Gingival Index Scores Research Articles

Combined Phase 1/2a Initial Clinical Safety Trials and Proof-of-Concept Assessment of a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide KSL-W Anti-Plaque Chewing Gum.

The effective control of dental plaque is crucial for oral health, given that pathogenic bacteria in plaque are the primary cause of dental caries. Current antimicrobial agents, although effective, disrupt the oral microbiome and lead to oral dysbiosis, hindering efforts to curb dental caries. Novel antimicrobial peptides offer a promising solution due to their selective bactericidal activity against cariogenic bacteria. This study explores the initial safety and efficacy of KSL-W formulated into chewing gum through a Phase 1 and 2a clinical trial. The combined trial, approved by the FDA, follows a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. Phase 1 assessed safety with single doses (2-100 mg), whereas Phase 2a explored both safety and proof of concept in reducing oral bacteria with multiple doses (4-75 mg). Besides adverse events (Phase 1), outcome measures included whole-mouth plaque and gingival index scores and bleeding on probing (Phase 2a). KSL-W demonstrated safety in both phases, with no severe adverse events. The proof-of-concept analysis revealed a decrease in plaque and gingival inflammation, particularly at doses ≥ 20 mg. The 30 mg dose appeared to yield optimal effects without any adverse reactions in subjects. Results from this study indicate that KSL-W is safe for use in humans and provides initial evidence of its potential efficacy in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation. Further research is essential to determine optimal usage and ultimate safety, and to assess its potential in diverse populations. The trial is registered with the FDA (Trial Registration Number: NCT01877421). The clinical trials were registered in the clinicaltrials.gov database under the title "Safety and Tolerability of Antiplaque Chewing Gum in a Gingivitis Population" and the identifier number is NCT01877421. The URL for accessing the study in clinicaltrials.gov is https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01877421?intr=Antiplaque%20chewing&rank=1.

Effectiveness of different types of toothbrushes on periodontal health in orthodontic patients with gingivitis: A randomized controlled study

BackgroundThe aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different toothbrushes in reducing gingival inflammation and dental biofilm removal in gingivitis patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.MethodsFollowing baseline clinical assessments, including the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein plaque index (TQHI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing pocket depth (PPD), all patients received nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Patients were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: conventional toothbrush (C-TB), orthodontic toothbrush (O-TB), or single-tufted toothbrush (ST-TB). Each group received tailored oral hygiene instructions based on their assigned toothbrush type. Clinical assessments were repeated and recorded in the first week, sixth week, and third month.ResultsThirty-six patients with a mean age of 23.14 ± 3.86 (18–32 years) participated in the study. All groups with twelve patients each demonstrated significant improvements in clinical parameters compared to baseline. In the sixth week, the O-TB and ST-TB groups showed significantly greater improvements in TQHI and BOP scores compared to the C-TB group (p < 0.05). By the third month, the ST-TB group maintained significantly lower TQHI and BOP scores, while the O-TB group’s scores became similar to those of the C-TB group. ST-TB and C-TB groups had significantly lower GI scores than the O-TB group in all time points. Although the effectiveness of ST-TB was significantly higher than that of other toothbrushes, all toothbrushes demonstrated lower efficacy in the posterior region.ConclusionsThe ST-TB was shown to be more effective in reducing gingival inflammation over three months, while it demonstrated similar efficacy to the O-TB in dental biofilm removal. Further research is necessary to substantiate these findings and to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in promoting periodontal tissue health in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.Trial registrationThis study was registered with the National Library of Medicine Clinical Trials Registry Platform on 19/07/2024 as NCT06510179.

