Gingival Crevicular Fluid Total Oxidant Status Research Articles

THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS AND OBESITY ON TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT/OXIDANT STATUS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS INDEX.

Both obesity and periodontal diseases are significant diseases that affect the quality of life. Recent studies have focused on the relationship between obesity and periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to determine the pathophysiological relationship between obesity and periodontal disease by evaluating the clinical periodontal parameters and oxidative status. The study included 80 individuals divided into four groups including 20 individuals in each group as following; periodontally healthy patients with normal weight, (NH), patients with chronic periodontitis and normal weight (NCP), periodontally healthy patients with obesity (OH) and patients with chronic periodontitis and obesity (OCP). Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded, and serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were obtained. Local and systemic levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) were assessed biochemically. No statistically significant difference was found among the groups regarding TAS, TOS and OSI values in serum and saliva samples (p>0.05). GCF-TAS values in NH group were statistically significantly higher compared with other groups (p<0,05) . GCF TOS values increased in obese groups (OH, OCP) compared with non-obese groups (NH, NCP) (p<0.05). Our results suggest that obesity and chronic periodontitis do not effect oxidant/antioxidant levels in serum and saliva. Many factors such as daily living conditions of the individual, stress and nutritional habits TAS and TOS levels of the individual may affect oxidative stress parameters. However, these factors could not be standardized in the study.

Effect of periodontitis on oxidative stress parameters in patients with rheumatic heart valve disease

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of periodontitis on oxidative stress parameters by investigating serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) values in patients with rheumatic heart valve disease (RHVD). Materials and methodsThe study population comprised 76 patients, who were divided into four groups: chronic periodontitis with RVHD (RV-CP), periodontally healthy with RVHD (RV-C), systemically healthy with chronic periodontitis (CP), and systemically and periodontally healthy (C). Demographic, periodontal, and echocardiographic parameters were measured. Serum and GCF oxidative stress parameters were evaluated based on the OSI. ResultsSimilar serum oxidative stress parameters were found in all study groups (P ≥ 0.05). The GCF TAOC values of the C group were significantly higher than those of the other groups (P = 0.001). The GCF OSI values of the C group were significantly lower than those of the other groups (P = 0.001). The GCF TOS and OSI values of the RV-CP group were significantly higher than those of the CP and C groups (P = 0.001). The GCF TOS value of the RV-C group was significantly higher than those of the CP and C groups (P = 0.001). ConclusionsAltered local oxidative stress profile was associated with the presence of periodontitis. Rheumatic heart valve disease may increase oxidative stress in individuals with chronic periodontitis.

Oxidative stress, neutrophil elastase and IGFBP7 levels in patients with oropharyngeal cancer and chronic periodontitis.

The present study focused on investigating levels of oxidative stress, neutrophil elastase (NE), and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) in oropharyngeal cancers (OC) with the presence and absence of periodontitis. A healthy non-periodontitis group (H-NP; n=20), a systemically healthy chronic periodontitis group (H-P; n=20), a non-periodontitis group with OC (OC-NP; n=12), and a chronic periodontitis group with OC (OC-P; n=16) formed the study groups. The levels of NE and IGFBP7 were measured in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva. In addition, oxidative status was determined by evaluating total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and OSI (TOS/TAS). Gingival crevicular fluid NE was higher in all the groups compared with the H-NP group (p<.01). Salivary NE was higher in the OC-P and H-P groups compared with the H-NP and OC-NP groups (p<.05). Salivary IGFBP7 was significantly higher in the OC-NP and OC-P groups compared with the H-NP and H-P groups (p<.001). GCF TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher in all groups compared with the H-NP group (p<.05). Gingival crevicular fluid NE levels were lower in healthy conditions compared with periodontal disease and OC. Salivary NE levels were higher in periodontal disease compared to states with no periodontal disease. Salivary IGFBP7 levels were higher in OC. Further analyses may help determine whether high salivary IGFBP7 levels distinguish OC from healthy conditions.

Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid associated with chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers have been detected in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during chronic periodontitis (CP) progression; however, the relationship between OS biomarkers and CP progression remains elusive. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to investigate the relationship between local OS biomarkers and CP. This review was conducted through a systematic search from three databases. Studies on CP participants were included as an experimental group, and studies on periodontally healthy (PH) participants were included as a control. Mean effects were expressed as standardized mean difference with their associated 95% confidence intervals. From a total of 2,972 articles, 32 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We found a significant decrease of total antioxidant capacity and a significant increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide, total oxidant status (TOS), and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine levels in the saliva of CP patients. Moreover, we also found an elevation of MDA level in GCF of CP group when compared with the PH group. There were no significant differences of salivary and GCF superoxide dismutase levels, salivary glutathione peroxidase level, and GCF TOS level between two groups. However, a high heterogeneity was observed among evaluated studies. Despite the limitations of this study, the result of our meta-analysis supported the rationale that there was a direct link between CP and OS-related biomarkers' levels in the local site, indicating the important role of OS in the onset and development of CP.

