Gingival Massage Research Articles

Intra‐oral gingival massage activates human cerebral prefrontal cortex and enhances cognitive performance

AbstractAimOral care is associated with improved quality of life and changing cognitive performance in daily life. The association of trigeminal nerve‐stimulatory oral care methods, such as tooth brushing and intra‐oral cold stimuli, with cerebral activation has been studied. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of intra‐oral gingival massage on the cerebral prefrontal cortex (PFC) region activation and the changes in cognitive performance.MethodsA total of 18 men participated in this study. Near‐infrared spectroscopy was used to acquire data on the cerebral hemoglobin concentrations. Cognitive function was determined using the Stroop cognitive test performed with and without intra‐oral gingival massage stimulus.ResultsParticipants who performed intra‐oral gingival massage showed significantly increased blood flow in the cerebral PFC region, including the left dorsolateral PFC (DL‐PFC) region, compared with those who mimicked the movements of the gingival massage (control group) (p = 0.0104 by Wilcoxon signed rank method). Furthermore, gingival massage showed a significant association with increased cognitive performance (p < 0.0001 by Wilcoxon signed rank method) that coincided with the enhanced left DL‐PFC region activation (p = 0.039 by Fisher's exact probability test).ConclusionIntra‐oral gingival massage activated the cerebral PFC regions correlating with enhanced cognitive performance, suggesting that gingival massage may help improve cognitive performance.

Oral hygiene practices in the pandemic- Evidence-based discussion of 8 common issues.

Oral hygiene practices in the pandemic- Evidence-based discussion of 8 common issues.

Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding periodontal health in patients visiting a dental teaching hospital

Background: Periodontal diseases, despite being preventable have an increasing prevalence worldwide. Mechanical plaque control methods are most effective to prevent and control these diseases. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding periodontal health among patients visiting department of Periodontics, Kantipur Dental College and Hospital. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted by administrating pretested questionnaire to 384 patients in Kantipur Dental College and Hospital from Sep 2020 to Aug 2021. The study was conducted for one year after taking ethical clearance. All the patients who first visited the department of Periodontics were requested to participate by convenience sampling method. Statistical analysis was done to correlate among knowledge, attitude, and practices. Results: Positive attitude and practices towards dental floss 165 (43%), tongue cleaning 273 (71.1%), replacing tooth brush 268 (69.8%), and regular dental visits 202 (52.6%) was demonstrated. There was lack of knowledge on interdental brushes 79 (20.52%), probiotics 52 (13.5%), gingival massage, and their use to improve periodontal health 17 (4.4%). Conclusion: The majority of the respondents had good oral hygiene practices with favourable knowledge and attitude with respect to periodontal health and its measure to control the disease. Various preventive programs must be conducted regularly to brush up their knowledge. Further improvements should be focused on knowledge and attitude which can increase and improve the practice of oral health.

Effect of physical stimulation (gingival massage) on age-related changes in gingival microcirculation.

The decline in circulatory function with aging may be alleviated by a combination of gingival massage (physical stimulation) and mechanical cleaning. Several studies have reported the systemic effect of physical stimulation on various parts of the body, including its therapeutic effect on pain in the neck and shoulders that becomes evident with age, and improvement in blood circulation. In contrast, few studies have reported on the changes in gingival microcirculation induced by gingival massage, while no previous study has evaluated the effect of gingival microcirculation on age-related changes in the hemodynamics of the oral cavity. This study aimed to investigate how gingival massage affects age-related changes in gingival microcirculation. Male Wistar rats (7-week, 6-month and 1-year old) were prepared for a gingival massage group and a control group. Mechanical stimulation was applied on the maxillary molar gingiva for 5 seconds twice a week for 4 weeks. Subsequently, gingival reactive hyperemia was measured using a laser Doppler flowmeter. In addition, morphological analyses were also performed by hematoxylin and eosin and Indian ink staining and a vascular resin cast model. Base Flow, maximum response (Peak), and time required for the maximum response to halve (T1/2) were reduced in 1-year-old rats compared with the other age groups. In the mechanical stimulated group, T1/2 was increased in 7-week, 6-month, and 1-year-old rats, and total blood flow (Mass) was increased in 6-month and 1-year-old rats. In addition, clear blood vessel networks and loop-like revascularization were only observed in the mechanical stimulated group. Changes in age-related decline in gingival microcirculatory function and vascular construction were reported in this study, and the results suggested that gingival massage activates both the functional and morphological aspects of gingival microcirculation and may be effective for maintaining oral health.

