Ginseng Tea Research Articles

The Effect of Giving Ginseng Tea on Anxiety During Premenopause in the Mekarjaya Village Area, Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia

Premenopause is a natural transition phase in women marked by hormonal changes that can cause a variety of symptoms, including anxiety. Ginseng is an herbal plant that has long been used to treat various diseases, including anxiety. This study aims to determine the effect of giving ginseng tea on anxiety during premenopause in the Mekarjaya Village area, Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia. This research uses a pre-experimental research design, with a one group pretest-posttest design. The research population was all premenopausal women in Mekarjaya Village, Purwakarta Regency, Indonesia. The research sample was 20 people, taken using purposive sampling technique. The measuring tool used is the Hamilton Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (HAMA). The results of the study showed that there was an effect of giving ginseng tea on reducing anxiety during premenopause. This can be seen from the results of the Wilcoxon test with p-value <0.05. The average HAMA score before giving ginseng tea was 25.45, while after giving ginseng tea it was 18.55. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that giving ginseng tea can reduce anxiety during premenopause.

『동의수세보원』의 생기(生氣)와 한방꽃차

In this paper, we have examined the therapeutic properties and vital energy(生 氣) of traditional Korean Flower Teas with a focus on the actions of warmth energy, heat energy, coolness energy, and coldness energy, which are directly related to the physiological vitality of the human body, as elucidated in the 「Jangbulon」.
 In the context of Sasang constitutional medicine, the flow of vital energy(Qi) is considered the most critical issue in both physiological and pathological aspects. The 「Jangbulon」 elucidates the principles of generating warmth energy, heat energy, coolness energy, and coldness energy the flow of vital energy.
 The warmth energy of the digestive system flows in the upper intestine of the lungs and neck site, heat energy flows in the middle and upper intestine of the spleen and stomach, coolness energy flows in the lower intestine of the liver and small intestine, and coldness energy is explained to flow in the lower intestine of the kidneys and large intestine.
 Leejema connected human metaphysical mental actions to physiological actions in the body through vital energy and discussed the vitality of the human body. In Dongmuyugo he categorized the therapeutic properties of medicinal herbs based on Sasang constitutions and shared theories, treatment principles, and treatment experiences for various medical conditions that he gained through clinical practice.
 Examining representative flower teas for each Sasang type and vital energy, we find that: For Taeeumin, the chicory flower tea imparts coolness energy, the chrysanthemum tea provides warmth energy, the lotus flower tea embodies heat energy, and the plum blossom tea delivers warmth energy.
 For Soeumin, ginseng tea, angelica tea, and ginger tea represent heat energy.
 For Soyangin, houttuynia tea, green tea, and Cornus officinalis flower tea bestow coldness energy. For Taeyangin, the quince tea endows coolness energy, while the persimmon leaf tea provides warmth energy, enhancing energy circulation accordingly.
 This paper offers a fresh perspective on the field of vital energy actions in Sasang constitutional medicine, leveraging the insights from the 「Jangbulon」 and the therapeutic attributes of traditional Korean Flower Teas as outlined in the Dongmuyugo It aims to provide a practical approach to selecting flower teas tailored to one’s Sasang constitution to harmonize mind and body vitality.

Memory enhancement effect of saponins from Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves and blood–brain barrier-permeated saponins profiling using a pseudotargeted monitoring strategy

Dried Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves (ESL), also known as Siberian ginseng tea, are beneficial for human neural disorders.

News

Stuttgart - Next time you reach for ginseng tea or frankincense oil take a moment to consider life without it. Although neither of these plants are immediately at risk, they are cited as some of many examples in a new research paper by Wendy L. Applequist and colleagues that lays bare the damaging effects of climate change on the world’s curative plant species: the pushing-back and extinction of medicinal plants. The appeal, Scientists’ Warning on Climate Change and Medicinal Plants, has recently been published in Planta Medica (Thieme, Stuttgart. 2019) and endorsed by many scholars.

Hydrophilic Molecularly Imprinted Chitosan Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Enrichment of Gallic Acid in Red Ginseng Tea.

