Given Number Of Bits Research Articles

Estimation and Control over a Nonstochastic Binary Erasure Channel

Abstract This paper considers a binary channel which erases up to a given number of bits in each consecutive block of given length, without any statistical structure. Nonzero upper and lower bounds on the zero-error capacity of the channel are found, as well as an exact expression for its zero-error capacity with perfect feedback. The results are compared with the stochastic case, and then used to find separate necessary and sufficient conditions to be able to uniformly estimate and control the states of a linear system with bounded noise via the channel.

TESTBED IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTI ANTENNA SYSTEM AND ITS PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

With the recent development and requirement for high-speed wireless communications, the demand of energy has increased exponentially in order to support required quality of service (QoS). Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique gaining more popularity in current communication network, since it provides advantages in terms of higher data rates and maximum capacity with the cost of more energy consumption. In this paper, QAM modulation scheme is analyzed as the best modulation scheme for the total energy required to transmit the given number of bits is reduced. A SDR testbed has been built to implement Almouti coded MIMO system using LABVIEW and Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) platform. The analysis was then extended to evaluate the energy consumption of the system where it was observed that by minimizing the transmission power the energy requirement of the system gets reduced. Then the system efficiency in terms of transmit power was evaluated using USRP. It has been observed that by adjusting carrier frequency transmit power of the system gets reduced up to 25%.Finally the performance of the system is evaluated by demonstrating the effect of transmission distance, symbol rate, spectral efficiency and circuit power on energy consumption of the system using LABVIEW math script.

Minimization of Wireless Sensor Network Energy Consumption Through Optimal Modulation Scheme and Channel Coding Strategy

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of sensor nodes generally powered by batteries, for which recharging or replacement is difficult. Since battery technology has not progressed as rapidly as semiconductor technology, energy efficiency has become increasingly important in WSN. On the other hand, data exchanged between nodes are vulnerable to corruption by errors induced by random noise, signal fading and other factors. Therefore, improving link reliability and reducing energy consumption are prime concerns in the design of wireless sensor networks. In this context, performing optimal modulation schemes with suitable channel coding process is a crucial task at the physical layer of this class of networks. This paper investigates the best modulation strategy to minimize the total energy consumption required to send a given number of bits. Energy consumption with both uncoded and coded modulation techniques including M-ary QAM (MQAM), M-ary PSK (MPSK), M-ary FSK (MFSK) and MSK is analytically analyzed and simulated over transmission time, modulation rate and transmission distance. A comparative analysis in terms of energy consumption and probability of Bit Error Rate (BER) referring to MSK modulation with proper Error Control Codes (ECC) approach is presented in this paper. We show that the gain achieved with coded MSK scheme is very promising for obtaining optimal energy network consumption.

Data Aggregation based Cooperative MIMO System for Wireless Sensor Networks: Performance Analysis

increase the life span of wireless sensor network, energy consumption must be minimized while satisfying given throughput and delay requirement. In this paper, we described an energy model based on cooperative MIMO scheme considering of both transmission and data aggregation energy is proposed for wireless sensor network. Based on this consequence, jointly considering both cooperative MIMO and data aggregation techniques which shows performance enhancement over conventional SISO system for same signal- to-noise ratio. Moreover, at critical distance value MIMO system outperforms SISO system is compared. The results show that MQAM is the best modulation technique is proved by simulations and suitable diversity technique for energy miniaturization to send a given number of bits are analyzed. Keywordsdiversity schemes, Data aggregation, Energy Efficiency, Wireless sensor network.

Utilizing Mobility to Minimize the Total Communication and Motion Energy Consumption of a Robotic Operation

It is a common assumption that motion costs more than communication and therefore it is always better to increase the transmit power of a robot, in a networked robotic operation, instead of moving to a spot that is better for communication. The goal of this paper is to see if and when this assumption is correct by considering both the communication and motion costs of a robotic operation. More specifically, we consider a scenario where a robot needs to transmit a given number of bits to a remote station under time constraint and Bit Error Rate (BER) requirement, and while minimizing the total energy consumption. The robot is allowed to move along a predefined trajectory and design its transmission rate/power and motion policy (motion speed and possible stop times) accordingly. We then address the following question: should the robot send the given information at its initial position, or spend energy on motion and move to a location with a better communication quality? By co-optimizing the communication and motion strategies of the robot, we characterize the properties of the optimum policy, which shows that under several conditions it is more beneficial for the robot to spend energy on motion in order to move to a location that is better for communication. We also discuss a special case to see how the channel parameters and motion energy model impact the motion decision of the robot. Our simulation results show that, by using our strategy, the robot can reduce its total energy cost significantly.

