GIS Spatial Model Research Articles

Porphyry and skarn Cu prospectivity of Sumatra with GIS spatial modelling techniques

Although Sumatra Island hosts only one mid-sized, economically viable porphyry Cu deposit and a few exploited Cu-rich polymetallic skarns, studies indicate that more Cu resources remain to be discovered. This contribution integrated geochemical, structural, and relief evidential layers with the fuzzy logic- and weights-of-evidence (WoE) methods to produce mineral prospectivity maps that show a strong correlation between the generated favourable areas and the existing porphyry and skarn Cu prospects, as well as potentially new exploration districts throughout Sumatra. Moreover, a local singularity fractal map of Cu-enriched zones reduces the proposed target areas and cross-validates the results of the fuzzy model. The inclusion of relief data in the modelling filters out signal noise arising from other evidential layers and overcomes the over-fitting issue encountered in the model that excluded a relief map. The resulting Cu potential maps can thus be used as base maps for regional porphyry and skarn Cu exploration.

Research and evaluation of high-quality development of pearl River Delta and urban conglomeration based on energy consumption

In the framework of “dual carbon,” the correlation between energy usage and the enduring advancement of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban cluster, emblematic of China’s reform and opening policies, has garnered considerable interest across different segments of society. The problem of measuring regional high-quality development is related to many indicators and variables, and the quantitative measurement of this topic is a complex systematic project. Based on the high degree of specificity of the region, we have constructed a dynamic and comprehensive measurement system of advanced development for the nine cities in the PRD region using the degree of intensive socio-economic development, the construction of a regional social security system, the structure and efficiency of energy consumption, and the degree of harmony between human beings and the natural environment as the secondary indicators. Utilizing relevant data throughout the period spanning from 2005 to 2020, encompassing the nine cities within the PRD region. The study utilized various methodologies including the kernel density estimation model, GIS spatial model, Dagum Gini coefficient method, and simulation calculations to delve into the current status and trends of advanced development in the PRD urban conglomeration. It also examined the primary barriers to high-quality development in the PRD urban conglomeration and the mechanisms underlying internal coordination development within the urban conglomeration. The research suggests that enhancing the advanced development level in the PRD urban conglomeration relies on improving energy utilization efficiency, transitioning traditional industries, and promoting the development of eco-friendly industries. These findings offer decision-makers valuable insights and practical guidance for advancing high-quality development in the PRD urban conglomeration.

A Study on the Measurement of Comparative Advantage of Land Use Efficiency, Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity and Its Influencing Factors—An Empirical Test from the Panel Data of China’s Provincial Sub-Industry Types

The comparative advantage of land use efficiency can provide effective support for upgrading the industrial structure and optimizing the allocation of land resources. According to the agricultural industry and non-agricultural industry, the evaluation index system of land use efficiency is constructed by difference. By using China’s provincial panel data in 2010, 2015 and 2019 as an empirical test and comprehensively employing the comparative advantage model, GIS spatial analysis model, geographical weighted regression model and other algorithms, the land use efficiency and the comparative advantage were measured and evaluated to explore the evolution of spatial and temporal patterns and identify the influencing factors. The results showed the following: (1) The overall efficiency of agricultural land grew steadily, with regional differences transforming from expanding to narrowing, forming a gradually decreasing overall trend from the southeast coast to the northwest inland, and from the eastern plain to the western plateau. The overall efficiency of non-agricultural land was generally low, presenting an overall growth trend, and regional differences were progressively expanding, still showing a gradually decreasing trend in the eastern, central and western regions. (2) The overall comparative advantage of agricultural land efficiency showed a gradual decline trend, and the differences between regions were further narrowed. The high-value regions were still concentrated in the regions with superior agricultural resource endowment and showed a dominant advantage of the agricultural industry. The overall comparative advantage of non-agricultural land efficiency showed an increasing trend. The high-value areas were concentrated in urban agglomeration, metropolitan areas and other areas with high non-agricultural land efficiency, as well as the vast remote areas such as the northwest and southwest where the agricultural land efficiency was extremely low and the comparative advantage of non-agricultural land efficiency improved. (3) The spatial concentration of the comparative advantage of agricultural land and non-agricultural land efficiency was not obvious, which indicates that the comparative advantage of industrial land in China has not yet formed a trend of agglomeration development, but there were dense and obvious high-high agglomeration areas or low–low agglomeration areas in some local regions. (4) Significant regional differences were found to exist in the impact of various factors on the comparative advantages of agricultural land efficiency and non-agricultural land efficiency. The comparative advantage of land use efficiency can be relied on to promote the optimization and adjustment of industrial structure and guide the efficient allocation of land resources.

