Amount Of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Research Articles

Influence of T-scan System on Occlusion Correction of Implant Supported Prostheses: A Systematic Review

To systematically evaluate the literature evidence regarding the suitability of the T-scan occlusal system for implant supported prostheses. A thorough bibliographic search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus to collect relevant articles published from January 1, 2008 to August 30, 2021, using a combination of the following words: "T-scan," "Implant supported prostheses," and "dental implant" according to the PRISMA guidelines for the focused research question constructed using the PICO criteria. Randomized control trials, prospective studies, retrospective studies on the use of T-scan system in implant-supported prostheses reported in English language were included in the study. This review consisted of 17 studies and 359 patients rehabilitated with 1,126 implants. In 3 studies, removable types of prostheses were given over implants, and in 14 studies, fixed types of prostheses were given. Nine studies determined the percentage of occlusal force magnitude and occlusion time sequence. Three studies measured the localization of the occlusion center. T-scan was used in two studies to measure the amount of gingival crevicular fluid after occlusal adjustment. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 2 years or more. T-scan proved with better results than other occlusal analysis indicators in terms of occlusion measurement, clinical execution, quantify the location and contact timing, and occlusion in 3D with more precision. T-scan occlusal analysis system is widely used in dentistry and there is an increase in the number of studies, so a systematic review evaluating and comparing results is warranted.

A randomized clinical trial to investigate the effect of dietary protein sources on periodontal health.

The aim was to assess two macronutrient interventions in a 2 × 2 factorial dietary design to determine their effects on oral health. Participants (65-75 years old) with a body mass index between 20 and 35 kg/m2 of a larger randomized control trial who consented to an oral health assessment were recruited. They had ad libitum access to one of four experimental diets (omnivorous higher fat or higher carbohydrate, semi-vegetarian higher fat or higher carbohydrate) for 4 weeks. The periodontal examination included periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing. Oral plaque and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected before and after the intervention. Between baseline and follow up, the number of sites with a CAL <5 mm (mean difference [MD] -5.11 ± 9.68, p=.039) increased and the GCF amount (MD -23.42 ± 39.42 Periotron Units [PU], p=.050) decreased for the semi-vegetarian high-fat diet. For the mean proportion of sites with PPD reduction of >1 mm and CAL gain of >1 mm, significant differences were calculated between the diets investigated. The clinical parameters were not associated with changes in the oral microbiota. The results of this study provided evidence that a semi-vegetarian high-fat diet provides benefits to clinical parameters of periodontal health. This study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (ACTRN12616001606471).

Usefulness of hemoglobin examination in gingival crevicular fluid during supportive periodontal therapy to diagnose the pre-symptomatic state in periodontal disease

ObjectivesThe absence of bleeding on probing (BOP) is a good predictor of disease stability. This study investigated whether detection of hemoglobin (Hb) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) indicates minute signs of periodontal disease, even in BOP (−) cases.Materials and methodsGCF was collected from gingival sulci of 152 sound maxillary and mandibular teeth from 76 patients who had entered supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) using the split-mouth design. As clinical parameters, plaque index, GCF amount, gingival index, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, BOP, and alveolar bone resorption ratio were then recorded. As biochemical parameters, Hb amount, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and protein amount in GCF were measured. Periodontal conditions of diseased sites (PD ≥ 4 mm, BOP (+)) and healthy sites (PD ≤ 4 mm, BOP (−)) were further classified into two groups using the Hb cutoff value determined by PD and BOP and analyzed.ResultsDespite being healthy, ALP activity and protein amount in sulci of the group with Hb level greater than the cutoff value were significantly higher than those in the group with Hb level less than the cutoff value (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThis study indicates that Hb examination is a promising candidate marker of pre-symptomatic periodontal disease because Hb presence in GCF suggests slight tissue damage, even in healthy sites defined as BOP (−).Clinical relevanceHb examination of GCF is a powerful diagnostic tool for pre-symptomatic diagnosis of periodontal disease.

