Gini Coefficient Of Income Distribution Research Articles

Association of census-tract level gentrification and income inequality with 6-year incidence of metabolic syndrome in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, an epidemiologic cohort study

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome varies by socio-demographic characteristics, with younger (18–29 years) and older (50–69 years) Hispanic/Latino having higher prevalence compared to other groups. While there is substantial research on neighborhood influences on cardiometabolic health, there are mixed findings regarding the effects of gentrification and few studies have included Hispanic/Latinos. The role of neighborhood income inequality on metabolic health remains poorly understood. ObjectivesExamined associations of neighborhood gentrification and income inequality with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) using data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Design, Setting and ParticipantsThe HCHS/SOL is a community-based cohort of adults of Hispanic/Latinos (aged 18–74). Analyses included 6710 adults who did not meet criteria for MetsS at baseline (2008–2011) and completed the visit 2 examination (2014–2017). Poisson regressions estimated odds ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for neighborhood gentrification and change in income inequality with MetSyn incidence. Main outcome and exposure measuresGentrification was measured with an index that included changes (2000 to 2006–2010) in education, poverty, and income. Change in neighborhood income inequality (2005–2009 to 2012–2016) was measured using the Gini coefficient of income distribution. MetSyn was defined using National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. ResultsAmong 6647 Hispanic/Latino adults, 23% (N = 1530) had incident MetSyn. In models adjusted for socio-demographic, health insurance status, and neighborhood characteristics, gentrification (IRR, 1.00, 95%CI, 0.96–1.03) and income inequality change (IRR, 1.00, 95%CI, 0.99–1.00) were not associated with MetSyn at visit 2. There was no association between cross-sectional income inequality (2005–2009) and MetSyn at visit 2 (IRR, 0.97, 95%CI, 0.82–1.15). ConclusionNeighborhood gentrification and income inequality change were not associated with incidence of MetSyn over 6 years among Hispanic/Latino adults. This study demonstrated that income-based residential changes alone may not be sufficient to explain neighborhood influences on health outcomes among this population.

Interrelation between Education and Livelihoods: A Study of Tamang Community in Kathmandu

This study attempts to explore the relationship between education and livelihood of Tamang people of residing Gokarneshwor municipality, Kathmandu district. Thirty six head of households have been selected by simple random sampling techniques and 4 by purposive. The quantitative and qualitative both data have been collected using structured questionnaires, interview and observation tools. The descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. It was found that literacy rate of head of households was below the national literacy rate and literacy of all members of the family was above it. The access to natural capital was in diminishing trend. The livelihoods of Tamang people is still in traditional pattern. The average income of the households was found near to the national per capita income with no saving and Gini coefficient of income distribution was 0.269. There was positive relationship of education attainment with income and livelihoods of people. The sustainability of livelihoods of people has been found unsecured.

Analysis on Basic Cognition and Representative Issues of the Income Distribution Pattern in China (Note 1)

The analysis and recognition of China’s current income distribution pattern is a major practical issue that involves the idea and essentials of advancing modern state governance in the stage of economic and social transition, and also a controversial issue. In this paper, the author focused on two major points. First, the analysis on the basic situation of the proportion of resident income in the overall income distribution pattern in recent decade in China, which first went down and then rose slightly, is conducted. Then the paper emphasized that the key to solve the paradox formed by two mainstream views was to understand more deeply the institutional causes of the unfairness and non-standardization inherent in high Gini coefficient of income distribution in China, which was an essential real problem. Second, based on an examination of the significance of cultivating and developing the mid-income class in China, the serious shortcomings of official statistics about income quintile information must be pointed out. Thus, it is imperative to recognize the covered contradictions, face the anxiety state and related challenges that the mid-income class in China has been stuck in, and then seek to solve the contradiction and eliminate the anxiety in a targeted manner.