Spatial modeling and analysis approach for ship-encounters dynamic spatial–temporal domain

One of the crucial issues at the forefront of smart ship development that urgently needs solutions is navigational situation safety awareness technology. The development of intelligent navigation safety technology is severely constrained by the issue of challenging mining and accurate measurement of ship encounter dynamic space-time variation law and unknown nonlinear spatial representation information. This work creatively offers a GIS spatial modeling and analysis method based on the dynamic space-time domain of ship encounters, based on the GIS spatial information platform and spatial analysis theory. Based on the ship's approaching rate, encounter hazard identification parameters, relative space-time position distribution, etc., combined with the normal distribution function of the spatial distance adjustment variable, the method successfully constructs a multi-time-space, multi-angle, and multi-state encounter space model. By efficiently reducing the ambiguity of the spatial distribution of hazards, it realizes the in-depth analysis of the spatial distribution features of potential hazards as well as the temporal and spatial trends in the dynamic process of ship navigation. To break through the technical problems of spatial analysis and perception of ship-encountered dangerous area sources. It offers a fresh approach for enhancing intelligent navigation's capacity for safety analysis of ship interactions.

Study on route selection method of scenic spot tourism based on GIS spatial model

Study on route selection method of scenic spot tourism based on GIS spatial model

The Spatial and Temporal Evolution Pattern and Transformation of Urban–Rural Construction Land in Karst Mountainous Areas: Qixingguan District of Guizhou, Southwest China

Studying the temporal and spatial evolution pattern and transformation rule of urban–rural construction land in karst mountainous areas has important guiding significance for urban development boundary planning, red lines for ecological protection, and cultivated land protection. The present study took 46 townships (streets) in Qixingguan District of Guizhou Province, southwest China, as the research area; collected the current status of four-phase land use data in 2009, 2013, 2017, and 2020; and used GIS spatial analysis models and geographical detectors to analyze the temporal and spatial evolution pattern characteristics and influencing factors of urban–rural construction. The results showed the following: (1) Since 2009, the total area of urban–rural construction land has continued to increase; the largest area is rural residential land, followed by urban land and transportation land, with relatively little urban industrial and mining land, scenic spots, and special land. The growth rate of land used for transport increased rapidly, and urban land grew faster than rural residential land. (2) More than 57.72% of the newly increased urban–rural construction land came from cultivated land, but the transformation of cultivated land for construction gradually slowed down; 57.48% of urban–rural construction land was transferred for reclamation as cultivated land. During the study period, the transformation of cultivated land to construction land was more intense (the transfer out of cultivated land was greater than the transfer in by 9541.94 hm2). (3) There are strong spatial differences in the density of urban–rural construction land, showing scattered agglomeration distribution, and the degree of aggregation in medium-high- and high- density areas is further strengthened, expanding to the east and southwest. (4) The growth of urban–rural construction land has been controlled by a variety of complex factors, the most influential of which are the completion of fixed asset investment in society as a whole and the total fiscal revenue, with explanatory power (PD) values of 0.819 and 0.607, respectively. Interactions between detection factors have a greater impact on the spatial differentiation of urban–rural construction land than single factors. The results of this study can provide basic research data and support the control and high-quality development of urban–rural construction land in Qixingguan District and karst mountain areas.

Landslide susceptibility assessment for warning of dangerous areas in Tan Uyen district, Lai Chau province, Vietnam

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of applying GIS–MCA–AHP integrated model in landslide susceptibility assessment for warning of dangerous areas in the Tan Uyen district of Vietnam. The main research method is a Multi-criteria assessment that is based on a hierarchical analysis process and a combination of the GIS spatial analysis model. Research results have shown four main groups of factors causing landslides including hydrogeological factors, topographic and geomorphological factors, surface cover factors and human impact factors. The landslide susceptibility assessment map has identified 22.69% of the area (204.96 km2) with a high and very high risk of landslides. Based on the overlapping population distribution map and landslide susceptibility assessment map. It has been shown that residential areas, including 723 households located at a high risk of landslides need to be moved to a safe area. This is a very significant research direction in a warning and minimizing the risk of landslides in mountainous areas of Vietnam.