Evaluation of clinical effificacy of Terminalia chebula inplaque-induced gingivitis: A randomized control trial

Introduction: Plaque control is fundamental to the prevention and management of periodontal diseases. However, most of the individuals do not practice plaque removal in an adequate manner. Hence, there is a need for an antiplaque agent that can be used on a daily basis without the side effects of antibacterial chemicals. The aim of the study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Terminalia chebula in patients with chronic gingivitis. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients, 18–40 years of age, diagnosed with chronic generalized gingivitis were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Group I underwent oral prophylaxis alone whereas Group II underwent oral prophylaxis and advised to do gingival massage by T. chebula powder. Clinical evaluation was done using plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) at baseline and after 1 month. Results: Gingival massage with T. chebula powder showed a significant reduction in PI, GI, and GBI scores from baseline to 1 month. Conclusion: T. chebula powder is a useful herbal formulation for plaque control in patients with chronic gingivitis.

Longitudinal study of symptoms associated with teething: Prevalence and mothers’ practices

BackgroundThe results of the study support the view that teething is not associated with severe general symptoms. They present factors influencing their perception by mothers and methods to solve teething problems. AimThe aim was to identify the teething symptoms and factors influencing their prevalence and the mothers’ perception of teething and ways of solving them. MethodsA study was conducted among children aged 5–36 months and their mothers in Warsaw. It included questionnaire data (socio-demographic data, those related to nursing care, the baby's general condition, teething symptoms) and childrens’ clinical examination. ResultsOf 630 children included in the study (the mean age: 21.84±8.28 months) teething problems were reported in 79.7% of the patients: excessive salivation, swollen and reddened gum, an increased temperature and nervousness, anorexia, diarrhoea, cold-like symptoms, insertion of fingers/objects into the mouth. Teething problems were mildly associated with socio-demographic factors, birth weight and season of birth. Mothers used teething rings (66.8%), topical gels (63.3%), gingival massage (45.7%), comforting bottles (2.7%). In 16.8% of patients tooth brushing was started since the eruption of the first tooth. The choice of methods was influenced by the type of observed symptoms, education and maternal smoking habits. Pediatricians were the main source of knowledge. ConclusionThe general teething symptoms are associated with gingival swelling. The results demonstrate an overuse local remedies and negative impact of maternal smoking and lower level of education upon the solution problems. The hygienic neglect and feeding with a bottle indicates the significance of education.

Dental findings and management in a child with hypomelanosis of Ito

Abstract Hypomelanosis of Ito (HI) is a rare neuroectodermal disorder characterized by hypopigmented whorls of skin along the Blaschko lines. Mental retardation and intractable epilepsy are also commonly observed in HI. However, there are only a few published reports describing dental observations in HI patients. Here, we report the oral management and novel dental findings of a male HI patient aged 3 years and 10 months. The chief complaint was spontaneous gingival bleeding due to gingival hyperplasia induced by anticonvulsants, which was improved with plaque control and gingival massage. Numerous additional dental abnormalities were also evident, including enamel hypoplasia and large pulpal chambers.

Infant Teething Information on the World Wide Web: Taking a Byte Out of the Search

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate the quality of infant teething information on selected popular parenting Web sites. MethodsTwo checklists were used to evaluate the quality of the 16 parenting sites and infant teething-specific content included on each site. FindingsThree of the 16 parenting sites did not contain teething-specific articles. Teething-specific content found on 13 of the 16 sites supported a connection between the process of teething and nonspecific symptoms with a perception that management is required. Popular management strategies included chewing on chilled objects, gingival massage, and the use of over-the-counter medications. Information about possible adverse effects of administering medications for infant teething was not found on the majority of sites. Eleven of the 16 sites advised parents to contact their primary care provider if they were uncertain about management for infant teething or whether the symptoms were related to illness. ImplicationsAlthough infant teething has an evidence base from which parents and professionals can make safe decisions about symptoms and treatment, translating the evidence into professional practice and health-related information on the Internet remains a challenge. Parents and pediatric health providers would benefit greatly from the development of clinical practice guidelines summarizing our present-day understanding of teething symptoms and the limited evidence supporting the use of over-the-counter medications.

The Effects of an Essential Oil Mouthrinse on Oral Health in the Community Indwelling Elderly

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an essential oil mouthrinse with gingival massage on oral health in community indwelling elderly. The subjects were composed of 61 healthy elderly at a Senior Welfare Center in J city. Thirty subjects in the experimental group were given toothbrushing education ongingival massage toothbrushing with an essential oil mouthrinse for 2 weeks(4 times per day, 3 minutes per session). The 31 subjects in the control group were given toothbrushing education ongingival massage toothbrushing. The effects of the treatment were measured by salivary pH, salivary IgA level, halitosis, oral subjective symptoms, and oral self care behavior scores before, right after and 2 weeks after the experiment. Salivary pH was significantly increased(p=0.018) in the experimental group. Salivary IgA levels were not significantly different between the experimental and control groups; however, IgA levels of the experimental group were significantly increased(p=0.006) after time had passed. Halitosis was significantly decreased(p=0.002) in the experimental group. Oral subjective symptom scores were significantly decreased(p=0.000) and oral self care behavior scores were significantly increased(p=0.000) in the experimental group. Regular gingival massage toothbrushing with an essential oil mouthrinse could be an effective oral health nursing intervention for the elderly.

