GL Method Research Articles

Study on the Path to Improve the Sustainability Responsibility of Biomedical Enterprises Driven by Data

Abstract In today’s complex, changing, and competitive market environment, active and serious fulfillment of social responsibility is one of the important strategies for enterprises to gain competitive advantage. This paper combines relevant literature to construct the performance index system of sustainable development responsibility of biomedical enterprises, and then determines the weights of the evaluation index system based on game theory by jointly applying the Gl method and the CRITIC method, and constructs a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for the evaluation of sustainable development responsibility of biomedical enterprises. Based on this, relevant sample data of biomedical enterprises are crawled through data-driven technology to measure the fulfillment of sustainable development responsibility of the sample enterprises and further combined with structural equation modeling to explore the improvement path of sustainable development responsibility. The sample biopharmaceutical enterprises are affiliated with either poor or poor, except for the overall responsibility of the sample biopharmaceutical enterprises in 2017, 2019, and 2022, which are in the middle. Responsibility to employees (ER), responsibility to consumers (CR), responsibility to society and government (GR), responsibility to the environment (IR), and responsibility to suppliers (SR) all significantly and positively affect the sustainability responsibility of biopharmaceutical companies (all p < 0.01). Biopharmaceutical enterprises should serve society with more scientific concepts, leaner management, and safer and more reliable pharmaceutical products to achieve sustainable development and gain wider social recognition.

Interactions between Ascophyllum nodosum Seaweeds Polyphenols and Native and Gelled Corn Starches.

The effect of several blending procedures between Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed flour (AF) and corn starch (CS) on the interactions between polyphenols and starch was studied in this paper. These methods comprised the blending of AF with native starch (NT) with previously gelled starch gel (GL) and promoting the gelling of corn starch in the presence of AF (CGL). Different AF–CS (g/g) ratios (from 1:0.5 to 1:25) were studied. The liquid phase was chemically characterized by polyphenols (TPC) and carbohydrates content. The antioxidant activity of the liquid phase after achieving the solid–liquid equilibrium was determined by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods. The solid phase was characterized by FT-IR and SEM techniques. The Halsey model successfully fitted the equilibrium TPC in liquid and polyphenols adsorbed/retained by the solid phase of tested systems. NT samples showed lower polyphenols sorption than gelled samples. The differences found between samples obtained with GL and CGL methods suggested different interactions between polyphenols and starch. Specifically, physisorption is predominant in the case of the GL method, and molecular trapping of polyphenols in the starch gel structure is relevant for the CGL method. Results allowed us to determine the enhancement of the retention of polyphenols to achieve starchy foods with high bioactivity.

Combination of electrical submersible pump and gaslift for offshore wells in Vietnam

Artificial lifting systems have been in use for a long time all over the world. Artificial lifting systems act on the fluid column in the tubing to support and push the fluid column to the surface. Through the use of each method separately, we can analyze the advantages and disadvantages, the impacts and limitations of each method on the fluid column in the tubing, from which we can design an artificial lifting system to optimize production. In addition, practical limitations also have negative effects on the system such as injection pressure and injection gas available causing a restriction on the production when using GL, or pump horsepower and power supply causes limitations when using ESP. For those reasons, we can combine the two methods together to create an efficient production system. In this study paper, the effects on the fluid column in the tubing are analyzed when combining two methods, which are the GL method and the ESP method. Each method causes a different effect on the fluid column. That difference in this paper will be analyzed based on the "equivalent depth" method, which will represent the pressure points at each position in the tubing when using each artificial lifting method. In addition, we will use the "nodal analysis" method to find out the actual product of the production system when using a combination of the two methods. Based on the analysis of two methods "equivalent depth" and "nodal analysis", it has been proved that it is feasible and appropriate to combine the two methods GL and ESP for many special production wells that can be used for specific fields, such as deep wells. The systems of this combination can be used for wells for long time with respect to the pressure drop over time.

