Gland Tumors In Dogs Research Articles

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Sebaceous Adenoma and Epithelioma in Dogs.

Sebaceous gland tumors are neoplasms originating from the sebaceous gland and are the third most common type of skin tumor, accounting for 21-35% of all cutaneous neoplasms in dogs. According to their histopathological characteristics, sebaceous gland tumors can be classified into adenoma as a benign tumor and epithelioma as a malignant tumor. Sebaceous epithelioma is distinguished from sebaceous adenoma by containing 90% or more reserve cells. However, this simple numerical criterion is insufficient to histologically distinguish between epitheliomas and adenomas. In addition, sebaceoma in humans, a similar tumor to sebaceous epithelioma, is a term used for tumors with more than 50% of reserve cells, unlike epithelioma. Therefore, we aimed to compare and characterize the histological and immunohistochemical profiles of comprehensive sebaceous adenoma, epithelioma, and borderline tumors that have more than 50% but less than 90% of reserve cells. A total of 14 canine sebaceous tumors were diagnosed as seven adenomas, four borderline tumors, and three epitheliomas. Histologically, the sebaceous adenomas showed nodules consisting of mature sebocytes surrounded by monolayer basaloid cells. In contrast, the portion of the reserve cells was increased, the portion of lipidized cells was decreased, and the majority of lipidized cells were found to be immature in sebaceous epithelioma. In the sebaceous adenomas, necrosis was not observed and mitotic figures were rarely seen. However, necrosis and mitotic figures were highly frequent in both borderline tumor and sebaceous epithelioma. Immunohistochemistry revealed that borderline tumor and sebaceous epithelioma showed significantly higher expression against Ki-67 than sebaceous adenoma. We conclude that it is more accurate to employ the cut-off value of 50% reserve cells in humans rather than the current 90% reserve cells for classifying sebaceous gland tumors in dogs, thereby providing new insight into the characterization of the sebaceous gland tumors.

Treatment of mammary gland tumors in bitches: effects of sodium dichloroacetate as neoadjuvant therapy.

Mastectomy is the standard treatment for mammary gland tumors in dogs. In addition to traditional therapy, sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) can act as target therapy, as it may promote autophagy, reduce metastatic potential, and tumor proliferation in mammary tumor cell lines. This study aimed to analyze the effects of DCA as preoperative therapy for mammary tumors in bitches. Nineteen animals were selected, and they received DCA at a dose of 10 mg/kg orally every 12 hr, for 15 days. The periodic evaluation included hematological analysis (complete blood count and biochemical markers), evaluation of gastrointestinal adverse effects, evaluation of tumor volume, histopathological analysis, and immunohistochemical evaluation (Ki67 and cyclooxygenase-2/COX-2 markers). After treatment, there was a significant reduction in hematocrit (P=0.02) and leukocyte (P=0.04) means. Despite the variations for these two hematological parameters, the means remained within the reference range for the species. There were two cases of vomiting and one case of diarrhea. Most cases were classified as carcinoma in mixed tumor (n=7, 36.8%), followed by solid carcinoma (n=6, 31.6%). Nine cases (47.4%) showed reduced tumor volume, nine (47.4%) had stable disease, and one showed progressive disease. While there was no sample with a COX-2 score higher than 6, tumor samples with COX-2 scores 3 and 4 were significantly associated with stable disease or progression. DCA preoperative treatment for bitches with mammary gland tumors showed safety and potential cytoreduction in some cases.

Retrospective evaluation of ceruminous gland tumors confined to the external ear canal of dogs and cats treated with biopsy and CO2 laser ablation.

