Gingival Crevicular Fluid Interleukin-6 Levels Research Articles

CRP and IL-6 levels of Gingival Crevicular Fluid in stroke survivors: A pilot study

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among stroke survivors in relation to the oral hygiene status and stroke characteristics. Methods: A multi-centre cross-sectional study was conducted among hospitalised stroke survivors. Socio-demographic data were collected. Oral clinical assessment (dental plaque scores) and functional dependency levels scores were carried out. Gingival Crevicular Fluids were collected, using absorbent papers and analysed using ELISA kit. Descriptive statistic and correlation analyses were performed using proportion and Spearmen correlation coefficient test. Results: A total of 53 patients were recruited from five public hospitals. There was a significant correlation between CRP and IL-6 levels of GCF (P=0.021, r=0.21). A significant correlation was also observed between CRP levels in GCF with dental plaque scores and functional dependency levels. There was no statistically significant correlation found between IL-6 levels in GCF with dental plaque scores and functional dependency levels. Dental plaque scores were associated with high levels of CRP in GCF (P=0.014), and swallowing problem was associated with high levels of IL-6 in GCF (P=0.002). Conclusions: IL-6 levels in GCF were correlated with the levels of CRP in GCF. High CRP and IL-6 levels in GCF were significantly associated with dental plaque scores and swallowing condition (presence of dysphagia), respectively. Thus, this pilot study suggests that CRP level in the oral cavity respond to the oral health conditions and may not be a predictor factor of stroke outcomes. Further studies are warranted to compare the level of inflammatory biomarkers from the oral cavity and serum in relation to the stroke conditions and outcomes.

The role of visfatin levels in gingival crevicular fluid as a potential biomarker in the relationship between obesity and periodontal disease.

Objectives Visfatin is an adipokine that plays an important role in immune functions as a growth factor, enzyme, and pro-inflammatory mediator. We aimed to determine the levels of visfatin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in both obese/non-obese patients, with/without generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP).Methodology Patients were categorized as obese (O) (n=31) or non-obese (nO) (n=19). Groups were divided into four subgroups according to periodontal conditions: (1) periodontally healthy without obesity (nO-Ctrl); (2) GCP without obesity (nO-CP); (3) periodontally healthy with obesity (O-Ctrl); and (4) GCP with obesity (O-CP). Demographic variables, anthropometric and laboratory data were recorded. Periodontal parameters were measured at baseline and 3rd months after either non-surgical periodontal treatment or calorie -restricted diet therapy. At the same time, GCF samples were taken from patients to analyze TNF-alpha, IL-6,and visfatin levels.Results Periodontal parameters were significantly higher in the O group than in the nO group (P<0.05). IL-6 levels were higher in the O group than in the nO group (P<0.001). The visfatin levels of the obese patients were reduceddecreased following the treatments (P<0.05). Cholesterol levels were higher in the O group than in the nO groups (P<0.05). IL-6 levels were higher in O-CP and O-Ctrl groups than in the nO-Ctrl group (P<0.05). Compared to the other groups, visfatin levels were significantly higher in the O-CP group but decreased following treatment (P<0.05).Conclusions Our findings suggest that visfatin and IL-6 levels in GCF are associated with the pathogenesis of obesity and periodontitis. Within the limits of this study, we considered that there might be an association between the lipid profile and periodontitis on systemically healthy individuals.

Increased inflammatory biomarkers in early pregnancy is associated with the development of pre‐eclampsia in patients with periodontitis: a case control study

To explore the relationship between biomarkers of systemic inflammation in plasma and gingival crevicular fluid in early pregnancy and the subsequent development of pre-eclampsia in patients with periodontitis. A case-control study was performed. From a cohort composed of 126 pregnant women, 43 normotensive healthy pregnant women were randomly selected, and 11 cases of preeclampsia were identified. Plasmatic and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected in early pregnancy (11-14 wk gestation). The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in the plasma and GCF samples, whereas the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured in plasma samples. Biomarkers were determined by ELISA assays. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and the association between variables was estimated through logistic regression models. There was observed an association between pre-eclampsia and plasmatic levels of CRP (OR: 1.07; p = 0.003). Additionally, pre-eclampsia also was associated with IL-6 levels in GCF samples in early pregnancy (OR: 1.05; p = 0.039). A multiple logistic regression model suggests that increased levels of IL-6 in GCF (OR = 1.06; p = 0.02; CI 95% 1.007-1.117) in early pregnancy increase the risk of developing pre-eclampsia. Pregnant women with periodontitis who later development pre-eclampsia, shows increased levels of IL-6 in GCF and CRP in plasma during early pregnancy. Periodontal disease could contribute to systemic inflammation in early pregnancy via a local increase of IL-6 and the systemic elevation of CRP. Therefore, both inflammatory markers could be involved in the relationship between periodontal disease and pre-eclampsia.

Measurement of gp130 cytokines – Oncostatin M and IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with chronic periodontitis

Several proinflammatory cytokines can induce periodontal tissue destruction and are thought to be useful indicators or diagnostic markers for periodontitis. Here, we aimed to investigate whether oncostatin M (OSM) was present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to clarify the correlation of GCF OSM and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels with the severity of periodontitis. Sixty-two sites in 14 patients were divided into 4 groups based on probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP). GCF was collected using paper strips from clinically health sites (PD ≤ 3 mm, CAL: 1–3 mm, without BOP, n = 31), mildly diseased sites (PD ≤ 3 mm, CAL: 3–5 mm, with BOP, n = 11), moderately diseased sites (PD = 4–6 mm, CAL: 5–8 mm, with BOP, n = 11), and severely diseased sites (PD > 6 mm, CAL: 8–12 mm, with BOP, n = 9). IL-6 and OSM in GCF were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and are expressed as concentrations (pg/ml) and total amounts (pg/site). Correlations of OSM and IL-6 levels with the severity of periodontitis in all groups were determined using Spearman rank correlation ( r s). Our results showed that OSM and IL-6 were detected in most GCF samples. The total amounts of OSM and IL-6 were significantly positive correlated with severity of diseased sites (OSM: r s = 0.526, p < 0.01; IL-6: r s = 0.729, p < 0.01). No correlations of OSM or IL-6 concentration in GCF were found with disease severity. OSM and IL-6 levels in GCF were positively correlated to each other when expressed as either concentrations or total amounts (concentrations: r = 0.485, p < 0.01; total amounts r = 0.490, p < 0.01). In conclusion, our findings suggest that IL-6 and OSM may play a role in modulating the inflammatory cascade of chronic periodontitis.