Oxidative damage biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes in saliva of patients with peri-implant diseases

Objectives8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) are commonly used as markers to evaluate oxidative DNA and Lipid damage in disorders including chronic inflammatory diseases. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) protect tissues against oxidative injury from free oxygen radicals generated by various metabolic processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate 8-OHdG and MDA levels, and SOD and GPx activities in whole saliva of patients with peri-implant diseases.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on a sum of 60 age gender balanced; peri-implantitis (n = 20), peri-mucositis (n = 20) and healthy (n = 20) individuals. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected and to determine the clinical condition of each subject; the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), peri-implant probing pocket depth (PIPD), peri-implant presence of bleeding on probing (BOP) (with/without suppuration) and radiographic signs of crestal bone loss (BL) were measured. The salivary 8-OHdG level was measured using the ELISA method. SOD, GPx activities and MDA levels were determined spectrophotometrically.ResultsA total of 60 individuals had evaluations of 318 implants. In comparison to the peri-mucositis and peri-implantitis groups, the healthy group had significantly lower PI and GI scores (p < 0.001). The PIPD value differed amongst the groups, with the peri-implantitis group having the highest value (p < 0.001). Compared to the peri-mucositis and control groups, the peri-implantitis group had a significantly higher BL score (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The peri-implantitis group showed a significantly higher 8-OHdG level (p < 0.001; p < 0.001 respectively) than the peri-mucositis and control groups. Compared to the peri-mucositis and control groups, the peri-implantitis group had a significantly higher MDA level (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The peri-implantitis group had a significantly higher SOD level (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) in comparison to the peri-mucositis and control groups. There was no significant difference in GPx levels between the peri-mucositis and control groups (p > 0.05), while the peri-implantitis group had significantly lower GPx levels than the peri-mucositis and control groups (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsElevated levels of oxidative stress in saliva may indicate the onset of pathological bone loss surrounding the implant and may be an indication of peri-implantitis.Clinical relevanceIn peri-implant diseases, changes may occur in the levels of 8-OHdG, MDA, SOD and GPx in saliva, which may lead to a deterioration in the oxidant/antioxidant balance.

Daily Probiotic Ayran Intake Reduces Gingival Inflammation: An Experimental Gingivitis Study.

This study investigates the effects of daily consumption of a probiotic ayran drink on gingival inflammation and the development of experimental gingivitis. This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involved 54 volunteer students. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the control group received regular ayran for 42 days, while the test group received probiotic enriched ayran (including Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) for 42 days twice a day. After 42 days, mechanical plaque control was stopped for 5 days. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing bleeding (BOP), and probing depth (PPD) were measured at baseline, day 42, and day 47. At the same time, gingival crevicular fluid was taken for matrix metalloproteinase-8 examination. The mean scores of BOP, GI, PI, and MMP-8 levels increases in both groups following the 5-day experimental gingivitis period compared to baseline and day 42. Patients using probiotic ayran had significantly less PI, GI, BOP scores and MPP-8 values (p &#61; 0.002; p 0.001; p 0.001; p &#61; 0.001; p &#61; 0.001, respectively) at day 47 compared to the control group. No statistically significant differences in probing pocket depth (PPD) were observed at any time point. The present study suggests that daily consumption of a probiotic ayran drink containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum statistically significantly lowers clinical and immunological markers of gingival inflammation.

Impact of Xylitol chewing gum on levels of oral Streptococcus mutans. A systematic review

Objectives. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of xylitol in combating Streptococcus mutans, a key bacterium associated with dental caries. Methods. We performed a search across Scopus, Open Grey, PubMed, Science Direct, and EBSCO databases. After screening and excluding articles that did not meet our predefined inclusion criteria, we selected seven out of the eighty-nine initially identified articles. Data extraction was carried out in three stages: identification, screening, and assessment of eligibility. Results. Among the studies included in this review, six were randomized clinical trials, and one was a before-and-after comparison. Most of these studies indicate that xylitol chewing gum may effectively reduce S. mutans counts, potentially lowering the risk of dental caries. Conclusion. The reviewed studies show that xylitol chewing gum positively affects both the quality and quantity of S. mutans. It inhibits S. mutans adhesion to tooth surfaces, reduces the production of sticky substances, and alters the bacteria's morphology. Consequently, this leads to improvements in plaque index, gingival index, and DMFT scores.

Self-monitoring of Oral Health Using Smartphone Selfie Powered by Artificial Intelligence: Implications for Preventive Dentistry.