Treatments currently available for ceruminous gland tumors include surgery and radiation therapy, which come with high financial costs and frequent complication and recurrence rates. To evaluate the treatment, response, complication, and recurrence of ceruminous gland tumors confirmed with biopsy and ablated using CO2 laser. Retrospective review of medical records from Iowa State Universityand the University of Illinois between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2021. Electronic medical records were evaluated for a histopathologically confirmed ceruminous gland tumor via video-otoscopic aided biopsy and subsequent CO2 laser ablation. Signalment, tumor type, size, location within the ear canal, length of time tumor was present before presentation, advanced imaging, and follow-up including recurrence were assessed. Fourteen ceruminous gland adenomas (4 dogs, 10 cats) and 12 ceruminous gland adenocarcinomas (7 dogs, 5 cats) were identified. Bacterial otitis externa was present in 4/26 (15%) animals. Recurrence was identified in 1/14 (7%) ceruminous gland adenomas and 1/12 (8%) ceruminous gland adenocarcinomas. Video-otoscopic aided biopsy and CO2 laser ablation of ceruminous gland tumors in dogs and cats is a viable treatment option with low recurrence and complication rates with CO2 laser ablation.

Стан Т- і В-клітинної ланок специфічного захисту у собак при пухлинах молочних залоз

The purpose of the research was to determine the activity of Tand B-cell specific protection in dogs 9–13 years old age with benign and malignant tumors of the mammary glands to assess the level of immune response to the pathological process. Assessment of the activity of cellular factors of immunity has been carried out by determining the number of T-lymphocytes and their subpopulations and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of dogs in the reaction of spontaneous rosette formation with ram erythrocytes. The clinical classification and determination of the stage of breast tumors were carried out according to the TNM system. The studies have shown that the occurrence of breast tumor diseases in dogs has a significant effect on the activity of T- and B-cellular link of specific immunity mechanisms, especially the number of T-lymphocytes and their populations in animals with malignant neoplasia. In particular, in the blood of animals with malignant neoplasia of the mammary glands, the number of Tlymphocytes (common and, especially, theophylline resistant) decreases accompanied with an increase in the number of T-suppressors, which is an important criterion for predicting the course of the disease. These changes in the number of Tlymphocytes in the blood of dogs of the experimental groups have led to a decrease in the amount of immunoregulatory index, which indicates a decrease in lymphocytic activity. In the blood of dogs with malignant neoplasia, a tendency to increase the number of antigenic-dependent B-lymphocytes has been shown. Similar changes, only of a lesser extent, are also have been demonstrated in the blood of dogs with benign breast neoplasia. Thus, the results of the research showed that the development of mammary gland tumors in dogs was accompanied by an immunosuppressive effect on the specific defense mechanisms, especially the T-cell link of the immune response in animals with malignant neoplasms.

Low-Grade Mammary Gland Tumors in Dogs Have Greater VEGF-A and BMP2 Immunostaining and Higher CD31 Blood Vessel Density

Tumor angiogenesis is an important process in tumor growth, and different molecules are involved in its regulation including VEGF-A, BMP2, and CD31, which can be considered possible prognostic markers. The aim of this study was to verify whether the VEGF-A and BMP2 immunostaining area, and microvascular density (MVD) might be associated with the degree of malignancy in malignant mammary neoplasms of dogs. For this purpose, samples of mammary malignancies from female dogs embedded in wax were used and separated into 4 main histomorphological types: tubulopapillary carcinomas, solid, complex, and carcinosarcoma, which were separated based on high and low degrees of malignancy. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on tissue microarray blocks using anti-CD31 antibodies for evaluation of MVD and vascular lumen area, and with anti-VEGF-A and anti-BMP2 to determine the immunostaining area using the DAKO EnVision FLEX+ kit. MVD and vascular lumen area were higher in tubulopapillary carcinomas as were the areas stained by VEGF-A and BMP2. Immunostaining for CD31 was higher in low-grade carcinomas as well as in areas immunostained by VEGF-A and BMP2. There was a positive correlation between VEGF and BMP2 in high (r = 0.556, P < .0001) and low-grade (r = 0.287, P < .0001) carcinomas and between MVD and VEGF-A in low-grade carcinomas (r = 0.267, P = .0064). Thus, the markers evaluated showed greater immunostaining in canine mammary tumors with a lower degree of malignancy.