An Analysis of the Price Determinants of Multiplex Houses through Spatial Regression Analysis

This study established a model for price determinants with the combination of the GIS technique and spatial regression model based on the parcel prices of multiplex houses in an effort to integrate and utilize spatial data and choose a suitable model. This study established a spatial weights matrix to apply interrelation with adjacent areas and performed row standardization to specify the effect of adjacent areas. Moran’s I was used for measuring the spatial autocorrelation of the parcel prices of multiplex houses. Through this, the parcel price of multiplex houses was analyzed to have a strong spatial autocorrelation and be related to the jeonse price of an apartment. A lot of multiplex houses are supplied to Seoul. In previous studies, multiplex houses studies were analyzed through simple regression analysis excluding spatial effects, however, in this study, a suitable model was derived through spatial regression analysis. Moreover, the jeonse price of an apartment, which is a representative housing type, was firstly analyzed as a variable added and found whether the jeonse price of apartments would have an effect on the other housing types in the neighborhood. This study also found if the jeonse price of apartments would have an effect on the other housing types in the neighborhood. For creating a sustainable residential environment when redeveloping an aging residential area, there is a need to find various ways for coexistence by identifying the interrelation with the neighboring residential areas rather than simply focusing on the supply amount. In addition to this, it suggests that policies addressing the rise of housing prices should not be limited to a specific area or a specific dwelling and should not overlook the spatial interaction relationship.

Study on route selection method of scenic spot tourism based on GIS spatial model

Study on route selection method of scenic spot tourism based on GIS spatial model

高山植物天山花楸的适宜分布及其环境驱动因子

气候变化是影响物种分布的决定性因素之一, 研究高山植物天山花楸的适宜分布及其对未来气候变化的可能响应, 为了解西北地区高山植物类群的生态适宜性及其对未来气候情景的响应提供参考案例。利用天山花楸51个自然分布点和10个环境因子, 整合GIS空间分析和MAXENT模型, 分析基准气候(1970-2000)及未来气候下(2050时段, 基于RPC4.5情景)其在西北地区的适宜分布范围与空间分布特征。利用多元环境相似度面和最不相似变量分析研究区未来气候相比基准气候的波动情况, 利用环境变量贡献值、置换重要性值及刀切法明晰影响天山花楸分布的关键环境因子。利用GIS工具和R软件ggplot2程序包分析基准和未来气候下天山花楸适宜分布区内关键因子变化的数值范围。研究结果表明：(1)基准气候下, 天山花楸的适宜面积占研究区总面积的13%, 主要集中在阿尔泰山西段、准噶尔西部山地、天山西段及祁连山中段的高海拔山地等区域；(2)加入归一化植被指数显著提高了天山花楸模型模拟的准确性, 最干月降水量(0-18mm)、最湿月降水量(6-127mm)和平均气温日较差(8.2-16.3℃)主要限制了天山花楸的适宜分布；(3)相对基准气候, 2050时段下受降水因子影响, 天山花楸的适宜分布在阿尔泰山、准噶尔西部山地、天山及祁连山区域略有扩增, 适宜分布区的质心将向北迁移。本研究的结果表明天山花楸在西北地区的适宜生境面积较小而且破碎, 在未来气候情景下仅在局部适宜山地呈破碎化扩张, 而且将预测的该植物的适宜分布区与其适宜的海拔数值范围叠合分析后, 仅占研究区面积的4%, 但对该植物尚未建立自然保护区, 本研究结果建议将阿尔泰山西段、准噶尔西部山地、天山西段及祁连山中段作为天山花楸中风险保护区域, 将河西走廊东部、青海南山作为高风险保护区域。;Climate change is one of the key factors affecting species distribution. In order to understand the ecological suitability of alpine plant in taxa Northwest China and their responses to future climate scenarios, the suitable distribution of Sorbus tianschanica and its possible response to future climate change were studied. In this study, 51 natural distribution sites and 10 environmental factors of Sorbus tianschanica were used to integrate GIS spatial analysis and MAXENT model to analyze the suitable distribution area and spatial characteristics of Sorbus tianschanica in Northwest China under baseline climate (1970-2000) and future climate (2050 period, based on RCP 4.5 scenario). Based on the multivariate environmental similarity surface and the least similar variables, the future climate fluctuations in the study area compared with the baseline climate were analyzed. The key environmental factors affecting the distribution of Sorbus tianschanica were identified by integrating the contribution value of environmental variables, the replacement importance value and the knife cutting method. GIS tools and R software ggplot2 package were integrated to analyze the numerical range of the changes of key factors in the suitable distribution area of Sorbus tianschanica in the future climate. The results show that: (1) under the baseline climate, the suitable area of Sorbus tianschanica accounts for 13% of the total area of the study area, which is concentrated in the western part of Altay, the western part of Junggar, the middle and western part of Tianshan, Bogda Mountain, Qilian Mountain, South Mountain of Qinghai, and parts of Pamir Plateau and north part of Karakoram Mountain; (2) The accuracy of the model simulation is significantly improved by adding the Normalized Vegetation Index. The distribution of Sorbus tianschanica is mainly limited by the driest monthly precipitation, the wettest monthly precipitation, and the daily range of average temperature. Regarding the suitable distribution range, the driest monthly precipitation is 0-18 mm, the wettest monthly precipitation is 6-127 mm, and the daily range of average temperature is 8.2-16.3 ℃; (3) Compared with the baseline climate, influenced by precipitation factors in 2050, the suitable distribution of Sorbus tianschanica in Altai Mountain, western Junggar Mountain, Tianshan Mountain, and Qilian Mountain will expand slightly, and the center of mass of suitable distribution area will move northward. The results of the study show that the suitable habitat area of Sorbus mandshurica in Northwest China is small and fragmented. In the future climate scenario, only the local suitable mountains will be fragmented and expanded. The predicted suitable distribution area of Sorbus tianschanica and its suitable altitude range only account for 4% of the study area. However, there is no nature reserve for this plant. It is suggested that the western part of Altay, the western part of Junggar, the western part of Tianshan Mountain and the middle part of Qilian Mountain should be taken as the risk protection areas of Sorbus tianschanica, and the eastern part of Hexi Corridor and the southern mountain of Qinghai should be taken as the high risk protection areas. The suitable and most suitable distribution area of the plant predicted in this study is helpful to guide the protection of the Sorbus tianschanica.