With the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in dentistry, it is feasible to self-monitor oral health using Oral Health AI Advisors (OHAI Advisors). This technological advancement offers the potential for early detection of oral diseases and facilitates early prevention. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of OHAI Advisors as a tool in preventive dentistry for the general population. Standardised searches were performed and screened across four electronic databases. The primary outcomes were changes in clinical and behavioural measures, and evidence was synthesised. The quality of the included studies was assessed. The initial search identified 1639 articles, 64 full texts were reviewed, and four studies were included in the analyses. Qualitative synthesis revealed that short-term use of OHAI Advisors, for up to 6 months, statistically significantly reduced plaque and gingival index scores. Combining OHAI Advisors with verbal counseling enhanced their effectiveness. No studies investigated effects on oral health awareness, behavioural changes, or adherence to regular practice. The risk of bias in the included studies was moderate to low. OHAI Advisors appear to be effective for short-term oral hygiene maintenance. Further research is necessary to determine the preventive capability, focusing on assessing long-term outcomes on oral health and any changes in oral health behaviour.

Oral Hygiene Improvements by a Novel Zinc Toothpaste—Results from a 6-Week Randomized Clinical Study amongst Community-Dwelling Adults

Objective: This clinical investigation evaluated oral health improvements after the use of a novel zinc toothpaste in comparison to a control after 3 weeks and 6 weeks of use. Clinical assessments of gingivitis, bleeding and dental plaque evaluated oral health. Methods: Healthy adults meeting the study criteria (plaque index scores ≥ 1.5 and gingival index scores ≥ 1.0) were randomized into a treatment group with 74 participants assigned to the test and 73 participants assigned to the control groups. With the assigned toothpaste, subjects were instructed to brush at home twice a day for one minute. Subjects were evaluated clinically for gingivitis, plaque and bleeding at the baseline, employing 3-week and 6-week examinations. Results: All one hundred and forty-seven (147) subjects completed the 6-week study with no significant differences between groups at baseline (p &gt; 0.05). The test demonstrated progressive improvements at the 3-week and 6-week evaluations as compared to the control (p &lt; 0.001). In comparison to the control, the test demonstrated reductions of 13.4%, 17.0% and 55.3% for gingivitis, dental plaque and gingival bleeding, respectively, at the final visit (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Clinical improvements in gingivitis, dental plaque and gingival bleeding were registered in the group assigned the test toothpaste as compared to the control. The test toothpaste demonstrated statistically significant and progressively improving gingivitis, dental plaque and gingival bleeding scores that were all statistically significant versus the control at each post-treatment assessment.

Effect of various active reminders via mobile phone on cooperation of orthodontic teenage patients regarding oral hygiene and ClassII elastics use : Athree-month follow-up prospective cohort study.

The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to assess the impact of reminders via mobile phone, such as text messages or video/multimedia images, on orthodontic patients' cooperation with regard to oral hygiene and the use of ClassII intermaxillary elastics. The study included 124 orthodontic patients aged 12-20years (mean age14.06 ± 2.0 years, 63females and 61males). The patients were divided into two groups: group1 (n = 56) was evaluated for oral hygiene, while group2 (n = 68) was evaluated for the use of ClassII intermaxillary elastics. Each main group was divided into three subgroups: text message group, video message group, and control group. Specific messages were sent to the participants in the study groups twice aweek for 12weeks. Data were collected at the beginning of the study (T0), after 6weeks (T1), and 12weeks (T2) and compared to determine the impact of the reminders. Oral hygiene was evaluated using plaque and gingival index scores, and the use of ClassII elastics was evaluated using digital model measurements. Between-subject comparisons were performed using Kruskal-Wallis or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For within-subject comparisons (T0-T1, T1-T2, and T0-T2 time intervals), one-way repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman test was performed. There was no significant difference between the control group (1.49 ± 0.22) and the message groups (video: 1.58 ± 0.34 and text: 1.51 ± 0.28) in terms of plaque index scores and gingival index (control: 1.56 ± 0.26, text: 1.51 ± 0.36, video: 1.52 ± 0.26) scores. However, in the intragroup comparison, it was observed that both plaque index scores and gingival index scores at T0, T1, and T2 increased for both the study and control groups. While there was no difference between the subgroups in overjet measurement at T0 (control: 3.46 ± 1.20, video: 3.34 ± 1.20, text: 2.73 ± 1.03; p = 0.51), there was asignificant difference at T2 (control: 2.62 ± 0.85, video: 2.32 ± 1.41, text: 1.48 ± 0.72, p < 0.01). Mobile active reminders had no effect on improving oral hygiene. Despite repeated reminders, hygiene worsened over time. The use of ClassII elastics seemed to have increased as aresult of the mobile reminders.

