or pedicle grafts, and venous grafting for the corpora cavernosa, injection of synthetic dermal filler. Currently, as the need for safer, effective and less-invasive procedures is increasing, enhancement procedures using injectable products are in high demand. Injectable soft-tissue substitutes provide an affordable, nonsurgical alternative for correcting contour defects and soft tissue augmentation with autologous fat, silicone, collagen, and hyaluronic acid, dextran filler, polylactic acid.We have developed two synthetic fillers; Cross-linked dextran and polymethylmethacrylate mixture (Lipen-10), Polylactic acid (PLA) filler.Penile lnjection of; Cross-linked dextran and polymethylmethacrylate mixture (Lipen-10) and Polylactic acid filler led to significant increase in penile size, showed a good durability and was well-tolerated, without serious adverse events.Glans penis augmentation has been performed in real practice, although it is not an established procedure. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of injectable cross-linked dextran gel for glans penis augmentation. Gel was injected into the lamina propria layer of the glans penis by the fanning technique in 18 patients. The glandular size was measured, at baseline and at 6 months after injection. As a result, there was a size increase of more than 45%. 16 subjects (88.8%) were satisfied, whereas only two (11.1%) were dissatisfied.These procedures are still experimental nature and have complexity of the patient’s psychological status, selection of the surgical technique is still highly controversial, and none of the proposed methods has been unanimously approved. In spite of this, we report our experience with cross-linked dextran and polymethylmethacrylate mixture (Lipen-10), Polylactic acid (PLA) filler, for phalloplasty and glanduloplasty performed safely with good efficacy.

A modification of the TIP procedure for distal hypospadias: The burrowing technique.

The tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (TIP) hypospadias repair is a commonly performed procedure for hypospadias. Multiple series document excellent cosmetic outcome in conjunction with low complication rates. We describe a modification that we have named the "burrowing technique." We believe that this technique facilitates dissection of the glans, which improves mobility, decreases tension with closure, and potentially improves outcomes. A retrospective review was performed of 193 coronal or mid-shaft hypospadias repairs by a single surgeon. The first 98 were performed using the TIP procedure, then the burrowing technique was developed and a subsequent 95 were analyzed for outcomes using this modification. Urethral plate characteristics and glandular size did not influence the choice of surgical technique. Cases were selected to allow for a "learning curve," and were consecutively accrued. None of the boys had undergone prior hypospadias surgery. Proximal 2 stage repairs and distal (glanular) repairs were excluded. A total of 193 boys underwent repair, 98 with the traditional TIP procedure and 95 using the burrowing modification. In total, 37 (19.2%) patients required re-operation for either fistulas or dehiscence; 23 (23.5%) in the non-burrowing group and 14 (14.7%) in the burrowing group, odds ratio 0.54 (p = 0.10). The TIP procedure has revolutionized the management of distal hypospadias. The burrowing modification increases glandular mobility simplifying the procedure and demonstrates a non-statistically significant trend in reducing reoperation rates.

Computed tomography features of incidentally detected diffuse thyroid disease.

Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the CT features of incidentally detected DTD in the patients who underwent thyroidectomy and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of CT diagnosis. Methods. We enrolled 209 consecutive patients who received preoperative neck CT and subsequent thyroid surgery. Neck CT in each case was retrospectively investigated by a single radiologist. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of individual CT features and the cut-off CT criteria for detecting DTD by comparing the CT features with histopathological results. Results. Histopathological examination of the 209 cases revealed normal thyroid (n = 157), Hashimoto thyroiditis (n = 17), non-Hashimoto lymphocytic thyroiditis (n = 34), and diffuse hyperplasia (n = 1). The CT features suggestive of DTD included low attenuation, inhomogeneous attenuation, increased glandular size, lobulated margin, and inhomogeneous enhancement. ROC curve analysis revealed that CT diagnosis of DTD based on the CT classification of “3 or more” abnormal CT features was superior. When the “3 or more” CT classification was selected, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of CT diagnosis for DTD were 55.8%, 95.5%, 80.6%, 86.7%, and 85.6%, respectively. Conclusion. Neck CT may be helpful for the detection of incidental DTD.

THU0190 Ultrasonagraphic assessment of submandibular glands in anti-centromere antibody positive and negative primary sjogren’s syndrome patients

BackgroundPrimary Sjogren’s Syndrome (pSS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into exocrine glands. Previous reports have demonstrated that a subgroup of anti-centromere antibody (ACA) positive pSS...

The Effects of Waste Products of generators exhausts on Foam Gland in Male Japanese Quail (contunix conurnix) Anatomical and Histological study

This study had been made to detect the gross and histological changes of cloacal gland (foam gland) in Fourty males of Japanese quail which exposed to waste products of generator exhausts with different periods. The Fourty males Japanese quail were divided into four groups showed that, a mild foam production of cloacal glands with mild atrophy was observed in third group which exposed to exhaust for a period of 20 days. The cloacal glands were atrophied, and no foam production was appeared in the first and second groups which exposed to exhaust for a period of 40 and 60 days, while normal glandular size and heavy foam production was noticed in the fourth group (control group). The histological changes of cloacal gland in the first and second groups revealed atrophy of its secretory units and the lining of these secretory units were flat epithelial cells. Beside, the septa and the interstitial connective tissue were thick. The lining secretory units of the cloacal gland in the third group showed low cuboidal cells with slightly thickened of the lamina properia and the interstitial connective tissue. While the cloacal gland of control group showed features of normal glandular histology were their secretory units lined by simple columnar epithelium. These cells have negative PAS stain granules. The lamina properia in the control group was thick with well vascularized connective tissue.

Update in Cystic Fibrosis 2010

Update in Cystic Fibrosis 2010