Growth Of Ginger Research Articles

Comparative Study of Ginger Cultivars under Shading Conditions in a High Tunnel

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a valuable sciophyte crop used as a spice or fresh herb in culinary dishes and for treating medical issues such as osteoarthritis, neurological diseases, vomiting, and asthma. The demand for ginger in the United States is remarkably high; it is produced commercially and exclusively in Hawaii but can only meet ∼20% of US demand. Light for ginger growth may be more important than is often assumed, but the roles of light in ginger growth and rhizome yield are not fully understood. We hypothesized that artificial shade would produce the highest yielding ginger compared with no shade. This study evaluated the impact of different shading suited for ginger growth and rhizome yield of different cultivars grown in a high tunnel. There were three levels (0%, 22%, and 40%) of shade using RCBD design. We analyzed the overall yield (weight) of ginger and the specific yield (weight) of different rhizome parts (biological root, edible root, and seed ginger) per plant in addition to plant growth data. Data were analyzed for 2018 and 2019, and shade conditions influenced ginger growth and yield. There was no significant difference between shade conditions or cultivars, but general trends found that data differed between the two growing seasons. In 2018, Chinese White and Hawaii Yellow produced a better (higher) yield under 0% and 40% shade. However, in 2019, Chinese White and Hawaii Yellow produced the highest total yield under 22% shade, but Bubba Blue produced the highest overall yield at 0% shade.

The MYB family and their response to abiotic stress in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

BackgroundZingiber officinale Roscoe, colloquially known as ginger, is a crop of significant medicinal and culinary value that frequently encounters adversity stemming from inhospitable environmental conditions. The MYB transcription factors have garnered recognition for their pivotal role in orchestrating a multitude of plant biological pathways. Nevertheless, the enumeration and characterization of the MYBs within Z. officinale Roscoe remains unknown. This study embarks on a genome-wide scrutiny of the MYB gene lineage in ginger, with the aim of cataloging all ZoMYB genes implicated in the biosynthesis of gingerols and curcuminoids, and elucidating their potential regulatory mechanisms in counteracting abiotic stress, thereby influencing ginger growth and development.ResultsIn this study, we identified an MYB gene family comprising 231 members in ginger genome. This ensemble comprises 74 singular-repeat MYBs (1R-MYB), 156 double-repeat MYBs (R2R3-MYB), and a solitary triple-repeat MYB (R1R2R3-MYB). Moreover, a comprehensive analysis encompassing the sequence features, conserved protein motifs, phylogenetic relationships, chromosome location, and gene duplication events of the ZoMYBs was conducted. We classified ZoMYBs into 37 groups, congruent with the number of conserved domains and gene structure analysis. Additionally, the expression profiles of ZoMYBs during development and under various stresses, including ABA, cold, drought, heat, and salt, were investigated in ginger utilizing both RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR analysis.ConclusionThis work provides a comprehensive understanding of the MYB family in ginger and lays the foundation for the future investigation of the potential functions of ZoMYB genes in ginger growth, development and abiotic stress tolerance of ginger.

Screening native Bacillus strains as potential biological control agents against ginger bacterial wilt and for promoting plant growth

Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a destructive disease that causes significant loss in ginger productivity. This disease is notoriously difficult to control by chemical measures, prompting the exploration of biological control as a more sustainable and effective alternative strategy. In our research, we aimed to develop effective microbial agents to combat R. solanacearum-induced bacterial wilt in ginger. Initially, 307 Bacillus-like strains were isolated from ginger rhizosphere soil. Among these, ten strains exhibited significant antibacterial activity after extensive in vitro screening, with Bacillus-like isolate F18 being the most effective. Further tests in a co-culture assay revealed six isolates, notably L70, that significantly reduced the pathogen's fitness. To further assess their effectiveness, six isolates of L3, L72, L73, F18, HC-5, and L70 were then subjected to a hydroponics assay, where they substantially lowered disease incidence in ginger seedlings, especially strains F18, HC-5, and L73. These three strains were identified as Bacillus velezensis, exhibiting beneficial traits such as IAA production, siderophore secretion, and phosphate and potassium solubilization. Additionally, they also harbored genes related to the production of the dipeptide bacilysin and the polyketides macrolactin, bacillaene and difficidin. In greenhouse experiments, these three B. velezensis strains, particularly F18 and HC-5, demonstrated remarkable efficacy in controlling bacterial wilt. Tubers soaked in these biocontrol agents showed reduced disease severity and pathogen population. Moreover, the treatments promoted ginger growth, notably in tuber fresh weight, with HC-5 showing the greatest improvement. Conclusively, this study suggests a highly efficient strategy for biologically controlling ginger bacterial wilt, with B. velezensis strains HC-5, L73, and F18 emerging as promising biocontrol agents.