Efficacy of toothpaste containing Brazilian green propolis extracts with an optimal kaempferide/betuletol ratio for improving oral microbiota: A randomized, controlled, paired crossover study

Ethnopharmacological relevancePropolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources and has been used in traditional folk medicine for centuries. Propolis has various biological properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. The use of propolis in oral health care is attributable to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. However, limited evidence exists on the in vivo efficacy of propolis against periodontal pathogens. Aim of the studyWe aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Brazilian green propolis (BGP)-containing toothpaste for improving the oral environment and define its antibacterial compounds. Materials and methodsOverall, 48 student volunteers aged 18–40 years (24 females and 24 males) were randomly categorized into the BGP and placebo groups. The BGP and placebo groups received toothpaste with and without BGP, respectively. After a baseline assessment, the plaque index (PI) score, gingival index (GI) score, and proportion of periodontal pathogens on the tongue surface were analyzed at 0, 1, and 2 weeks. Antibacterial compounds were identified using liquid-liquid partitioning, high-performance liquid chromatography purification, and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. ResultsThe concentration of BGP in the toothpaste was set at 0.0347 w/v%. Compared with the placebo group, the BGP group demonstrated a reduction in the PI score (p < 0.05) but not in the GI score, as well as a reduction in Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)/Total bacteria (Tb), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn)/Tb, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa)/Tb (p < 0.05) but not in Streptococcus salivalius/Tb. Effect sizes for Pg, Fn and Aa were 0.360, 0.556, and 0.164, respectively. The antibacterial compounds of the BGP-containing toothpaste included a mixture of kaempferide/betuletol. ConclusionsWe confirmed the efficacy of propolis toothpaste with an optimal kaempferide/betuletol ratio for improving oral microbiota, thereby suggesting that BGP toothpaste is clinically useful in maintaining oral health and preventing periodontal disease.

Comparative Efficacy of Medium and Soft Toothbrushes in Plaque Removal and Gingivitis Control.

BACKGROUND Regularly removing dental plaque is key to good oral hygiene and gingival health promotion. This study aimed to compare the effects of using soft and medium toothbrushes using the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) index. MATERIAL AND METHODS A randomized parallel-group study design was used. Sixty-four participants were randomly assigned to 2 similar intervention groups (medium and soft toothbrush groups). The PI, GI, and BOP indexes were used. The median and median difference of PI, GI, and BOP were calculated. SPSS was used for data entry and analysis. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for data analysis. RESULTS The median scores of GI, PI, and BOP significantly decreased from 1.8, 1.7, and 2.0, respectively, before using medium toothbrushes to 0.0, 0.1, and 0.0, respectively, after using medium toothbrushes (all P<0.0001). Similarly, the median scores of GI, PI, and BOP significantly decreased from 2.0, 1.7, and 2.0, respectively, before using soft toothbrushes to 1.1, 0.9, and 1.0, respectively, after using soft toothbrushes (P<0.0001). The median differences in GI, PI, and BOP scores among those using medium toothbrushes were higher than the median differences among those using soft toothbrushes [(1.8 vs 0.9), (1.6 vs 0.8), and (2.0 vs 1.0), respectively]. These differences were statistically significant (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study concludes that medium and soft toothbrushes were effective in removing plaque and controlling gingivitis. Medium toothbrushes were more effective than soft toothbrushes in achieving these outcomes.

Comparative Evaluation of Polymethyl Methacrylate and Thermoforming Crowns as Semipermanent Crowns in Primary Molars: An In Vivo Study.