ANALYSIS OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS USING GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID- A REVIEW

Oral Herpes is a viral infection caused by Herpes Simplex Virus. 80% of Oral Herpes is caused by HSV-1 which infects the skin and/or mucous membranes and produces painful sores or blisters on lips, gums, tongue, cheeks. The initial outbreak of virus strain can result in flulike symptoms, including fever, swollen lymph nodes and body aches. If not found in initial stages, it may result in systemic disorders like diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases. The best solution to diagnose oral herpes is by analyzing Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) through nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. In periodontal disease pathogenesis, the inflammatory mediator levels present in gingival crevicular fluid represent relevant risk indicators for disease activity. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), a serum transudate or inflammatory exudate, can be collected from the gingival crevice surrounding the teeth. The fluid reflects the constituents of serum, the cellular response in the periodontium, and contributions from the gingival crevice. The amount of GCF is directly proportional to the severity of the inflammation. Now-a-days several methods for collection and estimation of GCF has been established. Hence, by analysing in this technique, the presence of HSV in the periodontium before the onset, at the time of periodontitis initiation, and periodically during its development can be diagnosed. KEYWORDS: Herpes virus, Gingival crevicular fluid, inflammation, periodontitis

Review of salivary diagnostics – A current scenario

Human saliva is produced by the three major salivary glands (the parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual glands) and minor salivary glands. It contains several hormones, antibodies, cytokines, proteins, enzymes, and antimicrobial constituents that act as biomarkers. It also contains variable amounts of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), mucosal transudate, desquamated epithelial cells, bacteria, viruses, fungi, food debris, microorganisms, serum, and some blood derivatives. Saliva has simple collection methods (non-invasive), handling procedure, reliable sensitivity and specificity, good cooperation from patients, and the possibility to perform dynamic studies. Salivary analysis can determine various systemic diseases, metabolic disorders, and infections. Hence, it serves as a potential diagnostic and prognostic tool with widespread clinical and research applications in various fields of science and medicine.

Effect of tablets containing probiotic candidate strains on gingival inflammation and composition of the salivary microbiome: a randomised controlled trial.

The aim of the study was to investigate clinical and microbial effects of probiotic candidate strains in patients with moderate gingivitis. The null hypothesis was that the clinical measurements with treatment would not differ from placebo. 47 adult patients were enrolled in a randomised placebo-controlled trial with a 4-week intervention of tablets containing a mix of Lactobacillus rhamnosus PB01, DSM 14869 and Lactobacillus curvatus EB10, DSM 32307 or placebo. Clinical examinations and samplings were done at baseline and after 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The clinical endpoints were general bleeding on probing (BOP), general plaque index (PI) and flow of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). In addition, the concentration of selected cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in GCF was determined with multiplex immunoassays. The profiles of the salivary microbiome were analysed with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and qPCR. In contrast to the placebo group, there was a significant reduction in BOP and amount of GCF (P<0.05) after 4 weeks in the probiotic test group when compared with baseline. The general PI was less affected although there was a tendency of decreased plaque levels in the probiotic group (P=0.05-0.09). The cytokines were unaffected by the intervention as well as the salivary microbiome. The Shannon index showed no significant differences between the groups or alterations over time. The occurrence of both probiotic strains increased in saliva of the test subjects during the intervention but returned to baseline levels within 2 weeks. Although a marked improvement in gingival health was recorded in the probiotic group, the null hypothesis could not be rejected.