Metabolic control and periodontal treatment decreases elevated oxidative stress in the early phases of type 1 diabetes onset

ObjectiveRecently, increasing concern has been focused on the contribution of oxidative stress in the pathology of periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Firstly, the present study aimed to analyze gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), salivary, and serum oxidative status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) at diagnosis and systemically healthy children with and without gingivitis. Additionally, the diabetic patients were reevaluated after diabetes and periodontal treatment. DesignThe study groups were composed of 32 T1DM patients at diagnosis, and age- and gender-matched thirty-six systemically healthy children with (G) and without (H) gingivitis. The diabetic patients who took insulin therapy (1.5 units/kg/day totally) and periodontal treatment (oral hygiene education with professional scaling) were reevaluated after 3 months. The levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were recorded. ResultsGCF, salivary, and serum OSI were elevated in group T1DM compared to the other groups at baseline (p<0.05), and decreased in group T1DM at reevaluation compared to baseline (p<0.05). GCF OSI was positively correlated with periodontal clinical parameters (p<0.05). Glycated hemoglobin was positively correlated with GCF TOS (r=0.302, p=0.007), GCF OSI (r=0.346, p=0.002), salivary TOS (r=0.326, p=0.046), and serum TOS (r=0.239, p=0.044). ConclusionThe instability in the oxidative status that accompanies diabetes may be considered a significant pathogenic factor of diabetes-related periodontal inflammation.

Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Plasma Levels of Transglutaminase-2 and Oxidative Stress Markers in Cyclosporin A-Induced Gingival Overgrowth.

Transglutaminase (TGM)-2 has been shown to contribute to fibrosis by extracellular matrix accumulation in some organs and is activated by intracellular reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study is to investigate levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma TGM-2 and oxidative stress markers (OSMs) in cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth (GO). The study enrolled 20 healthy (H) individuals; 20 patients with gingivitis (G); 20 CsA-medicated patients with GO (CsA GO+); and 20 CsA-medicated patients without GO (CsA GO-). GCF and plasma levels of TGM-2 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spectrofluorometry was used to analyze thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS); ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); total oxidant status (TOS); and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). GCF TGM-2 level was elevated in CsA GO+ compared with G (P = 0.048) and H (P = 0.001) groups. GCF TBARS level was elevated in CsA GO+ compared with other groups (CsA GO- group: P = 0.003; G group: P <0.001; and H group: P <0.001) and was higher in CsA GO- than in H (P = 0.048). GCF FRAP level was lower in CsA GO- than in H (P = 0.04). Both CsA GO+ and CsA GO- groups had lower GCF TOS levels than H (P <0.001 and P = 0.002) and G (P = 0.003 and P = 0.04). GCF TAC was higher in CsA GO+ than in H (P = 0.02). Plasma TGM-2 level was elevated in CsA GO+ compared with G (P = 0.048) and H (P = 0.002). Plasma FRAP level was higher in H and CsA GO- than in CsA GO+ (P = 0.008 and P = 0.02). CsA use significantly alters GCF and plasma levels of TGM-2 and OSMs. TGM-2 may contribute to CsA-induced GO in CsA-treated patients by changing GCF and plasma levels of OSMs. Further studies are needed to prove causality and its direction.

Total Oxidant Status and Bone Resorption Biomarkers in Serum and Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients With Periodontitis

In this study, the relationships between total oxidant status (TOS) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels and RANKL/OPG ratios in serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) are investigated in patients with chronic (CP) and generalized aggressive (GAgP) periodontitis. Thirty patients with CP, 30 patients with GAgP, and 28 periodontally healthy controls were included in the study. After clinical measurements and samplings, serum and GCF TOS, RANKL, and OPG levels were determined by a novel automatic colorimetric method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Serum and GCF TOS, RANKL, and RANKL/OPG values were higher in the periodontitis groups compared with controls, and they were also higher in the GAgP group than the CP group (except serum and GCF RANKL). Furthermore, serum and GCF OPG concentrations were lower in the periodontitis groups than in controls. Strong positive and negative correlations were observed between the periodontal parameters TOS and bone resorption biomarkers. The present results reveal that TOS, RANKL, and RANKL/OPG values are systemically and locally increased in periodontitis and that this increase is more evident in AgP than CP. These findings further suggest that oxidative stress is closely associated with the severity of periodontitis and bone resorption biomarkers.

The effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy on oxidant and anti-oxidant status in smokers with chronic periodontitis

AimThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum oxidant–antioxidant levels in smoking and non-smoking patients with chronic periodontitis. MethodsTwenty-nine patients with chronic periodontitis (15 smokers (CP-S) and 14 non-smokers (CP-NS)) and 20 periodontally healthy subjects (10 smokers (H-S) and 10 non-smokers (H-NS)) totalling 49 subjects were included in this study. GCF was collected from at least two pre-selected sites (one moderate and one deep pocket) in patients with CP. In the healthy group, GCF samples were collected from one site. Probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival and plaque indices, and bleeding on probing were measured. To determine serum total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS), venous blood was drawn from each subject. The GCF, serum sampling, and clinical measurements were recorded at baseline and 6 weeks after periodontal treatment. ResultsThe study showed statistically significant improvement of clinical parameters after periodontal treatment in both smokers and non-smokers. In the CP-S group, there were no significant differences in GCF TAS levels at both moderate and deep pocket sites between baseline and 6 weeks (p>0.05). GCF TAS levels in the CP-NS groups were significantly increased (p<0.05) at moderate and deep pocket sites between baseline and 6 weeks. GCF TOS levels in the CP-S groups were significantly decreased (p<0.05) at deep pocket sites between baseline and 6 weeks. There was no significant difference in serum TAS levels of the all periodontitis patient groups between at baseline and 6 weeks (p>0.05). Serum TOS levels in the CP-S and CP-NS groups were significantly decreased (p<0.05) after periodontal treatments. ConclusionsThe periodontal treatment improves the clinical parameters in both smokers and non-smokers. These results confirm that non-surgical periodontal therapy can reduce oxidative stress.

The Effects of Chronic Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis on Serum and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Total Antioxidant/Oxidant Status and Oxidative Stress Index

Chronic periodontitis (CP) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) appear to share many pathologic features. Oxygen metabolism has an important role in the pathogenesis of both CP and RA. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between these two chronic inflammatory diseases with regard to antioxidant and oxidant status. A total of 80 participants were divided into four groups of 20 each: group RA-CP (patients with RA and CP), group RA (periodontally healthy patients with RA), group CP (systemically healthy patients with CP), and group C (periodontally and systemically healthy volunteers) were included in the study. After assessment of periodontal measurements, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were taken at one incisor, premolar, and molar tooth and stored with serum samples at -80°C for the antioxidant/oxidant assay. Although all clinical measurements in groups RA-CP and CP were statistically higher compared to those of C and RA groups (P <0.001), there were no differences between CP and RA-CP groups (P >0.05). GCF total oxidant status (TOS) values of CP and RA-CP groups were higher than those of the RA group (P <0.05). GCF oxidative stress index (OSI) values of the RA-CP group were higher than those of the RA group (P <0.05). There were no differences among the groups in terms of serum TOS and OSI values (P >0.05). Local OSI values in groups with patients with CP were higher, whereas systemic OSI values showed no difference among the groups. The presence of RA seems not to affect local and systemic OSI values in patients with CP.

Lipid peroxidation levels and total oxidant status in serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic periodontitis

Increased levels of reactive oxygen species lead to oxidative stress. Recent data suggest increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and oxidative stress in periodontitis. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a significant LPO product, increases in oxidative stress. In this study, MDA levels and total oxidant status (TOS) in serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were investigated in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). Thirty-six CP patients and 28 periodontally healthy controls were included in the study. Following clinical measurements and samplings, MDA and TOS levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and a novel automatic colorimetric method, respectively. While the saliva and GCF MDA levels, and serum, saliva and GCF TOS values were significantly higher in the CP group than the control group (p<0.05), no significant difference in serum MDA levels was found (p>0.05). Strong positive correlations were observed between periodontal parameters and MDA and TOS levels (p<0.05). The results revealed that LPO significantly increased locally in the periodontal pocket/oral environment, while TOS displayed both systemic and local increases in periodontitis. The findings suggest that increased LPO and TOS may play an important role in the pathology of periodontitis, and are closely related to the clinical periodontal status.