The dispersion pattern of PM10 and SO2 on Highway Kuin Utara and Kuin Selatan Banjarmasin City based on GIS spatial model

The transportation sector primarily causes urban air pollution in Indonesia and has a significant role in environmental emissions. Emissions resulting from vehicles are particulate matter, SO2, CO2, CO, HC, and NOx. The concentration and dispersion of PM10 and SO2 from the activity of the traffic on the roads Kuin Utara and Kuin Selatan, Banjarmasin City, observed in this study. The dispersion model of the concentration of PM10 and SO2 from traffic activity using GIS Spatial Models has been conducted. Research has been carried out for two days as representing weekend and weekdays at the three stations. After modeling and mapping the highest value for the concentration of PM10 on the weekend, it was obtained at station three, which was 167.3 μg.m−3. The highest level of PM10 on weekdays was achieved at station 3 with an amount of 236.3 μg.m−3. Based on modeling, the highest level SO2 on weekdays reached in station 3, which was 423 µg.m−3.

Geo-registering UAV-captured close-range images to GIS-based spatial model for building façade inspections

There is a growing trend in the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems for visual inspection of building facades. Current practices remain at a low efficiency to manage the large amount of UAV-collected close-range façade images to support the inspection and documentation of façade anomalies such as cracks and corrosions. This paper proposes a GIS-based two-step procedure to streamline the process of the management of UAV-collected images for supporting building façade inspection. First, a 2D GIS spatial model of building façades is created by net-unfolding façade surfaces around the building footprint in GIS to store the geometric and geographic information of building façades. Then, the UAV-collected images are automatically geo-registered to the 2D GIS spatial model through computer vision techniques applied in GIS. An experimental case study is also presented to demonstrate the process and evaluate the performance of the proposed method. It is demonstrated that the GIS-based spatial model of net-unfolded building façades allows for an efficient and effective registration of UAV-captured close-range façade images without apparent loss of pixel data. Provided with image data processing capabilities to detect and assess facade anomalies, the proposed GIS-based workflow can contribute to an automated documentation of UAV-based façade inspections to support the decision-making of further maintenance actions.

