Gingiva Of Children Research Articles

Evaluation of the Effect of Parental Smoking on Gingival Melanin Pigmentation in Children.

The presence of melanin pigmentation of the gingiva has unfavorable effects on esthetics in children. Although there are several local and systemic factors that cause melanin pigmentation, they may also be induced by the stimulation of melanocytes by stimuli present in tobacco smoke. The aim of the study was to correlate the effect of parental smoking on the pigmentation of gingiva in children of Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study was a cross-sectional observational study. The study sample was formed by all children between 8 and 14 years of age. Only medically compromised children were excluded from the study. The children were examined for the presence of gingival melanin pigmentation. The status was recorded as present or absent. Determination of the smoking status of family members was done by a self-formulated questionnaire. The presence of pigmentation was seen in 114 (82%) children, whereas pigmentation was absent in 26 (18%) children. Out of the total sample of 140 children, 95 had one or more family members who were smoking. The Chi-squared test performed to form an association between pigmentation and the type of tobacco used revealed high significance (p = 0.00) for the father who smokes bidi. There is a correlation between parental smoking and melanin pigmentation in the gingiva of children, and the correlation is very high when the father is a smoker, especially when he smokes bidi. Anand A, Raja T, Thakur V, et al. Evaluation of the Effect of Parental Smoking on Gingival Melanin Pigmentation in Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(2):173-175.

LOCALIZED (JUVENILE) SPONGIOTIC GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA: A SERIES OF SEVENTEEN CASES

We present a case series of localized juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasias (LJSGH), a lesion of unknown etiology that typically affects the anterior maxillary gingiva in children and young adults. It presents as a bright red, raised, well-demarcated lesion with a slight papillary or granular surface. Lesional epithelium is characteristically positive for CK19, a marker of junctional epithelium.

An integrative approach for comparing microcirculation between normal and alveolar cleft gingiva in children scheduled for secondary bone grafting procedures

The aim of this study was to compare microcirculatory parameters in normal versus alveolar cleft gingiva in children selected for secondary bone grafting procedures. This study included 11 consecutive patients with complete unilateral alveolar clefts who required secondary bone grafting procedures. In a split-mouth design, noninvasive real-time simultaneous measurements among tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), hemoglobin level (rHb), and blood flow parameters were obtained from normal and alveolar cleft gingiva using spectrophotometry and laser Doppler flowmetry. Subsequent noninvasive capillary density measurements and tissue microangioarchitecture were assessed using sidestream dark-field imaging. There were no significant differences in StO2 and rHb between normal and alveolar cleft gingiva. Blood flow, blood flow velocity, and capillary density were significantly decreased in alveolar cleft gingiva (P < 0.05). Alveolar cleft reconstructions alter gingival microperfusion properties, and microvascular changes adapt to conserve peak oxygen saturation.

Cytomorphometric and clinical investigation of the gingiva before and after low-level laser therapy of gingivitis in children

Gingival epithelial cells are the first physical barrier against periodontal pathogenic microorganisms. Bacterial products may penetrate the epithelium and directly disturb its integrity. We investigated the clinical and cytomorphological status of the gingiva in children with gingivitis before and after low-level laser therapy. The study enrolled 130 children divided into three groups: group 1 comprised 50 children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis who received basic treatment, group 2 comprised 50 children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis who received low-level laser treatment in addition to basic treatment, and group 3 comprised 30 children with healthy gingiva as controls. Oral hygiene and the status of the gingiva were assessed using the appropriate indexes before and after treatment. Inflammation of the gingiva was monitored by cytomorphometric evaluation. Cytomorphometric analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) in the size of the nuclei of the stratified squamous epithelial cells of the gingiva before and after treatment in chronic catarrhal gingivitis. Evaluation using clinical parameters showed that treatment of gingivitis with basic treatment was successful. Cytomorphometric analysis showed that after basic treatment the nuclei of the stratified squamous epithelial cells of the gingiva were reduced in size, although not to the size found in healthy gingiva. However, after adjuvant low-level laser therapy, the size of the nuclei of the stratified squamous epithelial cells in the gingiva matched the size of the nuclei in the cells in healthy gingiva.