Comparative analysis of the molecular subtype landscape in canine and human mammary gland tumors

Breast cancers in humans belong to one of several intrinsic molecular subtypes each with different tumor biology and different clinical impact. Mammary gland tumors in dogs are proposed as a relevant comparative model for human breast cancer; however, it is still unclear whether the intrinsic molecular subtypes have the same significance in dogs and humans. Using publicly available data, we analyzed gene expression and whole-exome sequencing data from 158 canine mammary gland tumors. We performed molecular subtyping using the PAM50 method followed by subtype-specific comparisons of gene expression characteristics, mutation patterns and copy number profiles between canine tumors and human breast tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer cohort (n = 1097). We found that luminal A canine tumors greatly resemble luminal A human tumors both in gene expression characteristics, mutations and copy number profiles. Also, the basal-like canine and human tumors were relatively similar, with low expression of luminal epithelial markers and high expression of genes involved in cell proliferation. There were, however, distinct differences in immune-related gene expression patterns in basal-like tumors between the two species. Characteristic HER2-enriched and luminal B subtypes were not present in the canine cohort, and we found no tumors with high-level ERBB2 amplifications. Benign and malignant canine tumors displayed similar PAM50 subtype characteristics. Our findings indicate that deeper understanding of the different molecular subtypes in canine mammary gland tumors will further improve the value of canines as comparative models for human breast cancer.

Androgen and Estrogen Receptor Expression in Different Types of Perianal Gland Tumors in Male Dogs.

Simple SummaryThe immunohistochemical evaluation of the steroid hormone receptors expression in neoplastic cells is a widely used diagnostic method in human medicine especially for the selection of appropriate therapy in case of breast cancers. The authors made an attempt to demonstrate prognostic and predictive value of determination of sex hormone receptors in canine perianal gland tumors. Perianal adenomas, epitheliomas and carcinomas occur mainly in older male dogs. Although surgery is the most commonly used procedure, the risk of complications related to general anesthesia and the anatomical location of the tumor adjacent to the anus makes a dilemma. The performed studies indicate that perianal gland tumors in dogs with a high expression of androgen and estrogen receptors may show a potentially greater sensitivity to hormone therapy in contrast to tumors showing low or no expression. Moreover, it was noticed that the expression of the receptors was significantly lower in neoplasms with high histological malignancy grade compared to benign tumors. Diversified expression of androgen and estrogen receptors depending on the histological type can be used for further clinical studies aimed at developing diagnostic and prognostic schemes providing the selection of therapy in the case of perianal gland tumors in dogs.Perianal gland tumors are modified sebaceous glands present in the skin of the perianal region in the dog. Hormonal stimulation may induce hyperplasia of the perianal glands or their neoplastic progression. The presence of androgen (AR) and estrogen (ER) receptors have been demonstrated both in normal perianal glands as well as in perianal tumors. The aim of the study was an immunohistochemical assessment of the expression of estrogen and androgen receptors in perianal gland tumors in dogs as an applicatory marker for antihormonal treatment. Biopsy samples of perianal masses were collected from 41 male dogs. A histopathological examination revealed 24 adenomas, 12 epitheliomas and five carcinomas. The immunohistochemical staining showed a mainly nuclear expression of AR and ER in the neoplastic cells. Both the androgen and estrogen receptors were expressed in adenoma, epithelioma and carcinoma cases; however, the highest expression of the receptors was stated in the adenoma and epithelioma. In the case of the carcinoma, the expression of sex hormone receptors was very weak. The differences of the number of cells expressing AR and ER as well as the observed differentiated intensity of staining in the studies demonstrated that the determination of the expression of the sex hormone receptors may be useful to elaborate a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.