Recognition of Ginger Seed Growth Stages Using a Two-Stage Deep Learning Approach

Monitoring the growth of ginger seed relies on human experts due to the lack of salient features for effective recognition. In this study, a region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) hybrid detector-classifier model is developed to address the natural variations in ginger sprouts, enabling automatic recognition into three growth stages. Out of 1,746 images containing 2,277 sprout instances, the model predictions revealed significant confusion between growth stages, aligning with the human perception in data annotation, as indicated by Cohen’s Kappa scores. The developed hybrid detector-classifier model achieved an 85.50% mean average precision (mAP) at 0.5 intersections over union (IoU), tested with 402 images containing 561 sprout instances, with an inference time of 0.383 seconds per image. The results confirm the potential of the hybrid model as an alternative to current manual operations. This study serves as a practical case, for extensions to other applications within plant phenotyping communities.

Effects of maize plant type and row spacing on the field microclimate and yield of intercropping ginger

ABSTRACT To explore field microclimate changes under maize/ginger intercropping and select a reasonable field configuration, this study used the major ginger variety ‘Zhugen’ from Southwest China as the experimental material. Two maize plant types; tall (Zhenghong 311) and short (Zhenghong 6), with 2, 3, and 4 m row spacings, shading treatment (ST), and a control (pure) without shading (CK) were used for the study. The effects of the maize plant type and row spacing on soil temperature, humidity, canopy temperature, light transmittance, plant growth, and intercropped ginger yield were investigated. Soil moisture, ginger canopy humidity, and shading rate in the maize/ginger intercropping mode were significantly higher than those in the non-shading treatment. Conversely, the soil and ginger canopy temperatures of the maize/ginger intercropping mode were significantly lower than those of the non-shading treatment. As a result, plant height, stem diameter, branch number, and ginger yield were significantly higher under the intercropping mode than the non-shading treatment. Although maize/ginger intercropping improves ginger growth and yield, these parameters are dependent on maize plant type and row spacing. The ginger yield was significantly higher when intercropped with the tall maize ZH 311 than with short maize ZH 6. The yield improved with decreasing row spacing and was the highest at a row spacing of 2 m. At the aforementioned field configurations, the soil and canopy humidity were the highest whereas the soil and canopy temperatures were the lowest, thereby giving best results on parameters like plant height, stem diameter, branch number, and yield.

Genome-wide analysis and expression pattern of the ZoPP2C gene family in Zingiber officinale Roscoe

BackgroundProtein phosphatases type 2C (PP2C) are heavily involved in plant growth and development, hormone-related signaling pathways and the response of various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, a comprehensive report identifying the genome-scale of PP2C gene family in ginger is yet to be published.ResultsIn this study, 97 ZoPP2C genes were identified based on the ginger genome. These genes were classified into 15 branches (A-O) according to the phylogenetic analysis and distributed unevenly on 11 ginger chromosomes. The proteins mainly functioned in the nucleus. Similar motif patterns and exon/intron arrangement structures were identified in the same subfamily of ZoPP2Cs. Collinearity analysis indicated that ZoPP2Cs had 33 pairs of fragment duplicated events uniformly distributed on the corresponding chromosomes. Furthermore, ZoPP2Cs showed greater evolutionary proximity to banana’s PP2Cs. The forecast of cis-regulatory elements and transcription factor binding sites demonstrated that ZoPP2Cs participate in ginger growth, development, and responses to hormones and stresses. ZoERFs have plenty of binding sites of ZoPP2Cs, suggesting a potential synergistic contribution between ZoERFs and ZoPP2Cs towards regulating growth/development and adverse conditions. The protein–protein interaction network displayed that five ZoPP2Cs (9/23/26/49/92) proteins have robust interaction relationship and potential function as hub proteins. Furthermore, the RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analyses have shown that ZoPP2Cs exhibit various expression patterns during ginger maturation and responses to environmental stresses such as chilling, drought, flooding, salt, and Fusarium solani. Notably, exogenous application of melatonin led to notable up-regulation of ZoPP2Cs (17/59/11/72/43) under chilling stress.ConclusionsTaken together, our investigation provides significant insights of the ginger PP2C gene family and establishes the groundwork for its functional validation and genetic engineering applications.