GIS Spatial Analysis Modeling for Land Use Change. A Bibliometric Analysis of the Intellectual Base and Trends

The paper aimed to express the cognitive and intellectual structure of research executed in the field of GIS-based land use change modeling. An exploration of the Web of Science database showed that research in GIS spatial analysis modeling for land use change began in the early 1990s and has continued since then, with a substantial growth in the 21st century. By science mapping methods, particularly co-coupling, co-citation, and citation, as well as bibliometric measures, like impact indices, this study distinguishes the most eminent authors, institutions, countries, and journals in GIS-based land use change modeling. The results showed that GIS-based analysis of land use change modeling is a multi- and interdisciplinary research topic, as reflected in the diversity of WoS research categories, the most productive journals, and the topics analyzed. The highest impact on the world sciences in the field have can be attributed to European Universities, particularly from The Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Great Britain. However, China and the United States published the highest number of research papers.

Application of a topographic pedosequence in the Villány Hills for terroir characterization

Terroir refers to the geographical origin of wines. The landscape factors (topography, parent rock, soil, microbial life, climate, natural vegetation) are coupled with cultural factors (cultivation history and technology, cultivars and rootstock) and all together define a terroir. The physical factors can be well visualized by a slope profile developed into a pedosequence showing the regular configuration of the relevant physical factors for a wine district. In the present study the generalized topographic pedosequence (or catena) and GIS spatial model of the Villány Hills, a historical wine producing region, serves for the spatial representation and characterization of terroir types. A survey of properties of Cabernet Franc grape juice allowed the comparison of 10 vineyards in the Villány Wine District, Southwest Hungary. Five grape juice properties (FAN, NH3, YAN, density and glucose + fructose content) have been found to have a moderate linear relationship (0.5 < r2 < 0.7) with the Huglin Index (HI) and aspect. Aspect, when determined on the basis of angular distance from South (180°), showed a strong correlation (r2 > 0.7) with FAN, NH3, YAN, sugar and density and moderate correlation with primary amino nitrogen (PAN). HI showed a correlation with three nitrogen related parameters FAN, NH3, YAN, density and glucose + fructose content. Elevation and slope, however, did not correlate with any of the chemical properties.

Constructing a spatial analysis model in assessing the sensitivity of landscape erosion in mountainous regions of Vietnam

This study demonstrates the steps of building a spatial analysis model that is applicable in synthetically assessing the sensitivity of landscape erosion in mountainous regions. Field testing was carried out at Ngu Chi Son commune, Sa Pa district, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam. The primary basis is the application of the GIS spatial analysis model in mapping the landscape structure. Subsequently, depending on the landscape structure map, the analysis model of erosion levels due to erosion factors (rainfall, terrain, the thickness of soil layers, mechanical compositions, vegetation cover, and cultivation measures of human beings) was constructed. The employed algorithms included spatial overlay, spatial interpolation, attribute reclassification, and average indexes. The results of this study have indicated the erosion sensitivity of every landscape unit, which is categorized into five levels: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. Obtained appraisals and sensitivity categorization are important fundaments to issue exploitation orientations and reasonable usages of resources within the researched region. This proves to be a new direction of research with overall potentials in assessing mountainous landscapes.

Identifying spatial conservation priorities using Traditional and Local Ecological Knowledge of iconic marine species and ecosystem threats

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) can be an effective spatial approach to conservation, especially when they involve genuine consultation that considers the diversity of stakeholders. Participatory mapping and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 52 stakeholders and 22 managers and scientists to identify ecological priorities and concerns across a large temperate MPA in Port Stephens-Great Lakes Marine Park, Australia. There were 19 iconic species of fish, dolphins, whales, and sea turtles that were the focus of ecological priorities and stakeholder interactions with the marine environment. Effectiveness of the current MPA management plan for addressing stakeholder priority and concerns, was assessed using GIS spatial modelling that created fuzzy-set species distribution models (SDMs) based on Traditional and Local Ecological Knowledge as well as scientific and citizen-science survey data. These spatial models for the iconic species across the MPA were then overlaid with ecological concerns of the stakeholders to create a spatial understanding of local threats, and priority areas for targeted management. Poor water quality from terrestrial primary sources was the main concern of stakeholders, more so than in-water threats such as poor fishing practices or impacts to iconic species. While local managers and scientists were relatively reluctant to answer interview questions, there was a general misalignment in approaches to iconic species management, especially for mobile and migratory species, and misunderstanding of stakeholder perceptions of threats. Participatory mapping of social-ecological values provides a method for stakeholders and decision-makers to better understand, discuss, and adapt marine spatial management approaches that support a diversity of conservation and management priorities.