Fluid dynamics of gingiva and gingival health in children with end stage renal failure

Objectives Impaired homeostasis and fluid balance are important physiopathological alterations in patients with chronic renal failure which may adversely affect the fluid dynamics and health status of tissues and organs. There are insufficient data about this phenomenon in periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluid dynamics of gingiva in children with end stage renal failure (ESRF), correlating this entity with gingival health in the same patient group. Design Fifteen paediatric ESRF patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (test group) and 15 systemically healthy children (control group) who were without periodontitis participated in the study. Fluid dynamics of gingiva were assessed via the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume and tissue osmotic pressure (GOP) levels in the groups. GCF volume was measured using a Periotron 8000 ®, whereas GOP was measured using a digital osmometer. Silness and Löe Plaque index (PI) and, Löe and Silness gingival index (GI) scores were utilized to determine the gingival health status in the study population. Results There were increases in the GCF volume and GOP of the test group compared to those of the control group ( p < 0.01). The PI and GI scores were higher in the test group than in the control group ( p < 0.01). Strong and positive correlations were found between GI and GCF volume, GI and GOP and, GCF volume and GOP in both groups ( p < 0.01). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the fluid dynamics of gingiva may alter in children with ESRF, and this phenomenon may consequently affect the gingival health of these patients.

Association of Melanin Pigmentation in the Gingiva of Children With Parents Who Smoke

The association between gingival pigmentation and active smoking has been established. This investigation is the first to address the relationship between gingival pigmentation in children and passive smoking. A case-control study was performed involving 59 nonsmoking children who were selected from patient records of a dental clinic in a rural town in Japan. The number of subjects was based on a power calculation. Two calibrated examiners independently observed labial gingiva via oral photographs. An interview determined that 61% of children had at least 1 smoking parent. Gingival pigmentation was observed in 71% to 78% of children. Interexaminer agreement was satisfactory (kappa = 0.73). Percentage of smoking parents was higher in children with gingival pigmentation (70-71%) than in those who lacked pigmentation (35%). Odds ratios of parental smoking adjusted by age and gender were 5.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.5-20.0) and 5.4 (1.4-21.2) for the 2 examiners. These findings suggest that excessive pigmentation in the gingiva of children is associated with passive smoking. The visible pigmentation effect in gingiva of children could be useful in terms of parental education.

Immunohistological study of neuronal markers in inflamed gingiva obtained from children with Down's syndrome

The histological appearance of the gingiva in children with Down's syndrome (DS) was studied with special reference to inflammatory involvement and innervation. A dense infiltration of inflammatory cells was seen in the propria of most of the DS patients, including a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A hyperplasia of the epithelium was also found. The innervation of the gingiva was studied using immunohistochemistry. Nerve fibers as well as nerve bundles immunoreactive to neurofilament (NF) were seen in the propria, while occasionally intraepithelial NF fibers were observed. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive fibers and fiber bundles were also visualized, but they were less abundant than NF fibers. The density of NF and CGRP fibers and fiber bundles was estimated by semiquantitative evaluation. A higher density of NF and CGRP immunoreactive structures was observed in the propria of DS patients compared to the control subjects, while no obvious alteration was seen in their distribution in the propria. In addition, sparsely distributed fibers immunoreactive to peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) fibers as well as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were seen, mainly surrounding blood vessels. A few substance P (SP) fibers were also found, mostly close to the epithelium. No obvious differences of these sparsely distributed fibers were seen in the DS patients compared to controls. Thus, a profound inflammatory involvement of the gingiva of DS patients is seen concomitant with a hyperinnervation of the presumed sensory component of the gingival innervation. In contrast, no alterations were seen in the density of neuronal markers related to autonomic nerve fibers. The sensory hyperinnervation observed is probably not specifically related to DS, but may be due to a sprouting of afferent nerves induced by the inflammatory reaction. However, factors released from the sensory afferents could contribute to the gingival inflammation seen in DS.

The effect of supervised oral hygiene on the gingiva of children.

The effect of sodium fluoride on the gingiva of children was investigated by regularly applying sodium fluoride to the teeth and gingiva for three years in two different ways:1. In a dentifrice slurry during daily supervised toothbrushing. The concentration of sodium fluoride was approximately 0.05 %.II. As a mouth rinse with 10 ml of an 0.5 % aqueous solution of sodium fluoride once every second week.The study included two control groups. The first, supervised by a dental nurse, brushed their teeth daily, using a dentifrice free from the fluoride component. The second rinsed their mouths once every second week with distilled water.The total number of children was 471 : 236 in the experimental groups and 235 in the control groups. At the time of the clinical examination, all were 12 14 years of age.The gingival state and the oral hygiene were recorded with the indices proposed by Löe and Silness (1963). and Silness and Löe (1964).The investigation revealed that:Sodium fluoride applied by means of a dentifrice slurry did not affect the gingiva.Sodium fluoride in the concentration of 0.5 % in a mouth rinse proved detrimental to the gingiva.The GI of the “fluoride rinsing group” was 0.75, whereas that of the “distilled water rinsing group” was 0.61.These results are discussed in the light of current knowledge of the effect of fluorine in dental plaques and connective tissues.