Expression of E-cadherin and Ki-67 in canine apocrine and sebaceous gland tumors

A histopathological analysis of 13 apocrine gland tumors and 22 sebaceous gland tumors in dogs was performed, which were submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012. An association between the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and Ki-67, the type, and the biological behavior of the tumors was investigated. The mean age of dogs with apocrine gland tumors was 10.15 years, and 10.91 years for sebaceous gland tumors. According to the histopathological analysis, 53.8% carcinomas and 46.2% adenomas of the apocrine glands were found. In the sebaceous gland tumors, epitheliomas were dominant (50.0%), followed by adenomas (36.4%) and carcinomas (13.6%). Survival time in dogs with sebaceous gland tumors was shortest in patients with diagnosed epitheliomas, intermediate in adenomas, and longest in carcinomas. The incidence of metastases was low in the groups with sebaceous adenomas and epitheliomas, and recurrence was most common in carcinomas. The average survival time was about the same for apocrine gland adenomas and carcinomas, with a higher incidence of metastases and recurrence for carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin and Ki-67 expression confirmed the efficiency of this method for the accurate histological classification of apocrine and especially sebaceous gland tumors. The analyzes performed showed that the location and intensity of E-cadherin expression can be helpful in predicting the biological behavior of sebaceous gland tumors. In contrast to sebaceous gland tumors, the analysis of apocrine gland tumors showed that there was no correlation between E-cadherin expression and the biological behavior of apocrine gland tumors.

Presence and Importance of Oxidative Stress Parameters in Malignant Mammary Gland Tumors in Dogs

Presence and Importance of Oxidative Stress Parameters in Malignant Mammary Gland Tumors in Dogs

Clinico-pathological studies and immunohistochemical expression of hormonal receptors in perianal gland tumors of dogs

Clinico-pathological studies and immunohistochemical expression of hormonal receptors in perianal gland tumors of dogs

Eccrine and Apocrine Carcinoma in Dogs

Background: Sweat gland carcinomas divide into eccrine, apocrine, mixed origin (eccrine and apocrine). Eccrine carcinoma (EC) is a rare malignant neoplasm of the sweat glands that can affect dogs, cats, and humans. EC can present itself as a solitary swelling in the pads, digits, or distal limbs. EC is more common in elder animals, and exhibits no predisposition according to breed. In humans, EC is more frequent in the head and neck, and is more likely to occur in mid-aged people; metastases can develop in any site of the body. A diagnosis of this type of tumor can be determined by histopathological examination. Apocrine carcinomas occur most frequently in the axillary areas even though they may occur in other regions of the body, and affect mainly elder animals.Case: A 13-year-old male mongrel dog with a history of presence of smooth reddish infiltrative nodule in the skin of the thorax, but with no history of progression, was examined. After running complementary tests, a fragment of the skin on the thorax was taken for biopsy. The second animal was an 8-year-old female Golden Retriever, which was presented with a history of presence of a nodule on the right digital pad. After running complementary tests, a fragment of this nodule was collected. In both cases, the excised fragments were placed in 10% buffered formalin and routinely processed for the preparation of histological slides, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and subjected to histopathological evaluation. Light microscopy analysis revealed, in both cases, the presence of a poorly delimited, non-encapsulated mass infiltrating the muscle and adipose tissue. Necrotic areas, and presence of eosinophilic material in the nucleus were observed. Additionally, the samples from both cases were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin (CK Pan).Discussion: A definitive diagnosis of sweat gland carcinoma was achieved by means of the histopathological analysis. Sweat gland neoplasms are uncommon and difficult to diagnose; distinguishing eccrine carcinoma from apocrine carcinoma requires knowledge on the site of origin of the tumor. Some authors assert that, in spite the growing number of reports on tumors of cutaneous glands in dogs, there are only few immunohistochemical studies on cutaneous gland neoplasms in these animals. There is no specific immunohistochemical marker to distinguish eccrine carcinoma from apocrine carcinoma. Consequently, investigation on the anatomical origin of the tumor is important. In the cases describe herein, involvement of the thorax (apocrine) and digital pad (eccrine) are reported. However, there are accounts of the occurrence of sweat gland tumors in axillary and inguinal regions, as well as in the limbs. Both biopsy samples tested positive for cytokeratin (CK) after immunohistochemical examination. This marker is specific for simple epithelium and, according to some authors, can distinguish an eccrine carcinoma from basal cell carcinoma. The antibody used did not stain the innermost are of the tumor, where cells may be negative for CK. Some tumors may not have specific markers, which makes a combination of clinical data and complementary histopathological and immunohistochemical exams necessary for the determination of a diagnosis, as is the case for eccrine and apocrine carcinomas. In view of the scarcity of reports on eccrine carcinoma in the literature, and considering the small number of immunohistochemical studies on cutaneous gland tumors in dogs and cats, this work can help the determination of the diagnosis of cutaneous neoplasms, which are frequently observed in the clinical routine.