Effect of basic periodontal treatment on glycemic control and inflammation in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2: controlled clinical trial

Compare the response of basic periodontal therapy in diabetes patients with diabetes type 1 and type 2. We selected 70 patients with periodontitis; these were divided into three groups: the control group (n = 11), systemically healthy patients; test group 1 (n = 14), patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus; test group 2 (n = 27), patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The groups received basic periodontal treatment after clinical examination. The analyses were performed at 0, 3 and 6 months; clinical parameters included the amount of periodontal and gingival crevicular fluid. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression were measured. All clinical periodontal parameters evaluated improved in both groups, as did the amount of gingival crevicular fluid. A more significant decrease in HbA1c and PGE2 expression (p < 0.05) occurred in test group 1 after 6 months. The basic periodontal treatment was more effective for glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Correlation Between Gingival Crevicular Fluid Hemoglobin Content and Periodontal Clinical Parameters.

Probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) are essential clinical parameters used for periodontal diagnosis. This study investigated whether detection of hemoglobin (Hb) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), along with PD and BOP, would improve diagnostic accuracy. After plaque index (PI) was measured, GCF was collected from the gingival sulci of 401 anterior teeth in the maxilla and mandible from 184 patients who had entered periodontal maintenance therapy. Clinical parameters (gingival index [GI], PD, clinical attachment level [CAL], and BOP) were recorded. Hb values in GCF were assessed by immunochromatography. Moreover, cutoff values for PI, GI, and CAL based on the degree of PD and amount of GCF were created and analyzed. Hb was detected in 64.8% of GCF samples in 105 BOP-negative (-) sites in the periodontally stable group out of 107 sites that were less than all cutoff values. There were 71 BOP(-) sites in the periodontal-management-required group out of 122 sites that were more than all cutoff values, although no improvement in periodontal disease was observed. Hb was detected in 88.7% of GCF samples from these 71 BOP(-) sites. Hb was observed in more than 60% of GCF samples in BOP(-) gingival sulci in both periodontally stable and periodontal-management-required groups. These results suggest inspection of Hb derived from microbleeding in gingival sulci may serve as an index for preclinical diagnosis.

Evaluation of bleeding on probing and gingival crevicular fluid enzyme activity for detection of periodontally active sites during supportive periodontal therapy

This study aimed to analyze the enzyme activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and its association with clinical parameters, especially bleeding on probing (BOP), and thus reconsider the significance and accuracy of recording BOP. A total of 184 patients who had entered supportive periodontal therapy were selected and GCF was collected from 401 sites before recording the clinical parameters, probing pocket depth (PPD), BOP, clinical attachment level, gingival index and plaque index. The enzyme activity of neutrophil elastase and aspartate aminotransferase and amount of protein in GCF were also analyzed. In the clinical parameters for biochemical data, amount of GCF showed the most correlation. A cut-off value for BOP and PPD were determined by the ROC curve and Youden index. Analysis was performed with all clinical parameters and biochemical data. Of the 401 sites, 51 were less than the cut-off value and were BOP-negative. On the other hand, 29 sites had values more than the cut-off value, with 14 BOP-negative sites and 15 BOP-positive sites. A conclusion is as follows: twenty-nine sites with values more than the cut-off value were diagnosed as sites requiring periodontal management, however, 14 of these were BOP-negative. These results suggest that combining other biochemical tests with examination of BOP and PPD may improve the validity of periodontal disease diagnosis. In future studies, it will be essential to find a marker that can precisely detect periodontal disease activity, and to develop a diagnostic tool for chair-side use.

Diagnosis of periodontal diseases by biomarkers

AbstractMany middle‐aged and elderly people suffer from periodontal diseases that mainly cause tooth loss and result in some systemic diseases. The prevention of periodontal diseases is very important for oral and systemic health, but the present diagnostic examination is not fully objective or suitable. To diagnose periodontal diseases exactly, some biomarkers that represent inflammation, tissue degradation, and bone resorption in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva are known. We demonstrated that the GCF levels of calprotectin, an inflammation‐related protein, and carboxy‐terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, a bone metabolism‐related protein, were associated with the clinical condition of periodontal diseases, and suggested that these proteins might be useful biomarkers for periodontal diseases. Recently, determinations of genes and proteins by using microdevices have been studied for the diagnosis of some diseases. We detected calprotectin protein by chemiluminescent immunoassay on a microchip and showed the possibility of specific and quantitative detection of calprotectin in a very small amount of GCF. The determination of multiple markers in GCF by using microdevices will contribute to the development of accurate and objective diagnostic systems for periodontal diseases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(1): 40–45, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21150