The present randomized clinical trial is aimed at evaluating clinical efficiency of two different types of esthetic crowns-polymethyl methacrylate crowns and vacuum formed thermoformed crown as an alternative to full-coverage coronal restoration for deciduous molars. A total of 45 primary molars in pediatric patients were selected using randomization and split into three groups based on the technique used for preparation of crowns: group I-polymethyl methacrylate crowns; group II-thermoformed crown; and group III-stainless steel crowns (SSC). All crowns were clinically and radiographically evaluated at baseline, 1st month, and 3rd month for gingival health, retention, marginal integrity, proximal contacts, occlusion, alignment, and staining. The data was tabulated and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23.0 software. The intergroup comparison was done by Kruskal-Wallis test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data. The intragroup comparison was done by Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for categorical data. All p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. With regard to the parameters of plaque score, gingival index score, occlusion, interproximal contacts, retention, alignment, and marginal adaptation, no statistical significance was noted between the three groups. However, with regard to the discoloration (staining) when the polymethyl methacrylate acrylic (PMMA) group was compared with thermoforming group, statistical significance was noted in 1st month with p-values of 0.04 and 0.03, respectively. On intragroup comparison, statistically significant values were obtained in SSC group for plaque score and thermoforming group for gingival index score. The study concluded that the PMMA and thermoforming crowns can be used as an alternative to SSC for restoring the primary molars as they showed equivalent results to that of standard SSC. Matha N, Kumar KS, Reddy BVT, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Polymethyl Methacrylate and Thermoforming Crowns as Semipermanent Crowns in Primary Molars: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(S-1):S43-S54.

Exploring the Implications of Cultural Dental Mutilation on Periodontal Health: A Study on Mentawai Women's Traditional Teeth Sharpening

Teeth sharpening is a part of the Mentawai tribe’s rich cultural legacy and is done by women upon reaching adulthood in Indonesia. However, it has been linked to negative impacts on oral health, particularly in the periodontal tissues. This paper studied the periodontal tissues of Mentawai women who have undergone teeth sharpening, considering potential specific implications. Employing a descriptive approach, this cross-sectional study was conducted across four villages in Mentawai Island, Indonesia. Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHIS) and the Gingival Index (GI) were used to assess the periodontal status of eight Mentawai women who had undergone teeth sharpening. The study revealed a notable absence of optimal periodontal tissue health among respondents with suboptimal oral hygiene practices (OHIS score 3.4) and considerable gingival inflammation (GI score 2.2). The presence of supragingival and infragingival calculus, alongside visible stains across the teeth of Mentawai women were due inadequate of oral health care behavior. In addition, the findings underscore the intricate interplay between cultural practices and gender-specific health outcomes. A deeper understanding of health behaviors, as influenced by culture, health beliefs, acculturation, and attitudes, is needed to formulate appropriate oral health promotion policies. A gender-informed perspective will encourage a broader dialogue about preserving cultural heritage as well as empowering the role of women in their family and community on oral health improvement. The implementation of this analysis would be developing the best strategy for modifying this custom in order to keep it while preserving oral health. Keywords: Cultural dental mutilation; Periodontal health; Mentawaians Women; Sharpening Teeth Tradition

Assessment of oral health status and quality of life in hearing-impaired children from Syria