Periostin (POSTN) Expression in Neoplastic Cells in Mammary Gland Tumours in Dogs

Periostin (POSTN) Expression in Neoplastic Cells in Mammary Gland Tumours in Dogs

Podoplanin Expression in Cancer-associated Fibroblasts and Neoplastic Cells in Mammary Gland Tumours in Dogs

Podoplanin Expression in Cancer-associated Fibroblasts and Neoplastic Cells in Mammary Gland Tumours in Dogs

Successful Surgical Management of Sebaceous Gland Tumours in Dogs

Tumors of the skin and subcutaneous tissues are most common in Veterinary practice and account for approximately one-third of all the tumors in dogs (Chikweto et al., 2011). Sebaceous hyperplasia is a most common tumor of the sebaceous gland that occurs in the old age, anywhere on the body as wart-like or cauliflower-like and can become ulcerated because of trauma, while sebaceous epithelioma occurs primarily on the head as a solitary lesion but generalized cases have been reported. The treatment of choice is surgical excision (Max’s House, 2005). This paper presents case studies of sebaceous gland tumors in two dogs.

Association between DLA-DRB1.2 allelic diversity and development of mammary gland tumors in dogs

BackgroundThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the best-characterized genetic region related to resistance/susceptibility to a wide range of infectious and immune-mediated diseases. Evidences suggest that MHC class II genes may play an important role in developing different types of tumors including breast cancer. Canine mammary gland tumors (CMTs) are the most common neoplasms in female dogs. In the current study, the association of canine MHC class II DLA-DRB1.2 genotypes with development of mammary gland tumor profiles in dogs was investigated. DLA-DRB1.2 allelic diversity was determined in 40 dogs (18 CMT cases and 22 controls) using HRM technique and DNA sequencing. Association of the DLA-DRB1.2 genotypes with CMT profiles was expressed as odds ratio (OR).ResultsBased on the histopathological typing of tumors, CMT cases were categorized into 4 groups: simple carcinoma, complex carcinoma, carcinoma arising in a benign tumor and special types of carcinoma. A total of eight HRM profiles (A to H) were identified in dogs sampled. The association study revealed a significant correlation between DLA-DRB1.2 genotypes with different CMT profiles. The E genotype was significantly associated with increased risk of carcinoma arising in a benign tumor, and the B genotype represented a positive correlation with complex carcinoma. Significant association was also observed between the heterozygosity of DLA-DRB1.2 genotypes and decreased risk of developing tumor in dogs.ConclusionsThese results provide additional support for the association between DLA-DRB1 genes and development of mammary gland tumors in dogs and could potentially be used for early diagnosis of neoplasia and identifying susceptible dogs.