Substituted zinc phthalocyanine as an antimicrobial photosensitizer for periodontitis treatment

In the last decades the worldwide rise in antibiotic resistance has intensified the development of new antimicrobial agents. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) has been used successfully to inactivate bacteria. We herein report a new zinc phthalocyanine based photosensitizer conjugated with polylysine moiety ( ZnPc-PL ). This photosensitizer significantly inactivated Porphyromonas gingivalis, the primary pathogenic bacteria responsible for periodontitis. No obvious phototoxicity was found to either mammalian bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) or human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLC), indicating the high selectivity of ZnPc -PL toward bacteria. Furthermore, we established an experimental periodontitis model on beagle dogs to test the antimicrobial efficacy in vivo. The amount of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the activity of crevicular fluid aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were monitored and were found to reduce significantly in the ZnPc-PL treated group compared to the controls (laser only and no treatment). In addition, PACT with ZnPc -PL caused a reduction in the bacterial burden by 100-fold compared to controls. Taken together, these findings suggest ZnPc-PL is a promising antimicrobial photosensitizer for the treatment of periodontal diseases.

バイオマーカーを用いた歯周病診断

Many middle aged and old persons take periodontal diseases that mainly cause teeth loss and result in some systemic diseases. The prevention of periodontal diseases is very important for oral and systemic health, but the present diagnostic examination is not fully objective and suitable. To diagnose periodontal diseases exactly, some biomarkers shown inflammation, tissue degradation and bone resorption, in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva are known. We demonstrated that GCF levels of calprotectin, inflammation-related protein, and carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, bone metabolism-related protein, were associated with clinical condition of periodontal diseases, and suggested that these proteins may be useful biomarkers for periodontal diseases. Recently, determinations of genes and proteins by using microdevices are studied for diagnosis of some diseases. We detected calprotectin protein by chemiluminescent immunoassay on a microchip and showed the possibility of specific and quantitative detection of calprotectin in a very small amount of GCF. To determine plural markers in GCF by using microdevices contributes to develop accurate, objective diagnostic system of periodontal diseases.

A randomized, single‐blind, parallel‐group clinical study to evaluate the effect of soluble β‐1,3/1,6‐glucan on experimental gingivitis in man

Gingivitis is an inflammatory disorder of the periodontium induced by dental plaque bacteria. Soluble beta-1,3/1,6-glucan (SBG) is known to enhance infection defense by preventing excessive inflammatory responses caused by bacterial endotoxins. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of SBG on experimental gingivitis in man. Experimental gingivitis was induced over a period of 24 days in 30 healthy volunteers who were simultaneously treated with SBG. Two groups (n=10/group) rinsed twice daily with an SBG mouthwash that was either swallowed or expectorated. A third group (n=10) received a water rinse as a control. Plaque index (Pl.I), gingival index (GI), and amount of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were assessed at baseline and at six times during the study. The results showed that in the SBG groups, GCF decreased significantly during the study. The swallow group experienced a significant increase in GCF during the first week. The control group followed the expected pattern of experimental gingivitis, with a significant increase in the gingival fluid secretion during the test period. There was a significant increase in GI and Pl.I during the study for all groups, with no significant differences between them. No adverse effects of SBG were recorded. In this 24-day experimental gingivitis study of subjects who used either a SBG or a control mouthrinse: (1) all subjects had increased plaque and gingivitis, (2) GCF increased in control-rinse subjects and GCF decreased in SBG-rinse subjects. The only statistically significant difference between the SBG-rinse and control-rinse subjects was an increase in GCF at day 7 for subjects who rinsed and swallowed SBG.