Hydrophilic molecularly imprinted chitosan (HMICS) were synthesized based on hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and the DESs was used as both a template and functional monomer for the enrichment of gallic acid (GA) from red ginseng tea using a solid phase microextraction (SPME) method. Using the response surface methodology (RSM) strategy, the optimal extraction amount (8.57 mg·g−1) was found to be an extraction time of 30 min, a solid to liquid ratio of 20 mg·mL−1, and five adsorption/desorption cycles. Compared to traditional methods, the produced HMICS-SPME exhibited the advantages of simplicity of operation, higher recovery and selectivity, improved analytical characteristics and reduced sample and reagent consumption, and it is expected to promote the rapid development and wide applications of molecular imprinting.

Attenuation of Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Withanolide-A in Neuron-Like Cells: Role for PI3K/Akt/MAPK Signaling Pathway.

Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is one of the major underlying mechanisms for neurodegenerative diseases. Efforts are being made to treat such conditions with an array of natural compounds that can modulate the release of glutamate or the underlying mechanisms associated with it. Withania somnifera extract has potent pharmacologic activity similar to that of Korean Ginseng tea and is used to treat several neuronal disorders. However, to date, little efforts have been made to evaluate individual constituents of this plant for neurodegenerative disorders. Present study was carried out to investigate withanolide-A, one of the active constituents of Withania somnifera against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in retinoic acid differentiated Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells. The results indicated that glutamate treatment for 2h induced death in cells that was significantly attenuated by pre-treatment with MK-801 (specific NMDA receptor antagonist) and different concentrations of withanolide-A. Withanolide-A abated the glutamate-induced influx of intracellular calcium and excessive ROS production significantly. Further on, glutamate treatment resulted in increased levels of pro-apoptotic and decreased levels of anti-apoptotic proteins, and these protein levels were normalized by various doses of withanolide-A. All of these protective effects were partly due to inhibition of MAPK family proteins and activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Thus, our results suggest that withanolide-A may serve as potential neuroprotective agent.

Innovative method for the enrichment of high-polarity bioactive molecules present at low concentrations in complex matrices.

Ginsenoside Rg1 is a valuable bioactive molecule but its high polarity and low concentration in complex mixtures makes it a challenge to separate Ginsenoside Rg1 from other saponins with similar structures, resulting in low extraction efficiency. The successful development of effective Rg1 molecularly imprinted polymers that exhibit high selectivity and adsorption may offer an improved method for the enrichment of active compounds. In this work, molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared with two different methods, precipitation polymerization or surface imprinted polymerization. Comparison of the adsorption abilities showed higher adsorption of the surface molecularly imprinted polymers prepared by surface imprinted polymerization, 46.80 mg/g, compared to the 27.74 mg/g observed for the molecularly imprinted polymers prepared by precipitation polymerization. Therefore, for higher adsorption of the highly polar Rg1, surface imprinted polymerization is a superior technique to make Rg1 molecularly imprinted polymers. The prepared surface molecularly imprinted polymers were tested as a solid-phase extraction column to directionally enrich Rg1 and its analogues from ginseng tea and total ginseng extracts. The column with surface molecularly imprinted polymers showed higher enrichment efficiency and better selectivity than a C18 solid-phase extraction column. Overall, a new, innovative method was developed to efficiently enrich high-polarity bioactive molecules present at low concentrations in complex matrices.

Withanone, an Active Constituent from Withania somnifera, Affords Protection Against NMDA-Induced Excitotoxicity in Neuron-Like Cells.