On the Precarious Link between the Gini Coefficient and the Incentive to Migrate

We offer an explanation for the inconclusive results of empirical studies into the relationship between the magnitude of the Gini coefficient of income distribution at origin and the intensity of migration. Bearing in mind the substantial literature that identifies relative deprivation as an important determinant of migration behavior, we study the relationship between aggregate or total relative deprivation, TRD, the Gini coefficient, G, and migration. We show that for a given change of incomes, TRD and G can behave differently. We present examples where, in the case of universal increases in incomes, TRD increases while G does not change; G decreases while TRD does not change; and G decreases while TRD increases. We generalize these examples into formal criteria, providing sufficient conditions on the initial and final income vectors under which incongruence between the directions of changes of G and of TRD occur. Our analysis leads us to infer that when the incentive to migrate increases with TRD, then this response can co-exist with no change of G or with a decrease of G. @We offer an explanation for the inconclusive results of empirical studies into the relationship between the magnitude of the Gini coefficient of income distribution at origin and the intensity of migration. Bearing in mind the substantial literature that identifies relative deprivation as an important determinant of migration behavior, we study the relationship between aggregate or total relative deprivation, TRD, the Gini coefficient, G, and migration. We show that for a given change of incomes, TRD and G can behave differently. We present examples where, in the case of universal increases in incomes, TRD increases while G does not change; G decreases while TRD does not change; and G decreases while TRD increases. We generalize these examples into formal criteria, providing sufficient conditions on the initial and final income vectors under which incongruence between the directions of changes of G and of TRD occur. Our analysis leads us to infer that when the incentive to migrate increases with TRD, then this response can co-exist with no change of G or with a decrease of G.

On the Precarious Link Between the Gini Coefficient and the Incentive to Migrate

We offer an explanation for the inconclusive results of empirical studies into the relationship between the magnitude of the Gini coefficient of income distribution at origin and the intensity of migration. Bearing in mind the substantial literature that identifies relative deprivation as an important determinant of migration behavior, we study the relationship between aggregate or total relative deprivation, TRD, the Gini coefficient, G, and migration. We show that for a given change of incomes, TRD and G can behave differently. We present examples where, in the case of universal increases in incomes, TRD increases while G does not change; G decreases while TRD does not change; and G decreases while TRD increases. We generalize these examples into formal criteria, providing sufficient conditions on the initial and final income vectors under which incongruence between the directions of changes of G and of TRD occur. Our analysis leads us to infer that when the incentive to migrate increases with TRD, then this response can co-exist with no change of G or with a decrease of G.

Research on equilibrium scheduling of airborne network resource based on load Gini coefficient

Aiming at the problems of long running time and serious data loss in traditional equilibrium scheduling method for airborne network resource, a new equilibrium scheduling method for airborne network resource based on load Gini coefficient is proposed. According to the related principle of Gini coefficient of income distribution in the field of economics, the Gini coefficient of network load distribution is monitored. Through genetic algorithm, an optimal allocation scheme which can satisfy the load change constraints and effectively avoid dynamic migration is found. The experimental results show that the data loss rate of this method is between 0 and 2, and the average running time is 6 milliseconds and 12.5 milliseconds shorter than that of the other two methods, which can effectively reduce the data loss rate and running time of the system, and improve the overall efficiency of the system.

On the precarious link between the Gini coefficient and the incentive to migrate

We offer an explanation for the inconclusive results of empirical studies into the relationship between the magnitude of the Gini coefficient of income distribution at origin and the intensity of migration. Bearing in mind the substantial literature that identifies relative deprivation as an important determinant of migration behavior, we study the relationship between aggregate or total relative deprivation, TRD, the Gini coefficient, G, and migration. We show that for a given change of incomes, TRD and G can behave differently. We present examples where, in the case of universal increases in incomes, TRD increases while G does not change; G decreases while TRD does not change; and G decreases while TRD increases. We generalize these examples into formal criteria, providing sufficient conditions on the initial and final income vectors under which incongruence between the directions of changes of G and of TRD occur. Our analysis leads us to infer that when the incentive to migrate increases with TRD, then this response can co-exist with no change of G or with a decrease of G.