The Investigation of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Prosthoglandin E2 Level of the Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Periodontitis

ABSTRACTDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for periodontal diseases and oral complications are frequently encountered in diabetic patients. In recent studies it was hypothesed that, the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) prostoglandin E2 (PGE2) levels are higher in type I diabetic individuals than non diabetics. The aim of our study is to determine the GCF PGE2 levels of the individuals with type II dibetes mellitus and periodontitis. In addition it is aimed to investigate to correlation between the GCF PGE2 levels, the clinical parameters and the severity of the disease. 20 type II diabetes mellitus patient (group I), and 20 systhemic healthy (group II), a total of 40 individual with periodontiis were examined. All individuals pocket depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) scores were recorded to determine their clinical status. In addition to these, the volume of GCF was also determined from the same sampling side. The GCF PGE2 levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. The GCF PGE2 levels of I. andII. groups were determined sequentally as 61.88±28.71 and 13.30±4.953pg/nm. The level of PGE2 level was determined significantly higher (p<0.001) in the group of diabetes mellitus patients than systhemic healthy group. Any correlation was not determined between the GCF PGE2 level and clinical parameters among both of the groups. By comparing all oral clinical parameters it was established that there was significiant differences between the groups (P<0.001). The PD and GCF amount of sampling site was also statistically different among the groups (p<0.05), but the difference of other parameter scores were not statistically important (p>0.05). The findings of this study confirms that diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for periodontal diseases and the correlation between GCF PGE2 level and the severity of the periodontal disease. Attracts attention for the GCF PGE2 level which could be used as a marker to determine the perodontal disease severity among type II diabetes mellitus patients.

Level of neopterin, a marker of immune cell activation in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, and urine in patients with aggressive periodontitis.

Neopterin, a marker of cellular immune activation, is produced by human macrophages after induction by interferon gamma that is secreted by T lymphocytes. Neopterin concentrations in diverse body fluids have been reported to increase in parallel with bacteria in the clinical course of infections. Therefore, determination of neopterin in body fluids was thought to be useful for predicting the prognosis and diagnosis of aggressive forms of periodontal disease, in which the cell-mediated immune response plays an important role in immunopathogenesis. The aim of the present study was to observe the role of neopterin in the pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Thirteen individuals who were systemically and periodontally healthy and 16 systemically healthy individuals diagnosed with AgP were recruited for this study. Mixed saliva and urine samples were collected from each subject. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were obtained from 6 teeth with > or =5 mm probing depth (PD). After evaluation of GCF amount from paper strips, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to determine the amount of neopterin in urine, saliva, and GCF. The amount of neopterin in urine and saliva measured 235.77+/-405.31 micromol neopterin/mol creatinine and 9.85+/-7.66 nmol/l, respectively, for the AgP group and 225.45+/-100.72 micromol neopterin/mol creatinine and 5.25+/-5.76 nmol/l, respectively, for controls. The present data demonstrate that, while salivary neopterin levels were found to be significantly different between periodontitis and control subjects, there were non-significant differences in urine neopterin levels. The amount and concentration of neopterin in GCF measured was 18+/-12.75 nmol/l and 3.67+/-2.40 nmol/ml for the AgP group and 2.51+/-1.72 nmol/l and 3.88+/-4.50 nmol/ml for the control group. When total amounts of neopterin are taken into consideration, a significant difference between AgP and controls is shown; however, no significant difference in net concentration of neopterin was found between both groups. This study is the first report to evaluate the involvement of neopterin in AgP and this might be considered of value in understanding periodontal disease mechanisms.