Withania somnifera has immense pharmacologic and clinical uses. Owing to its similar pharmacologic activity as that of Korean Ginseng tea, it is popularly called as Indian ginseng. In most cases, extracts of this plant have been evaluated against various diseases or models of disease. However, little efforts have been made to evaluate individual constituents of this plant for neurodegenerative disorders. Present study was carried out to evaluate Withanone, one of the active constituents of Withania somnifera against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in retinoic acid, differentiated Neuro2a cells. Cells were pre-treated with 5, 10 and 20μM doses of Withanone and then exposed to 3-mM NMDA for 1h. MK801, a specific NMDA receptor antagonist, was used as positive control. The results indicated that NMDA induces significant death of cells by accumulation of intracellular Ca2+, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, crashing of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, release of cytochrome c, increased caspase expression, induction of lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde levels and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (Parp-1), which is indicative of DNA damage. All these parameters were attenuated with various doses of Withanone pre-treatment. These results suggest that Withanone may serve as potential neuroprotective agent.

Pesticide Residue Rapid Extraction from Ginseng Tea Using a Modified Luke Method for GC–MS

A modified Luke rapid detection method followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 42 pesticides in ginseng tea. This method uses acetone and n-hexane solution to extract and partition pesticides. Ginseng tea samples were mixed with acetone, water and n-hexane solution, and then partitioned by vortex. After the partition, the top layer (n-hexane) was transferred into a centrifuge tube containing primary secondary amine (PSA), graphitized carbon black (GCB) and C18 for purification. And then the centrifuge supernatant was injected into GC–MS. The Luke method was applied in ginseng tea sample detection, and we confirmed that this method can easily extract various types of pesticides from ginseng tea samples. The rates of recovery for pesticides studied were satisfactory, ranging from 65.5 to 109.0 % with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 12 %. The limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged between 0.5 and 11.5 μg·kg−1. The modified Luke method is quick and easy.

American ginseng tea protects cellular DNA within 2 h from consumption: results of a pilot study in healthy human volunteers

The acute genoprotective effect of Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) has been investigated. The experiment was carried out to explore the DNA protective effect after a single dose of American ginseng tea bag infusion. Fourteen subjects (6 males and 8 females) were recruited in this study. Seven of them (3 males and 4 females) were asked to drink a cup of freshly prepared American ginseng infusions. Water was taken by the remaining subjects as the control group. Blood samples of both groups were taken before and 2 h post-ingestion. The blood samples were challenged with ultraviolet B irradiation followed by using comet assay. Completed slides were stained with Giemsa stain and DNA damage was assessed. Results showed a significant decrease in comet score after American ginseng supplementation and no change in the control group. The current study demonstrated a cup of American ginseng infusion could protect cellular DNA from oxidative stress at least within 2 h.

Helicase-dependent amplification is effective in distinguishing Asian ginseng from American ginseng

This study describes for the first time the application of helicase-dependent amplification (HDA) to authenticate botanical species and processed products. Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) are consumed worldwide as functional food and health remedies. The two herbs share similar morphological appearance but have different pharmacological effects. In this work, a novel isothermal amplification mediated DNA method was applied to authenticate the two ginseng species. Internal control and P. ginseng specific primers were designed based on the ribosomal external transcribed spacer (ETS) region. The amplification results were confirmed by real-time monitoring, gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. The screened retail samples included dried ginseng root, ginseng powder, ginseng tea granules as well as a four-herb formulation. Our HDA protocol worked well on both purified DNA and crude water extract. In conclusion, HDA is a highly sensitive and specific approach for differentiating Asian ginseng from American ginseng and it has the potential for on-site authentication of herbal products.

Florestan (from Conversations over Stolen Food)