Nexus Between Education and Livelihoods: A Study of Tamang Community in Kathmandu

This study attempts to explore the relationship between education and livelihood of Tamang people residing Ward number 2 of Gokarneshwor Municipality, Kathmandu District. 36 head of households have been selected by simple random sampling techniques and 4 by purposive. The quantitative and qualitative both data have been collected using structured questionnaires, interview and observation tools. It was found that literacy rate of head of households was below the national literacy rate and literacy of all members of the family was above it. The access to natural capital was in diminishing trend. The livelihoods of Tamang people were still in traditional pattern. The average income of the households was close to the national per capita income with no saving and Gini coefficient of income distribution was 0.269. There was positive relationship of education attainment with income and livelihoods of people. The sustainability of livelihoods of people has been found unsecured.

Inflation and Income Inequality: A Link Through the Job-Search Process

In this paper I devise a new channel by means of which the (empirically documented) positive correlation between inflation and income inequality can be understood. Available empirical evidence reveals that inflation increases wage dispersion. For this reason, the higher the inflation rate, the higher turns out to be the benefit, for a worker, of making additional draws from the distribution of wages, before deciding whether to accept or reject a job offer. Assuming that some workers have less access to information (wage offers) than others, I show that the Gini coefficient of income distribution turns out to be an increasing function of the wage dispersion and, consequently, of the rate of inflation. Two examples are provided to illustrate the mechanism.

Determinants of Income Distribution in the Nigeria Economy: 1977-2005

The study carried out an investigation of a number of factors which determine income distribution in Nigeria by making empirical analysis of the relationship between the determinants and income distribution using the cointegration technique. The empirical findings in the study revealed that, Gini Coefficient is very high in Nigeria, indicating a high level of income inequality. Also, employment rate, inflation rate, Gross Domestic Product and social spending were true determinants of income distribution in the Nigerian economy during the period under review (1977-2005). The study also found that, both the growth rate of output and government health expenditure exhibited an inverse relationship with Gini coefficient of income distribution in the Nigerian economy while employment rate, inflation rate and government education expenditure had direct relationship with Gini coefficient of income distribution in the Nigerian economy. Moreso, the findings showed the existence of a long run relationship between income distribution and its determinants in Nigeria. Finally, from the empirical findings in this research work and based on the relationship each determinant exhibited with the Gini coefficient of income distribution in Nigerian economy, a set of policy ecommendations were made such as: government ensuring the formulation and implementation of more pragmatic employment policies in Nigeria, government ensuring proper monitoring of its spending on education and health through appropriate policy measures and policies that bring about more equitable distribution of income and associated income earning opportunities were suggested among others. Key words : Income distribution; Inegquate; Gini coefficient enploment rate; Nigeria economy

Corruption, Growth, and Income Distribution: Are there Regional Differences?

This paper uses panel data from 61 countries at different stages of economic development over a 20-year period to investigate regional differences in the effect of corruption on economic growth and income distribution. Using two measures of corruption, we find that there are statistically significant regional differences in the growth and distributional impacts of corruption. The largest growth impact of corruption is found in African countries while OECD and Asian countries have the lowest growth impact. On the other hand, the largest distributional impact of corruption in found in Latin America. A 10% decrease in corruption increases the growth rate of income by about 1.7% in OECD and Asian countries, 2.6% in Latin American countries, and by 2.8% in African countries. A one standard deviation decrease in corruption decreases the gini coefficient of income distribution (0–1 scale) by 0.05 points, 0.14 points, 0.25 points, and 0.33 points in OECD, Asian, African, and Latin American countries, respectively. The results are robust to various specifications, measurement of corruption, measures of investment, as well as the conditioning variables. The results have interesting policy implications for economic growth, especially in low income countries with high rates of corruption.