Pengaruh Media Tanam dan Varietas Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Jahe (Zingiber officinale R)

The purpose of this research is to find out how the growth and yield of ginger are affected by the growing media and varieties, and how they interact with each other. This research was conducted at the Gayo Lues Laboratory and PSDKU at the University of Syiah Kuala Gayo Lues. The design used in this study was a 4 x 2 Factorial Randomized Block Design with 3 replications, so there were 8 treatment combinations and 24 experimental units with a total of 72 plants. Plant height, number of tillers per clump, main stem diameter, fresh chestnut weight, tuber weight, tuber diameter, and dry chestnut weight were the parameters observed. The results of this study indicated that the media and variety treatment had a very significant effect on plant height at 120 HSPT. Stem diameter and fresh chestnut weight were significantly affected by the varietal treatment, as well as plant height and tuber weight, but not by other parameters. In ginger growth and yield, there was no significant interaction between growing media and varieties. The treatment of citronella waste and coffee peel waste planting media with red ginger varieties produced the best plant growth.

Effect of Various Organic Amendments on Growth of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) under Coconut Cropping System

Ginger is one of the most important spices which has been utilised for centuries as a food flavouring agent as well as a key ingredient in pharmaceutical products. Since organic food is considered to be healthy by the consumers, the demand for organic products are increasing and organic farming is gaining popularity worldwide. As ginger is a shade loving crop, it can be grown well under coconut ecosystem. Therefore, a study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of organic amendments on the growth and yield of ginger (IISR Varada) under coconut based cropping system. The results revealed that the maximum plant height (72.08 cm) was recorded in T8 - poultry manure + microbial consortium followed by T9 - goat manure + microbial consortium (71.86 cm), the number of leaves per plant were maximum (86.57) in the combined application of poultry manure and microbial consortium (T8) followed by T6 - FYM + microbial consortium (83.03), the largest leaf length (26.75 cm) was observed in T8 - poultry manure + microbial consortium followed by T9 - goat manure + microbial consortium (25.83 cm) and similarly, the largest leaf width was observed in T8 - poultry manure + microbial consortium (3.92 cm) followed by T9 - goat manure + microbial consortium (3.87 cm). The application of T8 - poultry manure + microbial consortium produced more number of tillers (9.48) followed by T6 - FYM + microbial consortium (9.23). Thus, the combined application of poultry manure and microbial consortium is considered as the best and effective organic amendment for ginger under coconut based cropping system.

Effect of Biochar Produced from Paddy Husk and Coconut Frond on Soil Physical Properties and Productivity of Ginger in a Laterite Soil

