Gills Of Oreochromis Niloticus Research Articles

Response of metabolic enzymes glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase in vivo exposed Oreochromis niloticus against organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroid

Abstract Organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides are used in residential areas and agriculture, discharge into environment, may cause unpredictable toxicity to non-targeted aquatic organisms. The current study aims to assess the effect of these pesticides on the transaminases, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase enzymes activity in brain and gills of Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were exposed for 24 and 48 h (hours) to the LC0 (non-lethal concentrations) of the malathion, chlorpyrifos and λ-cyhalothrin, respectively. For biochemical assay, a spectrophotometer was used. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activity in brain and gill was significantly (p <0.05) elevated and inhibited, respectively, except in 48 h treated samples. The highest (+258%) and lowest (+8.9%) enhancement in this activity was noted in chlorpyrifos and malathion treated gill samples, respectively. The glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity was significantly (p <0.05) enhanced in all treated samples except in 24 h malathion treated brain. The highest (+340.7%) and lowest (+27%) enhancement in this level was recorded in malathion and chlorpyrifos exposed brain and gills samples. Therefore, it is suggested that both these assessments in fish different organs could be used as a useful biomarker to detect environmental pollution. Thus, the alterations in transaminases activity indicated that the tested pesticides are highly toxic to the health of aquatic organisms and should be periodically and regularly monitored in the environment to reduce pollutant stress on non-target biota, particularly fish.

Exploration of polyacrylamide microplastics and evaluation of their toxicity on multiple parameters of Oreochromis niloticus

Due to the increased production of polyacrylamide microplastics in the environment impacting the adverse effects on aquatic organisms have become a global concern. The present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of different concentrations (0.018, 0.03 0.09 g/1) of polyacrylamide microplastics on Oreochromis niloticus. Polyacrylamide microplastics were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The FTIR technique revealed the spherical morphology and size range of polyacrylamide (0.1–0.4 mm) with 99 % purity. Raman Spectroscopy results showed peaks around (1100 cm−1 and 1650 cm−1) in gills, these peaks confirmed the presence of polyacrylamide microplastics in the gills of Oreochromis niloticus. Polyacrylamide microplastics significantly shortened the antioxidant enzymes (Catalase and Reduced glutathione) proceedings and the increase was observed in Malondialdehyde and Lipid peroxide levels in high-dose treated groups. Moreover, total protein contents were expressively increased, while other blood parameters (AST, ALP, ALT) were significantly decreased. Hemoglobin (g/dl), Erythrocyte (106/µl) and TLC (1x109/l) levels were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in high concentrations. The administration of polyacrylamide microplastics induced different histological changes in the gills, liver and intestine of O. niloticus. It was concluded that polyacrylamide microplastics are toxic agents having harmful effects on fish health.

Lamproglena monodi Capart, 1944 infecting Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758): additional information on infection, morphology and genetic data

Lamproglena monodi Capart, 1944 adult females were first described from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and have been redescribed seven times from different cichlid species in Egypt, Burkina Faso and Brazil, all showing morphological variation. The adult male was first described from Lake Victoria and the Victoria Nile in Uganda. Copepods from the present study were collected from the gills of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Kibos Fish Farm, Kenya (between December 2017 and April 2018) and Sharqia Governorate (June 2019) and El-Minia (between July and December 2018) in Egypt. They were identified as L. monodi based on morphology and genetic data. Parasites were studied morphologically with the aid of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and female infection levels calculated. Genetically, the specimens were studied using fragments of 18S and 28S rDNA. SEM analyses revealed additional diagnostic morphological features for the three adult males (elusive) and 249 females. These data were used to update the identification key for male Lamproglena species. Prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance of the females were calculated as 13.5%, 8.6 and 1.2 respectively. Both 18S and 28S rDNA fragments confirmed the distinctness of L. monodi from previously characterised Lamproglena species, with distances of 1.22–1.94% (17–27 bp) for 18S rDNA and 15.66–18.1% (111–128 bp) for 28S rDNA. Haplotypes obtained from male and female specimens were identical, confirming the identity of the male specimens. This is the first genetic study of Lamproglena from Africa, the first SEM and genetic study of male L. monodi, and the first geographical report of this parasite from Kenya. The male and molecular data reported herein provide a useful point of reference for future Lamproglena studies.