AimThis study aimed to evaluate the oral health status of children with hearing impairments and assess the relationship between various oral health factors and the Pediatric Oral Health-Related Quality of Life.Materials and methodsThis observational cohort study involved 90 hearing-impaired children aged 6–12 years. Diagnostic tools such as pure-tone audiometry were used to evaluate their hearing abilities. Dental health was assessed by calculating DMFT, dmft, Plaque and Gingival indices. The oral health-related quality of life was measured using the POHRQoL.ResultsThe severity of hearing impairment varied with 3% having severe hearing loss, 13% having profound hearing loss, and 83% having complete hearing loss. A high prevalence of dental cavities with 93% of children affected was found. DMFT score was similar between males and females (2.5 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.3 respectively). Males exhibited a higher mean dmft score (4.1 ± 0.5 vs. 3.3 ± 0.5), and a higher mean Plaque Index (1.9 ± 0.1 vs. 1.5 ± 0.1). On the other hand, females showed a higher mean Gingival Index (0.9 ± 0.1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.2). Results indicated a decreased OHRQoL with a mean POQL score of 6.4 ± 2.89. Spearman’s test revealed a significant positive correlation between POQL total score and DMFT scores (P = 0.000), dmft scores (P = 0.000), Plaque Index scores (P = 0.000), and Gingival Index scores (P = 0.038). There was a weak positive correlation between hearing impairment severity and POQL total score, it was not statistically significant.ConclusionsChildren who have hearing impairments exhibit poor oral health, and levels of dental caries, which can negatively impact their overall POHRQoL. Therefore, it is highly recommended to start specialized oral health education and comprehensive dental care programs to improve their OHRQoL.

Exploring the Link Between Oral Health Factors and Hearing Impairments in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Hearing-impaired children may face challenges in communication, social interaction, academic performance, and emotional well-being, which can have a notable impact on their overall quality of life. Beyond these challenges, oral health can also be significantly impacted. The relationship between hearing impairment and dental diseases is an intriguing and interconnected aspect of overall well-being that merits attention and exploration. This study aimed to assess the relationship between various oral health factors and hearing impairments. Methodology This cross-sectional study involved 90 hearing-impaired children aged 6-12 years. To evaluate the children's hearing abilities, diagnostic tools such as pure-tone audiometry were employed. To measure dental health, the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) and decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth (dmft) indices, as well as plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were calculated. The chi‑square test was used to identify significant differences between genders. Spearman's test was used to determine the correlation between variables. Results The severity of hearing impairment varied, with 5.6% having severe hearing loss, 8.9% having profound hearing loss, and 85.6% having complete hearing loss. The mean DMFT score was 2.5 ± 1.86, with no significant difference observed between males and females. The mean dmft score was 4.2 ± 3.12, with no significant difference between genders. However, there was a difference in the PI scores between males and females. Males presented a higher PI score of 2.6 ± 0.09 compared to 1.8 ± 0.08 for females. The overall mean PI was 2.1 ± 0.80. The mean GI was 1.5 ± 0.90, and no significant difference was observed between males and females. Spearman's test identified a significant positive correlation between the severity of hearing impairment and both PI scores (p = 0.000) and GI scores (p = 0.000). Conversely, the severity of hearing impairment showed a weak positive correlation with both DMFT scores (p = 0.487) and dmft scores (p = 0.229), but these correlations were not statistically significant. Conclusions The connection between oral health and severe hearing impairment in children is significant and has potential implications. Pediatric healthcare providers, including dentists and audiologists, need to work collaboratively to monitor the oral and aural health of young patients.

Comparative Evaluation of Herbal Versus Non-herbal Dentifrice in Maintaining Oral Health of Young Adults.

Dental plaque may be attributed as a precursor to various oral health problems like dental caries, periodontal disease, halitosis, etc. With an ever-increasing awareness about the adverse effects of chemical formulations, emphasis is now being laid on the usage of herbal ingredients, as they are safer for long-term use in addition to their medicinal benefits. The present study aims to assess the anti-plaque and anti-inflammatory efficacy of herbal toothpaste compared to synthetic toothpaste among 20-40-year-old patients in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. In this study, 130 subjects aged between 20 and 40 years with poor oral hygiene status and signs of gingival inflammation corresponding with chronic marginal gingivitis were selected. Subjects in Group 1 were prescribed herbal toothpaste (KUDOS Ayurveda), whereas patients in Group 2 were administered non-herbal toothpaste. Clinical parameters of gingival health specifically gingival index (GI), patient hygiene performance (PHP), and approximate plaque index (API) were recorded at baseline, 14 days, 28 days, and 42 days. Chi-square test, student-independent t-test, and paired t-test were performed to find significant differences in various variables between the two groups at different follow-up visits. At the end of the study, a significant reduction in GI and API scores was obtained, along with increased PHP scores.The p-value was set at 0.05, and the power of the study was set at 0.95. There was a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in GI and API and an improvement in PHP scores at various time intervals in Group 1 as compared to Group 2. Conclusion: Regular application of herbal extract dentifrices for 42 days provided a significant reduction of dental plaque and improvement in overall gingival health without any adverse effects. This instilled motivation in the patients to uphold proper oral hygiene. Hence, herbal dentifrices could be prescribed as an adjunct to periodontal therapy in the maintenance phase.