The effect of biochar produced from paddy husk and coconut frond on soil physical properties and yield of ginger crop was studied in a laterite soil of Kerala, India. The treatments included paddy husk biochar (PHB) and coconut frond biochar (CFB) each @ 10, 20 and 30 t ha-1 + NPK as per KAU package of practices (KAU POP) recommendation, KAU POP alone (30 t FYM + 75: 50: 50 kg NPK ha-1) and absolute control. The recovery of paddy husk biochar (PHB) was 50% and that of coconut frond biochar (CFB) was 40%. Physical properties of the soil were significantly improved by the application of biochar compared to FYM as per KAU POP application. Specific surface area (68.74 and 2.56 m2 g-1 respectively) and water holding capacity (276.33 and 256.51% respectively) were higher for PHB compared to CFB whereas bulk density was lower for PHB (0.27Mg m-3) than CFB (0.35 Mg m-3). Biochar application reduced the bulk density, increased the water holding capacity and water stable aggregates of soil. Plant height, rhizome spread, and ginger yield were calculated towards interpreting the direct influence of biochar on growth of ginger. All these parameters were positively influenced by the incorporation of biochar at different rates. The highest ginger yield was obtained for PHB @ 30 t ha-1 (13964.2 kg ha-1) which was on par with CFB @ 30 t ha-1 (13418.3 kg ha-1). From the investigations, it can be concluded that application of PHB or CFB @ 30 or 20 t ha-1 along with NPK as per KAU POP produced significantly higher yield than FYM treatment as per KAU POP can be considered as the economically viable treatments in laterite soil.

Effects of Storage Methods on Sprouting and Nutritional Quality of Ginger (ZingiberofficinaleRosc) Rhizomes in Different Storage Periods

Purpose: Harvested ginger rhizomes are highly vulnerable to damage during postharvest storage due to soil borne pathogens or pest attack. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of storage methods required for sprouting and maintaining the nutritional quality of ginger rhizomes under different storage periods in the laboratory. 
 Methods: The rhizomes were stored inside five different storage methods viz., refrigerator, clay pots, pit lined with sand, pit lined with sawdust and black polythene bag with twelve perforations at three different storage periods of one, two and three months. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized design and randomized complete block design for laboratory and field experiment respectively, replicated three times. Data were collected on temperature, percentage weight loss of stored rhizomes, percentage sprouting, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and nutritional quality of ginger rhizomes. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System Software (SAS, 2005). Differences among treatment means were compared using Least Significance Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level.
 Results: The storage methods significantly (P≤0.05) influenced the percentage sprouting, weight loss, growth parameters and nutritional quality of ginger at various storage periods. The highest growth parameters were recorded from rhizomes stored for three months while the least value was recorded from rhizomes stored for one month. Highest percentage sprouting (94.90%) was recorded from rhizomes stored inside pit-sawdust followed by polythene (85.25%) while least percentage sprouting (66.28 %) was recorded from refrigerator. Rhizomes stored inside clay pots recorded least percentage weight loss of 27.89% closely followed by pit-sawdust (28.45%) and retained the nutritional quality of ginger at various storage periods while rhizomes stored inside refrigerator recorded highest percentage weight loss of 62.78.%.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, storage of rhizomes inside pit-sawdust as well as clay pots for a period of three months before planting produced better ginger growth on the field and maintain the quality of stored rhizomes.

Effects of Growth Regulators on Forced Sprouting and Growth of Ginger

Effects of Growth Regulators on Forced Sprouting and Growth of Ginger

Evaluation of Selected Biological and Chemical Treatments against Soil-Borne Diseases of Ginger in High Tunnel Production

With its multifaceted health benefits, ginger is one of the commonly consumed dietary condiments with continued demand worldwide leading to more importation into countries such as the U.S. The rhizome of ginger, the seed-piece but also the edible portion, is highly vulnerable to pathogen infections causing seed-piece and soil-borne diseases (SSDs). Laboratory and high tunnel (HT) studies were conducted between 2018 and 2020 to evaluate the effect of soil and transplant drenches of selected biocontrol agents (BCAs) and chemicals. In vitro dual-culture tests revealed that the Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22 (Th-22) grew significantly faster than Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi (Foz), the fungus causing yellows and rhizome rot in ginger. Th-22 grew more than three times faster than Foz within 3 days and engulfed the pathogen within 7 days when incubated at 30 °C. The bioproducts (RootShield® Plus, LifeGard®), an insecticide/nematicide (Vydate®) and disinfectant (10% Clorox) tested against Foz and any pre-existing pathogens in a HT significantly reduced severity of yellowing and rhizome rot when compared with the non-treated control. Yield was significantly higher for RootShield® Plus compared to the control in one of the trials. Spatially, declining ginger growth but an increased incidence of SSDs were observed as one walked from the door towards the back of the HT. Phospho-lipid fatty acid analysis showed better microbial activity on soils that received drenches of BCAs than on soils sampled pre-treatment.