From antiquity to the present, social theory has often fused critical and creative discourse, esoteric and exhibitionistic tendencies. Socrates and Diogenes first announced many of their most radical propositions in the Athenian marketplace. Thoreau sowed his solitary beans while remaining (as scholar Stanley Cavell suggests) just barely within his neighbors' view. And now, as archivists of evanescent urban experience, as grazers of the public space, we have recorded forty-five-minute dialogues for thirty straight days around New York City.Flalf these talks took place at a Union Square health-food store which, for legal reasons, we call W.F. Other locations included MoMA, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Opera House, Central Park, Prospect Park, and a Tribeca parking garage. For this special issue on villains, we present the first dialogue.7:43p.m. Friday, December 30Union Square W.F.[First minute garbled]A: .. .scone and bagel, told her I'd already purchased them. I paid for a turkey burger (three dollars ninety-six cents). I held in my gloved hand a kiwi, and as I peeled off the glove I wrapped the kiwi in the glove. I put the gloves in my hat and put that in the cart-then I grabbed a bowl of spinach, baby spinach, organic of course. That cost a dollar five. So so I did spend more than hoped: 5.01 altogether.J: But getting a considerable...A: Yeah. A full meal.J: And allowing us to have this conversation.A: Correct, which at eight dollars might seem extravagant. It would mean the night had to end immediately. When I bought the turkey burger, or selected the turkey burger, the cashier, I mean deli guy, said he sensed I want to party tonight.J: And this is your idea of a party right?A: Oh yeah. Oh yeah. We've seen people we know. There's that man I have a crush on. There's the boy I saw. A former student stepped into the aisle. Her name's Fong.J: Fawn, is that right?A: F-o-n-g. Like fang.J: Oh Fong.A: Fang with an O.J: I've read an email she once sent you.A: Extremely polite.J: And as as I remember, you said a great student.A: One of my best.J: A hard worker and talented.A: It frightened me in the bread aisle. Fong craved discipline and I pictured her disciplining me tonight. So have you adjusted to being back, back back in New York?J: That's tough, let me tell you: it's an expensive city. I could never return if you hadn't arranged...A: Happy to do so. Can I interrupt one sec? Does this have saffron, or curry or something?J: I don't know what's all...A: [Muffled] out later.J: in Royal Ginseng tea. Though I've stashed the box...A: With aromatic...J: right here. Here's the list of ingredients.A: Maybe cinnamon bark?J: Cinnamon bark you've tasted.A: Honeybush. Licorice.J: Black pepper.A: Possible. But sorry, I shouldn't interrupt. New York seemed more...J: It's an expensive city; I couldn't move back from Providence if you hadn't arranged this cat-sitting gig. Still the place needs work. I didn't get good sleep. The cat would jump from floor to windowsill, rattling a shade, and then leap down again rattling the shade, and I woke so often, and the apartment faces the BQE. Sharon claimed she lived in the heart of Clinton Hill but but her building stands on the edge of Fort Greene. That makes a huge...A: Yeah.J: difference. Traffic roars by nonstop. When trucks speed past it sounds as if they'll tear through the room. The studio costs $1210 a month-which seems incomprehensible considering it's nowhere near subway stations, too close to highways and contains a cat active all hours of night. Though I guess her landlord...A: Oh, will you have to maintain this the secrecy?J: No I made a joke, implying the landlord should charge less considering a cat stays active all hours. …

The use of linear ion trap for qualitative analysis of phytochemicals in Korean ginseng tea

A new approach to qualitative analysis of ginsenosides in challenging matrices was developed on the basis of high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Using the extracts from samples of ginseng tea, the approach was validated. Analysis of extracts was carried out using a reversed-phase chromatography with SB-C18 sorbent. For compound identification, electrospray ionization and a quadrupole/linear ion trap mass-spectrometer in different modes were used. A meticulous study of the fragmentation of ginsenosides in the linear ion trap and its application for analysis of these compounds was performed in this work. The accuracy of the identification was proven with standards of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Re, Rf, Rd, Rb2, Rb3 and Rc.

Research progress in somatic embryogenesis of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim.)

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) Maxim. is a rare medicinal and perennial deciduous shrub, which is mainly distributed in vast mountain areas of northeast of China, far eastern region of Russia, Hokkaido area of Japan and Korea. Siberian ginseng is a raw material used to produce medicinal tablet, electuary, injection and ginseng tea. Recently, progresses in somatic embryogenesis of Siberian ginseng were reviewed. This paper investigated the pattern of somatic embryogenesis and physiological and biochemical changing in somatic embryo development, including auxin polar transportation,deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and metabolic pathways regulation. Bioreactor culture of somatic embryos of Siberian ginseng was also discussed. Key words: Siberian ginseng, somatic embryogenesis, bioreactor culture, secondary metabolism.