Min–max optimal data encoding and fusion in sensor networks

The paper considers a sensor network whose sensors observe a common quantity and are affected by arbitrary additive bounded noises with a known upper bound. During the experiment, any sensor can communicate only a finite and given number of bits of information to the decision center. The contributions of the particular sensors, the rules of data encoding, decoding, and fusion, as well as the estimation scheme should be designed to achieve the best overall performance in estimation of the observed quantity by the decision center. An optimal algorithm is obtained that minimizes the maximal feasible error. It is shown that it considerably outperforms the algorithm proposed in recent papers in the area and examined only in the idealized case of noiseless sensors.

Performance Evaluation of Energy Efficient Modulation Scheme and Hop Distance Estimation for WSN

A Wireless Sensor Network is composed of hundreds or thousands of nodes that can be equipped with limited energy resources but can still be used over an extensive set of diverse applications such as environment monitoring, healthcare, homeland security, military surveillance, manufacturing, and industry automation. The physical layer parameter affects the performance of the network. In this circumstance, we analyze the best modulation scheme, and transmission approach to minimize the total energy consumption required to send a given number of bits. The total energy consumption includes both the transmission energy and the circuit energy consumption. The modulation schemes are compared based on their energy consumptions at their transmitting node. We consider hop distance estimation for latency analysis. The hop distance estimation used to find the minimum number of hops required to relay a packet from one node to another node in a random network by statistical method. From the minimum number of hops, we have calculated the energy consumption and latency. The statistical model is compared with two other linear models. The result obtained shows that, the statistical method yields a better result for all the performance parameters.

Energy-constrained modulation optimization

Wireless systems where the nodes operate on batteries so that energy consumption must be minimized while satisfying given throughput and delay requirements are considered. In this context, the best modulation strategy to minimize the total energy consumption required to send a given number of bits is analyzed. The total energy consumption includes both the transmission energy and the circuit energy consumption. For uncoded systems, by optimizing the transmission time and the modulation parameters, it is shown that up to 80% energy savings is achievable over nonoptimized systems. For coded systems, it is shown that the benefit of coding varies with the transmission distance and the underlying modulation schemes.

Energy-Efficiency of MIMO and Cooperative MIMO Techniques in Sensor Networks

We consider radio applications in sensor networks, where the nodes operate on batteries so that energy consumption must be minimized, while satisfying given throughput and delay requirements. In this context, we analyze the best modulation and transmission strategy to minimize the total energy consumption required to send a given number of bits. The total energy consumption includes both the transmission energy and the circuit energy consumption. We first consider multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) systems based on Alamouti diversity schemes, which have good spectral efficiency but also more circuitry that consumes energy. We then extend our energy-efficiency analysis of MIMO systems to individual single-antenna nodes that cooperate to form multiple-antenna transmitters or receivers. By transmitting and/or receiving information jointly, we show that tremendous energy saving is possible for transmission distances larger than a given threshold, even when we take into account the local energy cost necessary for joint information transmission and reception. We also show that over some distance ranges, cooperative MIMO transmission and reception can simultaneously achieve both energy savings and delay reduction.

Residue arithmetic for a fault-tolerant multiplier: The choice of the best triple of bases

A fault tolerant multiplier is presented and discussed with regards its capability to detect and correct single and double errors. Fault tolerance is achieved by joining two techniques: the introduction of physical redundancy (Triple Modular Redundancy) and the use of an error correcting code based on Residue Number System. In particular, we present criteria allowing the identification of the best set of bases to detect and correct a given number of bits of the considered multiplier and the results obtained.