Bioaccumulation and Human Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus Fish Species from the Golinga Reservoir, Ghana

ABSTRACT The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from the Golinga reservoir in Northern Ghana are consumed as an alternative source of protein. In the current study, levels of selected metals (As, Cd, Fe, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni and Pb) in the two fish species and the fish condition were determined, and potential human health effects assessed. The metal concentrations in the edible fish muscles ranged from 0.16 mg kg-1 (Mn) to 101 mg kg-1 (Pb). The weight-length relationships showed that both fish were growing isometrically, and bioaccumulation of metals from the reservoir was considered insignificant with bioconcentration factors below 100 except for Mn, whose value was 161 in the gills of Oreochromis niloticus. The health risk assessment showed that Pb, Cd and As had Target Hazard Quotient values above 1 for both fish species, with that of As being as high as 19.6 for Oreochromis niloticus. The target cancer risk values for As, Cd, Cr and Pb were above the non-risk threshold of &lt;10-6, indicating the risk of cancer developing over the years due to fish consumption. The metal concentration in the fish in the reservoir should therefore be constantly monitored and potential health risks associated with frequent consumption of the fish assessed. Keywords: fish; health risk assessment; Nile tilapia; Target Hazard Quotient; trace metals

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Poikilocytosis and tissue damage as negative impacts of tramadol on juvenile of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Pharmaceuticals residue was detected in the water bodies as a consequence of the incomplete treatment. Recently, the side impacts of that residue on aquatic creatures have received a considerable attention. However, there is insufficient information about the effect of the most consumed narcotic drug (tramadol) on fish as an aquatic model. Thus, this study aims at investigating the poikilocytosis and tissue damage in Oreochromis niloticus after the exposure to 100 and 200 mg/L of tramadol hydrochloride. Three groups of fish were used; one as a control group, and the other two groups were exposed to 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L of tramadol hydrochloride respectively for 25 days. Exposure to tramadol caused a significant increase in the percentage of poikilocytosis compared to the control group. Poikilocytosis included tear-drop cell, spindle-shaped cell, sickle cell, schistocyte, blebbed cell, acanthocyte, eccentric nucleus, amoebocyte, dividing cell, and crenated cell. Moreover, liver tissue in fish exposed to tramadol showed degeneration and vacuolization of hepatocytes and atrophy of pancreatic acini as signs of histopathological alterations. Histopathological changes of brain showed severe gliosis, dark neurons, and vacuolization in fish exposed to tramadol compared to control fish. Gills tissue showed erosion, epithelial lifting, and secondary lamellae shrinking in fish exposed to tramadol compared to control fish. In conclusion, tramadol induced histopathological changes in liver, brain, and gills of Oreochromis niloticus as well as poikilocytosis were indicated clearly. Therefore, tramadol leakage to waters should be avoided to preserve aquatic creatures.

The Change of Metallothionein and Oxidative Response in Gills of the Oreochromis niloticus after Exposure to Copper.

Simple SummaryCopper is an essential element for the aquatic organisms for a number of biological processes. However, it may be toxic at high concentrations. The present study revealed that the levels of Cu in gills of all Cu-exposed tilapia significantly increased during the first few days, and then gradually decreased, matching the control at D4-D5. The concentration of metallothionein (MT) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the gills of Cu-exposed fish were in line with the accumulated Cu. The increase of MT, SOD, and CAT during the first few days might be the adaptive response of the animal to Cu toxicity. MT binds the elevated Cu, while SOD and CAT scavenge the increased free radicals due to the increasing level of Cu. Cu does not affect the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in gills of fish, which suggests the SOD, CAT and MT as antioxidant defense systems were able to completely scavenge the increased free radicals.In the present study, we investigated the effects of waterborne copper (Cu) on the levels of metallothionein (MT) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in gills of cichlid fish Oreochromis niloticus. The Cu concentrations in gills were measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The sandwich-ELISA was used to measure MT, SOD, CAT, and MDA. The Cu concentrations in gills of fish that were exposed to 1, 5, and 10 mg Cu/L were significantly increased at day 1 (D1), then gradually decreased starting from D2, and reaches the similar value with the controls at D5. A similar tendency has been observed in the MT levels in the gills. All of the Cu-exposed fish showed the highest level of MT on D1, and then decreased at D3 and a plateau at D4 and D5. The levels of SOD and CAT in gills in all Cu-exposed fish showed a similar pattern: increased significantly at D1, then gradually decreased starting from D2, and increased again at D4 and D5. The levels of MDA in gills of all Cu-exposed fish showed no significant difference. The indifference levels of MDA in gills of all Cu-exposed fish suggested the antioxidant defense systems (SOD and CAT) combined with the induction of MT were able to completely scavenge the increased ROS.