Research on comprehensive evaluation system of occupational stress for air traffic controllers

Objective: To explore the index system and weight of occupational stress risk assessment for civil aviation air traffic controllers (ATC) . Methods: In October 2018, a total of 489 ATC staff from an air traffic administration bureau were selected by cluster sampling. Through ATC questionnaire survey, the basic information, the influencing factors of occupational stress and the degree of occupational stress were understood. Based on the order relation analysis method (GL method) , the influencing factors of ATC occupational stress in civil aviation are evaluated. The fuzzy relation synthesis principle is applied to carry out multi-level fuzzy evaluation on the subordinate degree of occupational stress risk, and the ATC occupational stress risk evaluation system model is established. The weight of each index in the index system is determined, Establish a three-level comprehensive evaluation index system for ATC occupational stress risk, and quantify the occupational stress risk, Each Civil Aviation ATC occupational stress index corresponds to different degree of stress. Results: The influence degree of ATC occupational stress from heavy to light is: work factor, psychological factor, event factor, management factor, physiological factor, equipment factor and environmental factor (weight value is 0.2652, 0.2265, 0.1832, 0.1253, 0.1154, 0.045 5, 0.038 9 respectively) . Conclusion: GL method can be used to comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate the occupational stress risk of Civil Aviation ATC, which may be a feasible way to evaluate the occupational stress risk of Civil Aviation ATC.

Evaluation of Hantush’s S Function Estimation Methods for Predicting Rise in Water Table

Hantush’s model is widely used for predicting rise in water table in response to groundwater recharge. Several approximate methods of the Hantush mound function, S(α, β) have been developed to overcome the limitations of Hantush’s tabulated values of the S(α, β) function. These approximate methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and it is difficult to identify the most accurate and computationally efficient S(α, β) estimation method. In this study, performance of four different algebraic approximate S(α, β) estimation methods are compared with the Hantush method using the published data. The four different methods considered are Swamee and Ohja (1997) (SO), Singh (2012) (SI), Vatankhah (2013) (VA) and Gauss-Legendre quadrature (GL) method with various Gaussian points (GP). Seven statistical accuracy and computation efficiency indicators are used to assess the performance of different S(α, β) estimation methods. The GL method with 100 to16 GPs is found to be the most accurate S(α, β) estimation method. This is followed by the SO, GL with 14 to 12 GPs, VA, GL with 10 GP, SI, and GL with 9 to 3 GPs. A good trade off between accuracy and efficiency is found with the SO, VA, and GL method with 14, 12 and 10 GPs. Comprehensive analysis of different S(α, β) estimation methods, and their ranking based on overall performance index will be helpful in modelling water table rise due to groundwater recharge, optimum design of recharge basin, and evaluation of effectiveness of recharge basins in groundwater recharging.

First Report of New Pathotype 39(P1) of Synchytrium endobioticum Causing Potato Wart Disease in Poland.