Effect of a novel ceramic filling material on plaque formation and marginal gingiva

The aim of this clinical investigation was to evaluate a novel ceramic (CF) filling material (DoxaDent) compared to resin composite (RC) and enamel in regard to plaque formation and gingival inflammation. The CF material is inorganic, non-metallic, and contains calcium aluminate, silicate, and water. To make intra-individual comparisons possible, each participant had at least one set of three test surfaces: two Class V restorations with subgingival cervical margins (one of the novel CF material and one of a hybrid RC) and one non-filled enamel surface (E). The amounts of plaque, gingival crevicular fluid, and clinical signs of gingival inflammation were intra-individually compared in 20 sets of the three test surfaces. In a cross-sectional study (CSS), the effect of oral hygiene on plaque formation and gingivitis around the surfaces was evaluated. In a following 10-day experimental gingivitis study (EGS), plaque formation and the induction of gingivitis during refrain from oral hygiene was compared. In the CSS, no significant differences were found between the surfaces in terms of amount of plaque and degree of gingival inflammation. At the end of the EGS the restorative materials showed a significantly higher amount of plaque (CF versus E, P = 0.014; RC versus E, P = 0.034), but no significant differences were found in degree of gingival inflammation. In conclusion, the ceramic filling material was comparable to RC regarding plaque formation and gingival inflammation with customary oral hygiene. With neglected oral hygiene, significantly less plaque growth and a non-significant tendency toward lower amounts of gingival crevicular fluid were observed on enamel surfaces.

Effect of a hydrophobic tooth coating on gingival health, mutans streptococci, and enamel demineralization in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances

The effect of an anti-adhesive enamel coating on plaque accumulation, gingival health, and enamel demineralization was evaluated in 39 adolescents undergoing treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances using a prospective split-mouth design. Immediately after bracket insertion, the polymer was randomly applied after enamel etching to the buccal surfaces of the teeth in the left or right upper quadrant, leaving the opposite quadrant as an untreated control (218 test and 216 control teeth). Reapplications were carried out every 3rd month during the course of the study. The following data were collected at baseline and at designated follow-ups: visible plaque index, total viable counts and proportion of mutans streptococci in plaque samples, gingival bleeding index, and amount of gingival crevicular fluid. The incidence of enamel demineralization adjacent to the appliances was scored clinically at the termination of the orthodontic treatment. The observation time ranged from 6-24 months, during which the participants used fluoride rinses and toothpaste daily. A slightly impaired gingival health and increased levels of mutans streptococci compared with baseline was disclosed during the treatment. Five subjects showed enamel demineralization on a total of 30 teeth at the time of de-bonding. The results indicated no statistically significant differences between the enamel-coated and untreated teeth with regard to the studied variables at any follow-up. In conclusion, the present findings did not support a clinically beneficial effect of the polymeric tooth coating in a low-caries group of adolescents treated with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Levels of leukotriene B4 in gingival crevicular fluid and gingival tissue in specific periodontal diseases.

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a product of the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, exhibits numerous activities that can account for most of the features of host responses seen in periodontal diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of LTB4 in the pathogenesis of specific periodontal diseases. LTB4 levels were investigated in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and gingival tissue (GT) samples of 10 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 12 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), 6 patients with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP), 6 patients with gingivitis (G), and 6 periodontally healthy subjects (H). Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth, gingival index, papillary bleeding index, and plaque index. LTB4 was extracted from the samples by solid-phase method using C18 cartridge and was purified by high performance liquid chromatographic method and then analyzed by radioimmunoassay. All patient groups had significantly higher levels of GCF and GT LTB4 compared to the control group (P<0.005). The CP patients had the highest LTB4 levels compared to those in other patient groups (P<0.005). GAgP, LAgP, and G groups had similar amounts of GCF and GT LTB4 (P>0.005). When the data were expressed as concentration, the CP group was found to have higher concentration of LTB4, compared to that of control group (P<0.005). GAgP, LAgP, and G groups had similar LTB4 concentration compared to that of control group (P>0.005). No significant difference was found between GAgP, LAgP, and G groups (P>0.005). The CP group had higher LTB4 concentration compared to both GAgP and LAgP groups (P<0.005). Although the CP group had a higher GCF LTB4 concentration compared to G group, this difference did not reach significance (P>0.005). No significant correlation was found between GCF and GT LTB4 levels and clinical parameters. The results of the present study indicate that LTB4 is likely to be an important mediator in regulating inflammatory responses in the human periodontal tissues. This lipid mediator may play an important role in the pathophysiology of periodontal disease.