Vitamins E and C ameliorate the oxidative stresses induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles on liver and gills of Oreochromis niloticus.

The current study evaluated the hazards of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on Nile Tilapia liver and gill antioxidants enzymes activities and antioxidants genes expressions. The ameliorative action of vitamins E and C mixture was investigated. Two hundred males of Nile Tilapia were exposed to one and two mg L−1 of ZnONPs either with or without vitamin C and E mixture for 7 and 15 days. Glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and gene expression as well glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxide (LPO) levels were investigated. The results revealed that the exposure to ZnONPs could induce alterations in the liver and gills antioxidants and LPO of Nile Tilapia. Moreover, the mixture of vitamin E and C highly effective in alleviation the toxic effect of ZnONPs.

Taxonomic position and glochidia from the freshwater mussel, Anodonta luteola (Unionoida: Unionidae), in Costa Rica

Glochidia larvae from Anodonta luteola were observed in gills of Oreochromis niloticus from a farm in Cañas, Guanacaste. Samples were taken and analyzed by electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. Glochidia were 311, 8μm total length (TL), 331,7μm totalheight (TH), and 251,1μm hinge dorsal length (HDL). Anodonta has 21species reported for the Panamica province, and A. luteola has five synonyms, often used in different reports.

Elemental Analysis of Flesh, Bones and Gills of Oreochromis niloticus Consumed in Nigeria for Improvement of Nutrition and Health

Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was used to determine elemental concentrations in flesh, bones and gills of Oreochromis niloticus fish, an abundant and popularly consumed fish in Nigeria as a step to improvement of nutrition and health in the country. One hundred and twenty samples were collected from the research sites of the Ahmadu Bello University Reservoir. The samples were irradiated using a neutron flux of 5 x 10 11 ncm -2 s -1 in inner site of the Nigeria Research Reactor-1 (NIRR-1). Results obtained indicate that calcium (5,000-186,600mg/kg) dominated in the organs, followed by potassium (3,400-12,300mg/kg) and the least was samarium (0.13-0.36mg/kg). Our result also shows that sample location had no significant (p≥0.05) effect on concentration of the elements in the organs. The data obtained illustrated that Calcium, Magnesium and Manganese are predominant in bones and gills. Chlorine, Potassium and Sodium were found to be highly concentrated in the flesh and bones. While Vanadium, Lanthanum, Samarium and Uranium are more prominent in gills, Bromine is more visible in flesh and gills. In general, bones and gills were found to have the highest distribution of major elements. Manganese concentrations obtained in these organs are above the WHO reference values and apart from Manganese, the concentrations of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, and Chlorine obtained in these organs are above the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry recommendation. The study reveals that Oreochromis niloticus fish is a good bio-indicator of an aquatic environment pollution and fresh water contamination.

The effect of copper toxicity in apoptotic response and cell proliferation, in gills of Oreochromis niloticus

The effect of copper toxicity in apoptotic response and cell proliferation, in gills of Oreochromis niloticus

A stereological study of copper toxicity in gills of Oreochromis niloticus

Stereological methods were used to estimate the volumetric density (VV) of the filamentar epithelium (FE, 39%), lamellae (L, 28%), central venous sinus (CVS, 14%), central axis (16%), mucous cells (MC, 2%) and chloride cells (CC, 1%) in the gill filament of control Nile Tilapia. The relative volumes of FE and L, and the relative volumes of CVS and central axis, varied inversely under exposure to copper, with high copper toxic levels declanching a chronic defence mechanism that was, nevertheless, overcome, and low copper toxic levels causing adaptation within a moderate acute phase type of response. Copper also induced a decrease of the VV (MC, gill filament) due to reduction of surface MC, despite the marked increase of stem MC at chronic exposure to high copper toxic levels. Diminution of the numerical density of filamentar CC was responsible for the decreased VV (CC, gill filament), although lamellar CC significantly increased at chronic exposure to low copper toxic levels. The present results demonstrate that cell relative volumes, mean volumes and numerical densities are dependent on the variations of the FE and L, which without a quantitative approach may be misinterpreted, thus stressing the importance of using stereological tools for analyzing histopathological patterns.