Oral health status and oral health-related quality of life among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in the age group of 11-14 years in Delhi-NCR Region.

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of oral health status (OHS) and sociodemographic indicators on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) aged 11-14 years and compare it with age-matched nondiabetic children. This cross-sectional study included 80 children aged between 11 and 14 years with T1DM and 80 age-matched nondiabetic children. The OHRQoL was measured using a validated structured Hindi version of the child perception questionnaire (CPQ11-14) questionnaire. The clinical OHS was assessed using the decayed, missing, or filled teeth index, plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI). Associations between OHRQoL and independent predictors were analyzed with the log-linear Poisson model regression method. CPQ11-14 scores were significantly lower in nondiabetic children than diabetic children, indicating better OHRQoL among nondiabetic children than diabetic children (P ≤ 0.05). The GI score exhibited a significantly lower value in nondiabetic children than in diabetic children (P = 0.014). In contrast, the mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth score showed a significantly higher value in nondiabetic children than in diabetic children (P ≤ 0.001). There was no difference in the mean PI of diabetic and nondiabetic children (P = 0.096). The result of the present study highlighted the detrimental effect of T1DM on OHRQoL in children.

Application of Cefaclor in Orthodontics through Micro-Implant Anchorage in Patients with Periodontitis.

Chronic periodontitis leads to gingival swelling, hyperplasia, and tooth mobility, which affects orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of cefaclor in orthodontics through micro-implant anchorage in patients with periodontitis. A retrospective study was conducted on patients with periodontitis who received micro-implant anchorage treatment in the department of orthodontics at the First People's Hospital of Yongkang City from July 2019 to January 2022. According to different treatment regimens, these patients were divided into the test group (patients receiving cefaclor and micro-implant anchorage treatment) and the control group (patients receiving micro-implant anchorage treatment only). The plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), and serum inflammatory factor levels were compared between the two groups after treatment. One hundred and five patients were included in the study, (44 males and 61 females, median age 21 [15-25] years), 51 in the cefaclor group and 54 in the no cefaclor group. After treatment, the PLI, GI, and SBI scores in the two groups were higher than those before treatment, and the levels of serum inflammatory markers significantly increased (p < 0.05). After treatment, the PLI, GI, and SBI scores in the test group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.001). The levels of serum interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly lower in the test group, and the interleukin-2 level was higher in the test group (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups (p > 0.05). Cefaclor and micro-implant anchorage have a good clinical effect on orthodontics in patients with periodontitis, improving periodontal health and reducing inflammatory response.

Post-treatment stability, survival time and periodontal health associated with vacuum-formed, bonded and rapid prototype retainers: A prospective clinical study