Consumer Acceptance of Ginseng Food Products

Ginseng has been utilized less in food products than in dietary supplements in the United States. Sensory acceptance of ginseng food products by U.S. consumers has not been reported. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the sensory acceptance of commercial ginseng food products and (2) assess influence of the addition of sweeteners to ginseng tea and ginseng extract to chocolate on consumer acceptance. Total of 126 consumers participated in 3 sessions for (1) 7 commercial red ginseng food products, (2) 10 ginseng teas varying in levels of sugar or honey, and (3) 10 ginseng milk or dark chocolates varying in levels of ginseng extract. Ginseng candy with vitamin C and ginseng crunchy white chocolate were the most highly accepted, while sliced ginseng root product was the least accepted among the seven commercial products. Sensory acceptance increased in proportion to the content of sugar and honey in ginseng tea, whereas acceptance decreased with increasing content of ginseng extract in milk and dark chocolates. Findings demonstrate that ginseng food product types with which consumers have been already familiar, such as candy and chocolate, will have potential for success in the U.S. market. Chocolate could be suggested as a food matrix into which ginseng can be incorporated, as containing more bioactive compounds than ginseng tea at a similar acceptance level. Future research may include a descriptive analysis with ginseng-based products to identify the key drivers of liking and disliking for successful new product development.

Inhibitory effects of commonly used herbal extracts on UGT1A1 enzyme activity

Commonly used herbal supplements were screened for their potential to inhibit UGT1A1 activity using human liver microsomes. Extracts screened included ginseng, echinacea, black cohosh, milk thistle, garlic, valerian, saw palmetto, and green tea epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Estradiol-3-O-glucuronide (E-3-G) formation was used as the index of UGT1A1 activity.All herbal extracts except garlic showed inhibition of UGT1A1 activity at one or more of the three concentrations tested. A volume per dose index (VDI) was calculated to estimate the volume in which the daily dose should be diluted to obtain an IC50-equivalent concentration. EGCG, echinacea, saw palmetto, and milk thistle had VDI values >2.0 L per dose unit, suggesting a higher potential for interaction.Inhibition curves were constructed for EGCG, echinacea, saw palmetto, and milk thistle. IC50 values were (mean ± SE) 7.8 ± 0.9, 211.7 ± 43.5, 55.2 ± 9.2, and 30.4 ± 6.9 µg/ml for EGCG, echinacea, saw palmetto, and milk thistle extracts, respectively.Based on our findings, inhibition of UGT1A1 by milk thistle and EGCG and to a lesser extent by echinacea and saw palmetto is plausible, particularly in the intestine where higher extract concentrations are anticipated. Further clinical studies are warranted.

Utilization Study of Stems and Leaves of Tienchi Ginseng. I. Anti-Hypertensive Effect of Stems and Leaves of Tienchi Ginseng on Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHRSP)

Tienchi ginseng tea was prepared from stems and leaves of Tienchi ginseng which is a special product in China. The increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly inhibited by the consumption of a 4% this tea solution as drinking water from the prehypertensive stage (6 weeks of age) in male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). A similar intake from the hypertensive stage also showed an anti-hypertensive effect. In contrast, a similar intake had no effect on SBP of normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. We found that the rhizome of Tienchi ginseng contained two types of saponin: 20(s)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) such as ginsenosides Rb(1) and Rd having a hypotensive effect, and 20(s)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) such as ginsenosides Rg(1) and Re having a hypertensive effect. In contrast, the tea sample contained PPD and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but no PPT. These results suggest that drinking this tea infusion would be useful for controlling hypertension.

Cerebroprotective effect of Korean ginseng tea against global and focal models of ischemia in rats

Korean ginseng tea (KGT), prepared from the roots of Panax ginseng, is widely used by Korean people for antistress, antifatigue, and endurance promoting effects. In the present study we evaluated neuroprotective/cerebroprotective actions of KGT in stroke, using rat global and focal models of ischemia. Varied biochemical/enzymatic alterations, produced subsequent to the application of middle cerebral artery (MCAO) and bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) followed by reperfusion viz. increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decrease in glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), glutathione- S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were markedly reversed and restored to near normal levels in the groups pre-treated with KGT (350 mg/kg given orally for 10 days). It is concluded that the protective action, exhibited by KGT against hypoperfusion/reperfusion induced brain injury, suggests its therapeutic potential in cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) including stroke. These findings are important because: (a) the present treatment strategies for CVD are far from adequate and (b) KGT with wide usage is known to be a safe natural product.