A spatial data model for urban spatial-temporal accessibility analysis.

Time geography represents the uncertainty of the space–time position of moving objects through two basic structures, the space–time path and space–time prism, which are subject to the speed allowed in the travel environment. Thus, any attempt at a quantitative time-geographic analysis must consider the actual velocity with respect to space. In a trip, individuals tend to pass through structurally varying spaces, such as linear traffic networks and planar walking surfaces, which are not suitable for use in a single GIS spatial data model (i.e., network, raster) that is only applicable to a single spatial structure (i.e., point, line, polygon). In this study, a velocity model is developed for a traffic network and walking surface-constrained travel environment through the divide-and-conquer principle. The construction of this model can be divided into three basic steps: the spatial layering of the dual-constrained travel environment; independent modelling of each layer using different spatial data models; and generation of layer-based time-geographic framework by merging models of each layer. We demonstrate the usefulness of the model for studying the space–time accessibility of a moving object over a study area with varying spatial structures. Finally, an example is given to analyse the effectiveness of the proposed model.

An Approach of Agricultural Courses for Soil Conservation Based on Crop Soil Suitability Using Geomatics

Optimal resource planning is essential in developing countries, particularly in the Middle East, where scarcity of resources represents a major challenge for development. To eliminate inappropriate human influence on natural resources and develop a strategy for appropriate land use, land evaluation (LE) assessments are crucial to be properly carried out. In this context, land suitability (LS) assessment was performed in Port Said Governorate. LE and LS were carried out for several field crops, vegetable crops, forage crops, and fruit trees. LS was matched based on the requirements of the selected crops, then it was associated with physiographic map units using a GIS platform. Different sources of remote sensing-derived maps were integrated and homogenized to increase the accuracy of physiographic. Moreover, land quality and soil characteristics mapping were conducted in Arc GIS spatial model to generate LS using geostatistical methods. The results revealed that structure of LS classification was four classes only, moderately suitable S2 = 36%, marginally suitable S3 = 30%, currently not suitable N1 = 23%, and permanently not suitable for crops N2 = 11% of total area of land), respectively, of land. The actual LS produced in association with physiographic units. The potential crops suitability was produced considering the significant fluctuation in land use in the area. Fluctuation changes in land use; fish farms led to increase organic matter (OM) to 2.3 from 0.4% in some soil profiles due to the fish farms practices in the area, and reduce soil electrical conductivity by 50% due to leaching effect. Severe limitations of crop suitability are due to defects associated with organic OM, soil compaction, salinization, alkalinization and carbonates. This work helps to achieve optimum use of available land resources to help in soil improvement and prevent land degradation. Comprehensive LS assessment is required to grow appropriate crops on marginal lands. Hence, there is an urgent need for developing a crop suitability framework for optimum use of land in the area. This approach provides an integrated approach to identify suitable crops for areas with physical constraints.

Some thoughts and strategies of planning for the impact of “COVID-19” epidemic in Yunnan plateau basin

Combined with the big data report of Baidu epidemic, and based on the transmission route and characteristics of “COVID-19” Virus, using GIS spatial analysis technology and related mathematical models, the correspondence between the epidemic development distribution and the spatial pattern of the basin in the Yunnan Plateau was simulated, and the basin distribution, traffic accessibility, urban scale, and tourism fever were found. Destination fever is closely related to the development of the epidemic. Changing the mode of transportation in the basin, changing the mode of land use, constructing regional public health facilities, and improving the community living circle have a suppressive effect on the spread of the epidemic. According to the simulation conclusions, this article focuses on blocking the spread of the epidemic and guaranteeing the treatment and basic life of the personnel during the disaster. It proposes the considerations of the territorial space planning of the Yunnan Plateau basin in response to the epidemic from the region (province)-basin area-community and governance level.

Development of GIS Spatial Models on Critical Place Needed of Malaysia Sign Language (MSL) for Persons with Disabilities (PWDS) Deaf in Terengganu, Malaysia

Development of GIS Spatial Models on Critical Place Needed of Malaysia Sign Language (MSL) for Persons with Disabilities (PWDS) Deaf in Terengganu, Malaysia