Background: New technologies have paved the way for newer fabrication techniques, such as rapid prototyping, which has gained popularity in the fabrication of several orthodontic appliances including retainers. Aim: To evaluate the stability, survival time and periodontal health associated with vacuum-formed retainers (VFRs), bonded retainers (BRs) and rapid prototype retainers (RPRs) over a period of 12 months in retention. Study design: Prospective clinical study. Methods: A total of 72 participants completing fixed orthodontic treatment were allocated to the following three groups by the investigators based upon their initial malocclusion, compliant and preferences: VFR; BR; and RPR. The primary outcome was Little’s Irregularity Index (LII). Other stability parameters, including arch length (AL), inter-canine width (ICW) and inter-molar width (IMW), were also assessed immediately after debonding (T0) and 12 months (T2) after debonding. In addition, survival time, and calculus index and gingival index (GI) were assessed. Results: LII showed a significant difference ( P = 0.00) between the groups and was increased in the VFR group (0.18 ± 0.22 mm) compared to the BR (0.03 ± 0.05 mm) and RPR (0.01 ± 0.03 mm) groups but was not clinically significant. The mean survival time of maxillary retainers was longest for the RPR group (220.63 days; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 194.1–247.16) but there was no significant difference between the three groups ( P = 0.43). The mean survival time of mandibular retainers was higher and the same for the VFR and RPR groups (240 days; 95% CI = 240–240) and there was no significant difference between the three groups ( P = 0.38). The calculus index score ( P = 0.00) was statistically significant between the groups, with an increased score for the BR group (0.33 ± 0.27) compared to the VFR (0.07 ± 0.16) and RPR (0.13 ± 0.22) groups. Similarly, the GI score ( P = 0.02) was statistically significant between the groups and was increased in the BR group (0.01 ± 0.19) compared to the VFR (−0.15 ± 0.18) and RPR (−0.06 ± 0.15) groups. The increase in calculus index and GI scores for the BR group were not clinically significant. Conclusion: There were no clinically significant differences between the three retainer groups in terms of stability, periodontal health and time to failure.

Effectiveness of Microneedling Technique Using Olive Oil on the Severity of Gingival Inflammation and Plaque Accumulation: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Gingival inflammation, a hallmark of periodontal diseases, serves as a critical focus in oral health research. Characterized by redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gingival tissues, it reflects the body's response to bacterial biofilms accumulating on the tooth surfaces. This inflammatory process, initiated by the interaction between oral bacteria and the host immune system, can lead to a spectrum of periodontal conditions ranging from mild gingivitis to severe periodontitis. Understanding the efficacy of various methods to treat gingival inflammation is essential for refining treatment strategies and enhancing patient satisfaction in the realm of gingival inflammation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of employing the microneedling technique with olive oil on gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation in individuals with gingivitis. Materials and methods:Twenty-four individuals diagnosed with plaque-induced gingivitis were selected from Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group A, comprising 12 individuals who received mechanical periodontal treatment only andGroup B, consisting of 12 individuals treated with dermapen and topical olive oil. This involved the creation of microholes in the gingival tissue to enhance the concentration and penetration of the oils through the gingival tissues. Post-intervention assessments of gingival and plaque status were conducted using a gingival index and a plaque index at baseline, one, two, and four weeks. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Intergroup analysis was done using Mann-Whitney test and intra-group analysis was done using Kruskal-Wallis test for all the study parameters.Statistical significance was set at a p-value of less than 0.05. The mean plaque index scores were 2.02 ± 0.12 and 2.29 ± 0.21 in the subgingival scaling and microneedling with olive oil group respectively in baseline. The scores were 1.83 ± 0.29 and 0.57 ± 0.16in the subgingival scaling and microneedling with olive oil group respectively at the end of four weeks. The results of plaque index scores were statistically significant between the control and the intervened groups at the end of four weeks with a p value of 0.01*. The mean gingival index scores were 2.09 ± 0.16 and 2.37 ± 0.17 in the subgingival scaling and microneedling with olive oil group in the baseline respectively. The scores were 1.88 ± 0.23 and 0.96 ± 0.21 in the subgingival scaling and microneedling with olive oil group respectively at the end of four weeks. The results of gingival index scores were statistically significant between the control and the intervened groups at the end of four weeks with a p value of 0.01*. Our research showcased a novel and effective technique, unveiling a significant enhancement in gingival health accompanied by a reduction in both the average gingival index and plaque index.

Impact of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus on the Oral Health of Children –A Review

Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a metabolic disorder occurring when there is decreased production of insulin hormone or if there is poor body response to it. Type 1 DM is most common in children and adolescents and has a strong impact on their lifestyle. Conflicting evidence is available in the scientific literature on caries prevalence in children with diabetes and healthy children. Many studies have also reported higher plaque accumulation with greater gingival index scores in children with diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus plays a very noteworthy role in oral complications and therefore it becomes important for health practitioners to take good care of these children’s general and oral hygiene.