Incidence and Histopathology of Sebaceous Gland Tumors in Dogs

The study was aimed to know the prevalence of sebaceous gland tumor in canine and its classification based on histopathology. A total of 569 biopsy samples of canines suspected for neoplastic growth received by Department of Veterinary Pathology from TVCC departments of College of Veterinary Science and A.H. Anand over last 16 years (2001 to 2017) were analyzed. The biopsy samples were subjected to histopathological examinations by using H and E staining. Out of 569 biopsy samples, sebaceous gland growth was observed in 23 (4.04%) cases. The highest incidence (39.13%) was recorded for 9 to 12 years of age. The incidence of sebaceous gland tumor was observed in all the breeds; however, the Labrador retriever was the most affected breed followed by Pomeranian, non-descript and others. The frequent site for sebaceous gland tumor was eyelid. Out of 23 sebaceous gland tumors, one hyperplasia, 19 adenomas, two , and one adenocarcinoma were observed, suggesting that sebaceous gland adenoma was the most common type of sebaceous gland tumors in canine.

Periostin expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts and neoplastic cells in mammary gland tumours in dogs

Periostin expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts and neoplastic cells in mammary gland tumours in dogs

Management of stage III benign mammary gland tumor in a 10-year-old female dog

A 10-year-old female German shepherd dog was presented with a large pendulous mass which was located in the area of the right inguinal mammary gland extending from M5–M2 with no marked lymphadenomegaly. The mass has progressively increased in size without regression over a period of 1 year. Radiography revealed a radiodense mass of tissue with no apparent metastasis to regional lymph nodes, no pulmonary metastases, and no abdominal viscera metastases. The tumor was staged as T3N1M0 after diagnostic clinical and radiological examinations based on WHO standards for tumor stage. Unilateral radical mastectomy with total mammary gland extirpation was performed and all glands from M5 to M1 on the right side were removed. The extirpated mass was 24 × 8 cm in size, weighed 2.25 kg, and was very firm. The tumor was lobular and was surrounded with thick band of fibrous capsule. Histology revealed numerous chondroblasts in the lacunae with moderate basophilic cytoplasm. These cells were monomorphic and pleomorphic (> 75% pleomorphic). There was anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. A good short-term clinical outcome was observed after surgical treatment and chemotherapy with tamoxifen and prednisolone for 21 days. Following clinical examinations, no pulmonary metastasis or recurrence of tumoral tissues was observed during 1-year post-surgery. Also, because the pathology of mammary gland tumors in dogs is similar to that of humans, it is strongly advocated that dogs are considered as natural animal model of human breast cancer research especially for testing new drugs and development of prophylactic and therapeutic measures.

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Studies of Apocrine Gland Tumours in Dogs

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Studies of Apocrine Gland Tumours in Dogs

Factors influencing the occurrence of mammary gland tumours in dogs

During the study period, out of 24,473 clinical cases, 180 (0.74%) dogs showed tumours, of which 92 (51.11%) were skin tumours and 88 (48.89%) were mammary tumours. The incidence of mammary tumours in relation to canine attendance to the hospital was 0. 36%. The mean age of mammary tumour occurrence was 9.2 years with an age range of 2–16 years. Mammary tumours were recorded in 96.67% females and 3.33% male dogs. The highest incidence occurred in purebreeds 66 (73.33%) followed by non-descript 22 (24.44%) and cross-bred dogs 2 (2.22%). Among the pure breeds, Spitz 21 (31.82%), Doberman 11 (16.67%) and German Shepherd 11 (16.67%) were commonly affected. Out of 87 female dogs, 90.80% were intact and 37.93% dogs were whelped at least once. The number of intact animals was slightly higher and animals that have whelped were lower. Six were spayed before breeding and two were spayed after one whelping, which had a protective effect on the occurrence of mammary tumours. The highest incidence occurred in the posterior glands (n=99) including inguinal glands 52 (40.00%) and caudal abdominal glands 47 (36.15%). Of the 90 cases, 10 (11.11%) showed pulmonary metastases on radiograph and one dog had metastases in the heart and the lung on necropsy. The factors influencing the occurrence of mammary tumours in dogs should be considered in the evolution of these tumours and for a better prognosis and treatment.