Levels of platelet-activating factor in gingival crevicular fluid and gingival tissue in specific periodontal diseases.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent phospholipid mediator of inflammatory and immune reactions, is involved in a variety of biological responses seen in periodontal diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of PAF in the pathogenesis of specific periodontal diseases. PAF levels were investigated in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and gingival tissue (GT) samples of 12 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), 6 patients with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP), 10 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 6 with gingivitis (G), and 6 periodontally healthy subjects (H). Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth, gingival index, papillary bleeding index, and plaque index. PAF was extracted from GCF samples passing through amberlit resin columns, purified by high performance liquid chromatographic method, and then analyzed by radioimmunoassay. GAgP, LAgP, and CP groups had significantly higher GCF PAF levels compared to the H group (P<0.005). Although statistically not significant, GCF PAF levels were also higher in the G group than those of the H group (P = 0.0784). GAgP, LAgP, and CP groups had similar GCF PAF levels (P>0.005). These groups had higher levels of GCF PAF than those of the G group, but the difference was significant only for the GAgP group (P<0.005). When the data were expressed as concentration, GAgP, LAgP, and CP groups were found to have higher concentrations of GCF PAF compared to the H group (P<0.005). GCF PAF concentration was similar in patient groups (P>0.005). All patient groups had significantly higher GT PAF levels compared to the H group (P<0.005). GAgP, LAgP, and CP groups had similar amounts of GCF and GT PAF (P>0.005). GAgP, LAgP, and CP groups had higher GT PAF levels than those of the G group, but the differences were only significant for LAgP and CP groups (P<0.005). No significant correlation was found between GCF and GT PAF levels and clinical parameters. The results of the present study indicate that PAF is likely to be an important mediator in regulating inflammatory responses in the human periodontal tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report investigating PAF levels in GCF and GT in specific periodontal diseases. We believe that this potent phospholipid mediator may need to be considered in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.

Relationship between Preterm Low Birth Weight and Periodontal Disease Activity in Pregnancy

【Purpose We designed this study for the purpose of determining the relationship between periodontal disease activity and PLBW, using the evaluation of probing pocket depth, loss of attachment, gingival index, gingival crevicular fluid amount and subgingival microflora. Methods A total of 100 volunteer mothers(mean age 30.44) at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Seoul National University Hospital were selected for this study.Pregnancy outcomes were categorized into cases and controls in two ways. our definition was based on the following; Group 1 : Any PLBW cases Vs. All NBW controls Group 2 : PLBW cases Vs. NBW controls A periodontal exam was performed on the Ramfjord( #16, 21, 24, 36, 41, 44) teeth and Clinical evaluation consisted of probing pocket depth, loss of attachment, gingival index and gingival crevicular fluid amount. Subgingival plaque samples were collected by three sterile #35 paper points. The total number of anaerobic colonies and aerobic bacteria were enumerated after incubation. Antisera to P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans were produced in white rabbits with live whole cells suspensions. The specific fluorescent bacteria obtained by immunofluorescence and total cell counts obtained by dark-field microscopy were counted on four fields. The percent of each specific microorganism in the total cell count was determined. Results Any PLBW and PLBW cases showed significantly greater probing depth and attachment loss than all NBW and NBW controls. Cases group had significantly increased anaerobic bacterial counts compared with control group and no differences in the other microbes. This study confirmed that periodontal disease is a statistically significant risk factor for PLBW by investigating clinical parameters and subgingival plaque analysis.】