Potato wart disease, caused by Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc., is one of the most dangerous diseases of cultivated potato. S. endobioticum is an obligate soil-borne fungus. The pathogen originated in the Andean zones of South America, from which it spread to North America and Europe at the end of the nineteenth century. The typical symptoms of cauliflower-like galls can develop on all meristematic tissues of potato except roots. The pathogen is on the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) A2 list of quarantine pests. Since the discovery of pathotype 2(G1) in Germany, more than 40 pathotypes have been reported in Europe (1). In 2009, warted tubers were collected from Lesser Poland. Direct microscopic examination confirmed the presence of summer and winter sporangia in galls. The galls were multiplied on cv. Eersteling using the Glynne-Lemmerzahl method (GL), according to EPPO standard PM 7/28 (3). To identify the pathotype of S. endobioticum, 10 differential potato cultivars were inoculated with fresh galls following the GL method. The reaction types were evaluated 4 weeks after incubation in sand in a growth chamber. Cultivars Combi, Delcora, Deodara, Eersteling, Miriam, Producent, and Tomensa were extremely susceptible (predominant tumor formation); cv. Karolin was slightly susceptible (small galls with numerous winter sporangia); and cvs. Saphir and Ulme were resistant (early and late defense necrosis). This virulence profile was different from patterns of known European (1), Turkish (2), and Polish local pathotypes (4,5). The virulence of the pathogen to cv. Karolin was unique. Winter sporangia were isolated from galls formed on cv. Karolin and used in a modified Potoček's tube test (5) to obtain fresh galls with summer sporangia that were necessary to reconfirm the virulence profile of the pathotype. The reaction of all cultivars to the new pathotype was the same after the GL was performed. In accordance with the summation of known pathotypes, it is proposed to encode this new pathotype as pathotype 39(P1), using an Arabic number to designate the subsequent pathotype (the last one, 38 [Nevşehir], was identified in Turkey) (2) and the first letter of the locality where it was found (Piekielnik). The presence of pathotype 39(P1) was confirmed in four out of six districts where the Polish local pathotype 2(Ch1) was prevalent. The virulence profiles of both pathotypes were compared using differential set and cv. Asche Sämling, which is differential only for pathotype 2(Ch1). In contrast to all other pathotypes (big galls), no galls were observed on A. Sämling inoculated with pathotype 2(Ch1) and 39(P1). From this observation it appears that the new pathotype probably has been selected from the Polish local pathotype 2(Ch1). Pathotype 39(P1) was detected in small garden potato plots in the rainy mountainous area, a non-economically important potato-growing region where the old traditional cultivars of potato are cultivated without crop rotations. It seems, therefore, that where climatic conditions are suitable for S. endobioticum and the growing of slightly susceptible cultivars is possible, development of the new pathotype is favored.

Selection of regressand for fitting the extreme value distributions using the ordinary, weighted and generalized least-squares methods

Fitting the extreme value distributions to samples is needed in many reliability analysis problems. The ordinary, weighted and generalized least-squares methods (OL, WL and GL method) are used to fit extreme value distributions based on the moments of order statistics and adopted plotting positions. An analyst may consider the observed ordered sample or the reduced variate as the regressand. The choice of the regressand for the least-squares methods and their corresponding relative accuracy are not always clear. Simulation results are presented in this study to rank the performance of the OL, WL and GL methods in combination with the choice of the regressands to estimate the distribution parameters, quantiles and nonexceedance probability. Analysis results for the OL method are also presented by adopting different plotting positions. The results indicate that the use of the ordered sample as the regressand is preferred. In such a case, the GL method outperforms the OL and WL methods for small sample size; the performance of the OL, WL and GL methods are similar for the sample size greater than about 20. The application of the OL method can be of value, if the adopted plotting position approximates well the mean of order statistics.

GL method for solving equations in math-physics and engineering

In this paper, we propose a GL method for solving the ordinary and the partial differential equation in mathematical physics and chemics and engineering. These equations govern the acustic, heat, electromagnetic, elastic, plastic, flow, and quantum etc. macro and micro wave field in time domain and frequency domain. The space domain of the differential equation is infinite domain which includes a finite inhomogeneous domain. The inhomogeneous domain is divided into finite sub domains. We present the solution of the differential equation as an explicit recursive sum of the integrals in the inhomogeneous sub domains. Actualy, we propose an explicit representation of the inhomogeneous parameter nonlinear inversion. The analytical solution of the equation in the infinite homogeneous domain is called as an initial global field. The global field is updated by local scattering field successively subdomain by subdomain. Once all subdomains are scattered and the updating process is finished in all the sub domains, the solution of the equation is obtained. We call our method as Global and Local field method, in short, GL method. It is different from FEM method, the GL method directly assemble inverse matrix and gets solution. There is no big matrix equation needs to solve in the GL method. There is no needed artificial boundary and no absorption boundary condition for infinite domain in the GL method. We proved several theorems on relationships between the field solution and Green’s function that is the theoretical base of our GL method. The numerical discretization of the GL method is presented. We proved that the numerical solution of the GL method convergence to the exact solution when the size of the sub domain is going to zero. The error estimation of the GL method for solving wave equation is presented. The simulations show that the GL method is accurate, fast, and stable for solving elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic equations. The GL method has advantages and wide applications in the 3D electromagnetic (EM) field, 3D elastic and plastic etc seismic field, acoustic field, flow field, and quantum field. The GL method software for the above 3D EM etc field are developed.