Clinical Effect of “CA-1” Gingival Massage Agent on Gingivitis in 6-14-year-old children in Japan

Clinical Effect of “CA-1” Gingival Massage Agent on Gingivitis in 6-14-year-old children in Japan

Why Pick on Teeth?

In the evolution of oral hygiene practices, the toothpick is the progenitor device. Although modern variations are used interdentally, with the current emphasis on plaque control rather than gingival massage and stimulation, the toothpick has been largely superseded by floss, interproximal brushes, and other supplementary aids. The natural hard bristle toothbrush and vigorous scrub brushing popular a generation ago have been replaced by soft bristle nylon brushes and gentler, more defined brushing procedures for plaque removal in the crevicular areas. Quantitative studies support the superiority of the current techniques in maintaining periodontal health with less trauma to the oral tissues.

The Role of Toothbrushing in the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Disease: Personal Experience of Both Clinical and Experimental Observation for More than Thirty Years

There have been dramatic developments in the theory and therapy of periodontal disease in the last few decades. This paper focuses on the role of toothbrushing in the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease, based on the author's personal experience gained from both clinical and experimental observations for more than 30 years. Even in the recent past, periodontal disease was considered to be untreatable because of various misconceptions regarding its etiology. Attention was concentrated mainly on systemic factors. As a result, periodontallyinvolved teeth were extracted mostly due to lack of technical know-how. The author devoted his primary investigative efforts to systemic factors and found that those were only minimally significant. Later, after using wild and captive monkeys to make extensive experimental studies on local factors, he was convinced that food habit (hard, fibrous, or soft) contributes directly to the etiology of periodontal disease which is restricted in the oral environment itself. Today it is well-established that accumulation of bacterial plaque on the tooth surface is the most important single factor responsible for periodontal disease, and systemic influence can merely modify the condition. Therefore, the accumulated plaque should be mechanically removed by toothbrushing. The essence of mechanical toothbrushing is not only to remove the plaque but also to compensate for the mechanical stimulation of the gingiva (gingival massage), which is lacking with modern soft food. This lecture reviews the effect of methodical toothbrushing obtained from both clinical and experimental studies in animals.

Clinical and histometric analysis of effect of toothbrushing on experimental gingivitis in monkeys (author's transl)

The effect of toothbrushing may be consist of plaque removal and gingival massage. However, analytical study of these two factors has not been demonstrated yet. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effect of toothbrushing on experimental gingivitis, and to make clear the influence of plaque removal and/or gingival massage.Four monkeys (Macacca irus) were used, and to establish gingivitis they were fed soft diet during 8 months of preparatory period. An experimental period of 28 days, each monkey's mouth was separated in following four quadrants; 1) Toothbrushing (plaque removal plus gingival massage) 2) Plaque removal 3) Gingival massage 4) Control (no treatment). During 28 days, clinical examinations were repeated and biopsies were sampled on day 4, 7, 14 and 28. The biopsy material was subjected to histometric analysis.The results showed that:1) During experimental period, Gingival Index and pocket depth decreased gradually in all treated quadrants, except for control. However, the improvement of gingivitis was most remarkable in toothbrushing quadrant.2) Gingival shrinkage occurred in toothbrushing and gingival massage quadrant.3) The percentage-area of infiltrated connective tissue, and the number of inflammatoly cells within the connective tissue decreased gradually in all treated quadrants.However, these two parameters showed most marked decrease in toothbrushing quadrant.4) The number of leucocytes within the sulcular epithelium decreased rapidly in all treated quadrants.5) Collagen density increased gradually in all treated quadrants with decrease of inflammatory cells.The present experiment demonstrated that a gingival inflammation may be improved by gingival massage alone (without plaque removal). It seemed that the effect of toothbrushing on gingivitis results from both plaque removal and gingival stimulation (massage) with toothbrush.