Variations of soil phosphatase activity and phosphorus fractions in ginger fields exposed to different years of chloropicrin fumigation

PurposeAlthough soil fumigation efficiently controls soil-borne diseases, the effects of repeated soil fumigation on soil phosphorus (P) cycling are still largely unknown.MethodsIn this study we conducted a field experiment to explore soil phosphorus availability in ginger fields with 0, 3, and 7 years (F0, F3, and F7) of annual chloropicrin (CP) fumigation history in Shandong Province of China. Soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected at four different times in 2019. Ginger yield, soil phosphatase (acid and alkaline) activities, and soil P fractions were measured.ResultsResults showed that ginger rhizome yield was similar in F0 and F3 (70.0 t ha−1), but significantly lower in F7 (37.5 t ha−1). The acid phosphatase (AiP) activity was significantly higher in F0, while alkaline phosphatase (AlP) activity was the highest in F3. There was no significant difference in the available P (resin-P + NaHCO3-P + NaOH-P) between F0 and F7, with 33.6 to 57.5% of total P (TP), while the available P was significantly lower in F3, being less than 30% of TP. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the highest pH values in F3 contributed to the lowest soil P availability there. AiP activities showed highly positive effects on the soil labile P contents.ConclusionResults suggested that more P fertilizers are needed after 3 years of CP fumigation to avoid soil P deficiency for ginger growth. The death of ginger became the main limitation for ginger production after 7 years of CP fumigation, at which time, comprehensive agricultural practices should be considered to control ginger soil-borne diseases.

Penggunaan beberapa cendawan endofit untuk menekan penyakit layu pada jahe (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) di lahan gambut

Efforts to overcome R. solanacearum which causes bacterial wilt (BW) in ginger in peatlands are through a strategy to suppress the initial population. One of the efforts is to use endophytic fungi (CE) as biological control agents. This study aims to examine the use of several endophytic fungi isolates from pepper to suppress bacterial wilt disease and improve the growth of ginger. The treatment of CE biological agents in the form of Aspergillus spp., Fusarium sp., T. harzianum, and T. viride to suppress wilt disease in vivo and the use of biological agents as biofertilizers in the field. The source of the pathogenic bacterium P. solanacearum was obtained from samples of wilted rhizomes from community ginger field isolated on NA media. This study was arranged based on a completely randomized design with five replications. The research variables were wilt disease severity, plant height, number of leaves, number of stems, stem diameter & rhizome weight. The results showed that R. solanacearum caused symptoms after an incubation period of 9 days after inoculation. The four CE isolates were able to suppress the symptoms of ginger wilt in the range of 70-80%. The use of CE isolate was also able to improve the growth of ginger, but it has not been followed by an increase in the production of ginger rhizomes. It is suggested that the use of CE as a biofertilizer needs to be increased in the frequency of its application.

Effects of chloropicrin fumigation and azoxystrobin application on ginger growth and phosphorus uptake

Soil chloropicrin (CP) fumigation helps to increase crop yields by eliminating soil-borne diseases which inhibit plant growth. However, little is known about the effect of the CP fumigation combined with fungicide application on plant growth and nutrient uptake. In this study, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with six treatments: CK (untreated soil), AZO1 (a single application of azoxystrobin (AZO)), AZO2 (double applications of AZO), CP (CP fumigation with no AZO), CP+AZO1 (CP combined with AZO1) and CP+AZO2 (CP combined with AZO2) to investigate the effects of CP fumigation and AZO application on ginger growth and phosphorus (P) uptake. Results showed that a single application of AZO had no significant effect on ginger height, biomass and P uptake whether treated with or without CP fumigation, whereas double applications of AZO combined with CP fumigation significantly improved ginger height and the total amount of P in root (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, AZO residues were similar in all treatments with the same number of applications, with less than 50% remaining in the soil after 7 days applied, indicating that CP fumigation treatment did not influence AZO degradation in ginger cultivation. In addition, although the differences in P use efficiency observed across the different treatments were not significant, they nevertheless suggest that the P budget and soil microbial activity may contribute to those differences. Therefore, further studies should be done to link P cycling with microbial communities, and how these related to fumigation and fungicide application.