The effect of supervised oral hygiene on the gingiva of children. Progression and inhibition of gingivitis.

The effect of prolonged supervision of tooth brushing on gingival health and oral hygiene in a group of school children 12–13 years of age was investigated. The subjects were divided into one experimental group and one control group, each of 32 children.A specially trained dental nurse supervised the daily tooth brushing of the members of the experimental group. The control group members were not subjected to any form of supervised or controlled oral hygiene procedure. The gingival state and the oral hygiene were recorded according to index systems proposed by Löe &amp; Silness (1963) and Silness &amp; Löe (1964).The data obtained from an examination in 1965 were compared with those from a re‐examination in 1966, i.e. after two years and three years of supervised tooth brushing.The two examinations revealed that:Mean GI values of 0.22 and 0.24 in the experimental group and 0.78 and 0.95 in the control group were obtained at the first and second examination. The difference between the two groups at each examination was found to be statistically significant at the 0.1 per cent level.An increase in gingivitis occurred during the year that elapsed between the two examinations. The increase was noted in both groups, but was small and statistically insignificant in the experimental group, whereas in the control group the difference was greater and statistically significant at the 5 per cent level.In the control group, the condition of the gingivae worsened during the study in all four regions examined. Of all tooth areas, 75 per cent showed an increase in gingivitis.In the experimental group, a significant decrease in gingivitis was noted in the anterior region of both the upper and the lower jaw, whereas the state of the gingivae found the molars had worsened. Of all areas examined, 56 per cent showed improved gingival health.The individual mean plaque index for all teeth in the experimental group was 0.70 compared with 1.62 in the control groupThe mean GI‐differences between the examinations in 1965 and 1966 showed that, in spite of the great difference in GI found already at the first examination (GI in the experimental group only 1/4th of that in the control group), the gingival condition in the experimental group had improved compared with that in the control group during the test year.

The effect of supervised oral hygiene on the gingiva of children. Effect of mouth rinsings.

In the present investigation was studied the relative effect on the gingiva in children of two different kinds of prophylactic measures namely: 1. A single information on the importance of prophylaxis plus mouth rinsings every second week added with distribution of dentifrice every month (rinsing group). 2. A single information on the importance of prophylaxis plus daily supervision of a tooth brushing procedure added with distribution of dentifrice every month (brushing group). A control group received neither information on oral hygiene methods nor participated in any form of supervised or controlled oral hygiene procedures.When the examination of the gingival conditions was performed the experiments had been running for three years. 343 children participated in this investigation and they were at the time for the examination 12‐14 years of age.The gingival state and the oral hygiene were recorded according to index systems proposed by Löe and Silness (1963) and Silness and Löe (1964). The examination revealed:A mean GI value of 0.30 and 0.94 in the brushing and control group. The difference between the groups is statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001).A mean GI value of 0.61 in the rinsing group. Also this score is significantly smaller than that of the control group (p &lt; 0.001).The girls had a lower mean GI than the boys in each of the test groups. The difference was found to be significant in the rinsing group at the 1 per cent level and in the brushing group at the 0.1 per cent level.The prophylactic measures were most effective in the upper front tooth region and least effective in the lower molar region.

An epidemiologic study of the caries incidence in localities with an optimal content of fluorine in drinking water

In the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic there are localities with a natural higher content of fluorine in drinking water amounting to 1–5 mg F/l. In a locality with an optimal content of fluorine, repeated examinations have been carried out concerning the caries incidence and the condition of the gingiva in children, and the caries incidence in adults. The reduction of the caries incidence in children was 80 per cent in the permanent dentition as compared with a control group. In addition the eruption rate of the permanent teeth was followed up. It has been found that the replacement of the deciduous by the permanent teeth was retarded in comparison with the average value in the whole state. The author is of the opinion that this is due to the reduction of caries and the reduction of prematurely lost teeth, because the first permanent molars, having no precursors, erupt in time. The incidence of gingivitis is in the fluorine area significantly lower. The average number of extractions in adults is lower by approximately 40 per cent. The caries in adults is reduced by about one quarter as compared with the control group. This finding is in agreement with the observation in children, because both the reduction of caries in children by 80 per cent and the reduction of caries in adults by 25 per cent requires a reduction of the susceptibility to caries of single teeth by about 75 per cent.