A New GL Method for Solving Differential Equation in Electromagnetic and Phys-Chemical and Financial Mathematics

In this paper, we propose a new GL method for solving the ordinary and the partial difierential equation. These equations govern the electromagnetic fleld etc. macro and micro physical, chemical, flnancial sciences and engineering. The difierential equation is held on an inflnite domain which includes a flnite inhomogeneous domain. The inhomogeneous domain is divided into flnite sub domains. We present the solution of the difierential equation as an explicit recursive sum of the integrals in the inhomogeneous sub domains. The analytical solution of the equation in the inflnite homogeneous domain is called as an initial global fleld. The global fleld is updated by local scattering fleld successively subdomain by subdomain. Once all subdomains are scattered and the updating process is flnished in all the sub domains, the solution of the equation is obtained. We call our method as Global and Local fleld method, in short GL method. It is difierent from FEM method, the GL method directly assemble inverse matrix and solution. There is no big matrix equation needs to solve in the GL method. There is no needed artiflcial boundary and no absorption boundary condition for inflnite domain in the GL method. We proved several theorems and proposed a triangle formula of the Greens functions that is the theoretical base of our GL method. The numerical discretization of the GL method is presented. We proved that the numerical solution of the 1-D GL method convergence to the exact solution when the size of the sub domain is going to zero. The error estimation of the GL method for solving 1-D wave equation is presented. The simulations show that the GL method is accurate, fast, and stable for solving elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic equations. The GL method has advantages and wide applications in the 3D electromagnetic (EM) fleld, 3D elastic and plastic etc seismic fleld, acoustic fleld, ∞ow fleld, and quantum fleld. The GL method software for the above 3D EM etc fleld are developed.

NEW GL METHOD AND ITS ADVANTAGES FOR RESOLVING HISTORICAL DIFFICULTIES

In this paper, we propose two types of new electromagnetic (EM) integral equation systems and their dual integral equation systems. Based on the EM integral equation systems, we propose a GL EM modeling and inversion algorithms. We make finite step iterations to exactly solve these integral equation systems or the EM and seismic differential integral equations in finite sub domains. The Global EM wave field is improved successively by the Local scattering EM wave field in the sub domains. Only 3 × 3 or 6 × 6 small matrices need to be solved in the GL method. There is no artificial boundary for infinite domain in the method; In the GL method, the cylindrical and spherical coordinate singularities are resolved; Our method combines the analytic and asymptotic method and numerical method. It is more accurate than FEM and FD method and Born likes approximation, the GL method is available for all frequencies and high contrast materials. Its solution has O(h2) convergent rate. If the Gaussian integrals are used, the field has O(h4) super convergence. The method is a high perform parallel algorithm with intrinsic self parallelization properties. The method has very simple scheme or no scheme or half scheme such that it has half mesh and no mesh. In the method, we can use both of Riemann and Lebesgue integral that induces a meshless method. We have developed software for 3D/2.5D EM, seismic, acoustic, flow dynamic, and QEM modeling and inversion.

A simultaneous method for two‐ and three‐liquid–phase stability determination

AbstractThe methods for multiphase stability determination are generally based on Gibbs free energy minimization. However, a novel and efficient method is proposed in this work for one‐, two‐, and particularly three‐liquid‐phase stability identification in ternary mixtures. The method is designated the extended general line‐length (EGL) method, which is based on our previous GL method. Both the EGL and GL methods are equation‐solving approaches. The EGL method is easy to understand and can be performed fast. Only parameters of the thermodynamic models, such as UNIQUAC and NRTL, are required for the stability determination. The thermodynamic model applied does not influence the rapidness and validity of the EGL method. Graphical techniques and simultaneous computation are adopted in this method. Its applicability and efficiency are exemplified by three typical examples. For each example, three different phase configurations, consisting of one‐, two‐, and up to a three‐liquid phase, are tested. The results show that the EGL method can be used for the determination of multiphase stability in all liquid‐phase configurations of ternary systems. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2571–2582, 2004