Efficacy and economics evaluation of seed rhizome treatment combined with preplant soil fumigation on ginger soilborne disease, plant growth, and yield promotion.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is widely planted around the world. Owing to continuous planting, ginger is seriously affected by soilborne fungi, bacteria, and nematodes. Although preplant soil fumigation is an effective prevention strategy of soilborne diseases, individual fumigant and technology could not provide effective control of ginger soilborne disease. In our research, different combinations of soil fumigants and seed rhizome treatments were evaluated by monitoring the soil pathogens population, ginger growth, yield, and estimation of economic benefits. Soil fumigation effectively reduced the population of soilborne pathogens, and chloropicrin had a better control effect on soilborne pathogens than dazomet did. Preplant soil fumigation and seed rhizome treatment not only provide good control of soilborne disease, but also reduced the incidence of plant foliar pest and disease. Average yield increase rate of seed rhizome treatment was 12.0%; the highest yield increase was 24.4%. The average cost of seed rhizome treatment only increased by about 2.86%, but the rate of net revenue increase for the seed rhizome treatment reached up to 19.1%. Seed rhizome treatment is a very cost-effective soilborne disease control technology. In the management of soilborne diseases, the combined application of soil fumigation and seed rhizome treatment can reduce the risk of crops infected by soilborne diseases and ensure high and stable crop yields. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Supplementing green light under strong sunlight improves growth and functional ingredients of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in summer

The green light for ginger growth may not be as unimportant as often assumed, but still now the roles of green light in ginger remain poorly understood. To investigate this issue, the ‘Shandong No. 1’ginger cultivar was grown and treated with two contrasting light environments: sunlight (CK treatment), supplementing green light under strong sunlight (T1 treatment), and this study explored morphological alterations, photosynthetic responses and gene expression of ginger in response to supplementing green light under strong sunlight, based on ginger's own species characteristics. The results showed as follows. One hand, supplementing green light under strong sunlight promoted expression of gibberellin biosynthesis gene and altered the morphological characteristics of ginger. In response to supplementing green light under strong sunlight, ginger presented not only shade avoidance symptoms characteristics, but also promotion of number of shoots, and thus rendered higher crown density and greater crown volume. When exposed to supplementing green light under strong sunlight condition, the strategies implemented by ginger to deal with stem elongation and branching increase seemed to be a species-specific response. On the other hand, the positive effect of supplementing green light under strong sunlight on ginger also depends on the growth conditions. Previous research confirmed that ginger did not grow well under green light only treatment. In contrast, supplementing green light under strong sunlight resulted in higher crown density and greater crown volume, which played a role in shading for the inner leaves and young pseudostems under summer sunlight, although strong summer light posed a threat to ginger growth. In addition, supplementing green light under strong sunlight led to upregulation of chlorophyll metabolism gene and an increase in Chlorophyll a content. Also, the enhancement of green light radiation effectively increased expressions of photosynthetic genes and photosynthesis rate. These all contributed to the improvement of photosynthetic efficiency of ginger leaves, as a way to increase light energy consumption, and thus reduced chloroplast senescence caused by excess light energy in summer. Furthermore, higher photosynthesis rate contributed to accumulation of photosynthetic products, and supported the material requirements for increasing biomass and improving rhizome functional ingredients. Taken together, this study will lay the foundations of a better understanding of the importance of green light to ginger.