압출성형 공정변수에 따른 건조수삼과 백삼 압출성형물의 침출속도 및 침출물 특성

앞출성형공정을 적용하여 건조수삼내부 유효성분의 침출속도를 향상시키기 위하여 수분함량(20, 25 30%)과 스크루회전속도(200, 300 rpm)를 달리하여 제조한 인삼유효 성분의 침출속도, 침출액의 조사포닌, 수용성지수, 갈색도와 적색도를 비교하였다. 인삼과 홍삼의 중요한 유효성분인 사포닌과 진세노사이드(ginsenoside) 함량의 지표가 되는 압출 성형 수삼과 백삼 침출액의 갈색도와 적색도는 수분함량의 감소와 스크루 회전속도의 증가에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 또한 수용성지수 및 조사포닌 함량은 수분함량이 감소 및 스크루 회전속도의 증가에 따라 증가하였다. 건조수삼과 압출성형수삼의 입자크기가 감소할수록 침출된 인삼유효성분의 지표가 되는 흡광도는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 건조수삼 압출성형물의 침출액과 실험한 입자크기에서 수분함량이 28%에서 20%로 감소할수록 260~520㎚ 파장에서 흡광도는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 수용성지수도 흡광도와 마찬가지로 입지크기가 감소할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 압출성형 수삼의 경우 팽화에 의한 기공의 형성과 전단력에 의한 세포벽의 파괴와 함께 압출성형물 내부의 유효성분의 침출율의 향상에 기여한 것으로 판단되었으며 결론적으로 다른 열처리 방법과 비교하여 압출성형공정을 인삼 침출차 제조에 적용할 수 있는 효율적인 공정으로 판단되었다.

Epidemiological study on cancer prevention by ginseng: are all kinds of cancers preventable by ginseng?

In the light of experimental results, two case-control studies and one cohort study in a population of ginseng cultivation area were conducted to confirm whether ginseng has any anticarcinogenic effect on human cancers. All participants were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire to obtain the information on demographics, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and ginseng intake. In 905 pairs case-control study, 62% had a history of ginseng intake compared to 75% of the controls, a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). The odds ratio (OR) for cancer in relation to ginseng intake was 0.56. In extended case-control study with 1987 pairs, the ORs for cancer were 0.37 in fresh ginseng extract users, 0.57 in white ginseng extract users, 0.30 in white ginseng extract users, 0.30 in white ginseng powder users, and 0.20 in red ginseng users. Those who took fresh ginseng slices, fresh ginseng juice, and white ginseng tea, however, did not show decrease in the risk. Overall, the risk decreased as the frequency and duration of ginseng intake increased. With respect to the site of cancer, the ORs for cancers of the lip, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colorectum, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung and ovary were significantly reduced by ginseng intake. Smokers with ginseng intake showed lower ORs for cancers of lung, lip, oral cavity and pharynx and liver than those without ginseng intake. In 5 yr follow- up cohort study conducted in the ginseng cultivation area, Kangwha-eup, ginseng intakers had significantly lower risk than non-intakers. As for the type of ginseng, cancer risk significantly decreased among intakers of fresh ginseng extract, alone or together with other ginseng preparations. Among 24 red ginseng intakers, no cancer death occurred during the follow-up period. The risk for stomach and lung cancers was significantly reduced by ginseng intake, showing a statistically significant dose-response relationship in each follow-up year. In conclusion, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been established as non-organ specific cancer preventive, having dose response relationship. These results warrant that ginseng extracts and its synthetic derivatives should be examined for their preventive effect on various types of human cancers.