サルの歯肉炎に対するブラッシングの効果について

It has been well recognized that tooth brushing has an important role to prevent and treat gingivitis and periodontitis. Clinically, the effect of tooth brushing for gingival inflammation may be classified into the following two elements, one is plaque control and another gingival massage. However, it has never been experimentally demonstrated.The purpose of this study is to make clear the effect of plaque control and gigival massage in an experimental animal.An adult female monkey, Macacca irus, was used for this study. Its mouth was divided into four quadrants; upper right quadrant for a gingival massage, upper left for a plaque control, lower right for a control, and lower left for a brushing.To cause chronic gingivitis, this monkey had been fed with soft food for four months as a preliminary period. In order to make each study at a corresponding quadrant independently, the following precise plastic covers were used whenever tooth brushing was carried out. One is a gingival cover for plaque control quadrant and another is a coronal cover for gingival massage quadrant.During the experimenpal period of 38 days, tooth brushing was done carefully for each quadrant for one minute and once per every day. Gingival index, plaque score, gingival exudate, pocket depth were measured reqularily and gingival biopsy specimens were taken before and after the experimental period.The results of this study were as follows:1. Inflammation of the gingiva in the control quadrant showed the worst about all examinations.2. The brushing quadrant showed most rapid improvement.3. Inflammation of gingiva in gingival massage quadrant was improved clearly, especially on gingival contour, consistency, pocket depths and gingival inflammation was apparent at the plaque control quadrant, but not so definite as at brushing quadrant.5. It was considered that the reduction of pocket depths is due to the effect of gingival massage.6. Tooth brushing, with the combined effect of plaque control and gingival massage, showed the maximum effect.

歯ブラシの歯肉マッサージ効果に関する実験的研究(第 1 報)

The purpose of this study was to prove the relationship between gingival massage with a toothbrush and increased protection of gingiva. Fifteen clinical students with a healthy gingiva participated in this study. The maxillary left incisors, canines and labial marginal gingiva were decided as the experimental side and the right side as the control. The participants stopped their oral hygiene during the experiment, but an examiner performed gingival massage twice every day. At the gingival massage, the examined teeth were covered with a vinyl chloride plate in order not to remove the plaque. The schedule of this study was as follows : 1. Preliminary period. (20 days, scaling, brushing and flossing once every day) 2. Experiment period. (30 days ; gingiva of the experimental side was stimulated with a toothbrush twice every day) Plaque score was evaluated according to the P.I. (Loe & Silness) every fourth day and gingival condition was evaluated according to G.I. (Loe & Silness) every second day by the examiner. Also gingival exudate was scored on 0, 14th, 22nd and 30th day and gingival pocket depth was scored on 0, 14th and 30th day. During the experiment, there was no significant difference between the P.I. of the experimental and control sides, but gingival inflammation of the experimental side developed more mildly and slowly than that of the control side.

歯周病に対するヒノキチオール含有の歯肉マッサージ剤『パラデントエース』の臨床成績

Although there are employed various types of systemic and local treatment for the periodontal diseases. both aftercare and home-care treatment methods are encouragep here as important means for the prevention of a reoccurrence as well as the enhancement of treatment effect.As a gingival massage agent contoining 0.1% Hinokitiol, “Paradent Ace” is generally used for the purpose of a homecare medicel agent. The present study is concerned with its clinical effects on 2 groups of the patients suffering from different degree of the periodontal diseases as follows.The group A consisted of 25 male and female subjects of gingivitis simplex, gingivitis gravidarum or hyperplastic gingivitis and 25 subjects of periodontitis marginalia (P1, P2, P3).Of the total of 50, these were classified as highly effective (5 with 10%), effective (22 with 44%), slightly effective (16 with 32%) and unidentified effectiveness (7 with 14%).With the group A, the following points were particularly noteworthy.1. The application of this gingival massage agent was quite effective for cases in which the inflammatory symptoms of bleeding and pus discharge, and halitosis were present.2. The looseness of teeth, dispppearance of gingival pockets and change in the gingival coloration were improved according to the amelioration of the above-mentioned symptoms.3. The degree of oral cleanliness was not influenced by this gingival massage agent. With the cases in which oral cleanliness was improved, causes should be sought in the proper use of tooth-brush and mechanical stimulation exerted by the fingertip when applying massage to the gingiva.The group B comprising 10 male and femall subjects of gingivitis simplex and hyperplastic gingivitis and 16 subjects of peniopontal marginelis (P1, P2, P3) were used for the comparison of Munsell color indices before anp after the application of “Paradent Ace” agent.The following finings were obtained from this comparative examination.1. With the cases of gingivitis, the hue was improved around the center of 5 R while the value was improved around 5.5. Although the distribution range was improved respectively, no clearly established change was recognized in the chroma.2. With the cases of periodontitis marginalis, on the other hand, the hue moved from the center of R in the direction of 4 R and showed a wider range of distribution. There was no appreciable change in the value and chroma.In other words, the hue was only improved with the cases of periodontitis marginalis.On the strength of findings from the groups A and B summarized above, it is to be concluded that the present giugival massage agent, “Paradent Ace”, is clinical effective on the ground that it acts eneficially to prevent the incidence and reoccurrence of periodontal diseases and promotes their treatment.

Wood Applicators as a Factor in Gingival Massage

Wood Applicators as a Factor in Gingival Massage