Plant growth promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis promote growth and physiological parameters of Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important medicinal crop grown for its aromatic rhizome which is used as a spice, food, flavouring agent and medicine. It has been characterised for its hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antioxidant and antibiotic properties. This study was conducted to determine the impact of plant growth-promoting potential of bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis L2 on plant growth and physiological properties of ginger. The experiment was carried out in randomised block design with three replications in pot experiments. The plants were grown in greenhouse conditions for three months. The results showed that at 8 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP) bacterial inoculation increased plant height, leaf length, number of leaves per plant and leaf width. Inoculation with B. subtilis L2 significantly increased plant height by 16, 20 and 18% compared to control at 4, 8 and 12 WAP. At 8 and 12 WAP, leaf length significantly raised by B. subtilis L2 as compared to uninoculated control. B. subtilis L2 significantly increased the number of leaves per plant and leaf width by 30 and 21% respectively when comparing with non-inoculated plants at 8 WAP. The percentage increase in chlorophyll content resulted from the inoculation with B. subtilis L2 over the control was 10.5%, 15.5% and 18.4% at 4, 8 and 12 WAP respectively. It is concluded that there is a significant positive effect of inoculation with B. subtilis L2 on the growth of ginger. B. subtilis L2 strain can be used as a potential agent or bio-fertiliser for stimulation of ginger growth.

Organic Ginger (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Zingiber officinale&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Rosc.) Development in a Short Temperate Growing Season: Effect of Seedling Transplant Type and Mycorrhiza Application

Global warming and consumer demand for medicinal plants present an opportunity to introduce ginger growth to the US Delmarva Peninsula. High tunnel and field studies were conducted to assess the development of organic ginger (Zingiber officinalis, Rosc) seedling transplants in mycorrhiza-amended soil. Transplant types were tissue culture derived with less than three tillers (TCS1), three or more tillers (TCS2), and nontissue culture derived (NTCS1). Transplants were grown with or without mycorrhiza (2.8 g per plant) in a split plot design with soil amendments as main plot and transplant type as subplot. Data were collected for air temperatures, plant height, tiller number, leaf chlorophyll index (LCI), rhizome fresh weight, plant biomass, rhizome nutrients, and levels of As and Pb. TCS2 transplants produced significantly higher, or trended to higher rhizome yield than transplants with less than three tillers, except for year two field study. The maximum rhizome fresh weight per plant was 648.3 g for TCS2 in high tunnel in year one. Generally, TCS2 had most tillers throughout the growing season ranging from 6.9 to 25.7 tillers per plant over three studies. Mycorrhiza had no effect on ginger height, tiller number, LCI or rhizome yield. Sustained high temperatures above 37°C, plus high light in the field caused dieback and stunted shoot growth in year two. There were no consistent effects of mycorrhiza or transplant type on rhizome nutrient content. Content of total Pb, As and other elements were at safe threshold levels for rhizome consumption. These results suggest that gingers grown from TCS2 transplants with at least three tillers yielded more rhizome than those grown from S1 transplants with fewer tillers. Introduction of ginger to a short season region such as the Delmarva may require consideration of environmental condition such as high temperature and light to which seedling transplants may be exposed in summer.

Land Suitability Evaluation and Productivity Analysis of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in Malang Regency

Suitable land is needed to support the growth of the ginger plant to increase its productivity. Climate, soil physics, soil chemistry, and land data information are needed for land suitability assessment. Land suitability evaluation technology is used to identify suitable land to grow optimally. This study aimed to map the ginger suitability in Malang district, analyze the limiting factors that most influence the growth of ginger, and analyze the relationship between land suitability class and ginger productivity in Malang district. The study was conducted using the survey method active field survey. The method for determining land suitability criteria used criteria developed by the Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia. The data obtained were analyzed using correlation and regression. The results showed that the level of slope did not affect productivity. The research area, which is located in Karangploso, Singosari, Jabung, Pagak, and Kalipare Districts, has a grade of land suitability S3 (marginally suitable). Based on the results of the study, the level of slope does not affect productivity, the research areas which are located in Karangploso district, Singosari, Jabung, Pagak and Kalipare has a grade of land suitability S3 (Marginally Suitable). The characteristics of the land that most influenced the productivity of ginger according to the sequence were available-P, organic-C, CEC, and exchangeable Ca with the equation of y = 3.292 + (0.-219) X1 + 0.333X2 + 0.335X3 + 0.348X4 and R²= 0,695. Land suitability class had a strong relationship with ginger plant productivity; the value of the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.766