Gila County Research Articles

Health Characteristics and Birth Outcomes for "Starting Out Right," a Teen Pregnancy Program.

To evaluate differences in health characteristics and birth outcomes for participants of a prenatal education and support program for pregnant teens, "Starting Out Right" (SOR) compared to nonparticipant pregnant teens in Pima, Maricopa, and Gila counties in Arizona to gauge benefits of program participation. The SOR program is a community education and support program for pregnant teens based on a structured curriculum. All pregnant teens living in the service area are eligible to participate. Vital statistics birth data from 2014 to 2019 were obtained from three counties in Arizona that identified SOR and non-SOR program participants. Logistic regression was used to calculate multivariable -adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for specific health characteristics (smoking, hypertensive disorders, overweight and obesity, gestational diabetes, sexually transmitted infections) and birth outcomes (C-section, preterm birth, NICU admission, birthweight, and breastfeeding) for SOR participants compared with nonparticipants. Variables in the adjusted models included age, BMI, smoking, gestational diabetes, race, ethnicity, county, WIC participation, insurance type, plurality, and month and year prenatal care began. These results suggest that participation in SOR was associated (p ≤ 0.06) with a reduced odds for low birthweight [aOR 0.7(95% CI 0.5,1.0)] and increased odds (p ≤ 0.05) of breastfeeding [aOR 1.3(95% CI 1.0,1.7)] compared to nonparticipants. These results provide evidence that the education components in the SOR program support improved pregnancy and breastfeeding outcomes for pregnant teens.

Liudongshengite, Zn4Cr2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O, a new mineral of the hydrotalcite supergroup, from the 79 mine, Gila County, Arizona, USA

ABSTRACTA new mineral species, liudongshengite, ideally Zn4Cr2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O, has been found in the 79 mine, Gila County, Arizona, USA. It occurs as micaceous aggregates or hexagonal platy crystals (up to 0.10 × 0.10 × 0.01 mm). The mineral is pinkish and transparent with white streak and vitreous luster. It is brittle and has a Mohs hardness of ∼1.5, with perfect cleavage on (001). No twinning or parting is observed macroscopically. The measured and calculated densities are 2.95 (3) and 3.00 g/cm3, respectively. Optically, liudongshengite is uniaxial (−), with ω = 1.720 (8), ε = 1.660 (7) (white light). An electron microprobe analysis, combined with the carbon content measured using an elemental combustion system equipped with mass spectrometry, yielded the empirical formula (Zn3.25Mg0.17Cr2.58)Σ6.00(OH)12(CO3)1.29·3H2O, based on (M2+ + M3+) = 6 apfu, where M2+ and M3+ are divalent and trivalent cations, respectively.Liudongshengite belongs to the quintinite group within the hydrotalcite supergroup and is the Cr-analogue of zaccagnaite-3R, Zn4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O. It is trigonal, with space group Rm and unit-cell parameters a = 3.1111(4), c = 22.682(3) Å, and V = 190.12(4) Å3. The crystal structure of liudongshengite is composed of positively charged brucite-like layers, [M2+1–xM3+x(OH)2]x+, alternating with negatively charged layers of (CO3)2–·3H2O. Compared to other minerals in the quintinite group, liudongshengite is remarkably enriched in M3+, with an M2+:M3+ ratio of 1.33:1. Like zaccagnaite-3R and many other hydrotalcite-type minerals, liudongshengite may also possess polytypes, as a series of synthetic hydrotalcite-type compounds with a general chemical formula [Zn4Cr2(OH)12]X2·4H2O, where X = Cl–, NO3–, or ½ SO42–, but with unit-cell parameters different from those for liudongshengite, have been reported previously.

Arizona Prehnite: A New Find from Gila County

Figure 1. The (happy) author amidst a pile of crystallized specimens. Jim McGlasson photo.Reproduced with permissionFigure 2. View of mountains near Haystack Butte in the Tonto National Forest, sho...

Evaluation of Use of Vaginal-Implant Transmitters in Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus)

Abstract During two studies of mortality in fawns of desert mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus eremicus) in Crockett County, Texas, and Gila County, Arizona, we recorded rates of retention and problems with vaginal-implant transmitters (VITs). Our objectives were to determine if rates of retention differed between studies, years, timing of insertions, and width of wing of VITs. In Texas, VITs with wings 6.75-cm wide were shed successfully at parturition 73–77% of the time, whereas in Arizona, VITs were shed successfully 43% of the time. Additionally, in Arizona, VITs with 8.20-cm-wide wings were shed successfully 91% of the time. Our data suggested that optimal length of wings of VITs for mule deer may be dependent on locale. When designing a study using VITs, researchers should use the largest wing possible to ensure high rates of retention without physically harming deer.

The Supreme Court and Juvenile Justice

The Supreme Court and Juvenile Justice JUDITH S. KAYE* For so many things I thank the Historical Society profoundly, but place right at the top of my list the delightful opportunity your invitation has given me to read the prior Annual Lectures—interesting, exciting, thoroughly intimidating—touching on the Court’s history, its cases, its people, even its wives (the subject of Justice Ginsburg’s 1999 lecture). Wholly apart from the Society’s many initiatives to preserve the Court’s history and increase public awareness of its contributions to our nation, the now nearly three dozen Annual Lectures alone offer an amazing insight into this great institution. Justice Samuel Alito opened his 2008 lecture by explaining that he chose his subject—the origin of the baseball antitrust exemption—on a dark, cold December day, when thoughts of spring brought to mind thoughts of baseball. Hence he treated us to a session with our Great American Pastime, centered on the Court’s 1922 decision, Fed­ eral Baseball Club of Baltimore v. National League ofProfessional Baseball Clubs.1 I too made my choice ofsubject on a dark, cold December day, contemplating this mag­ nificent spring afternoon, when my favorite sport—ice hockey—would soon be packing its bags for the season. (And wouldn’t you know, the New York Rangers were out of it again!) My thoughts thus turned to other are­ nas and, not surprisingly, settled on the subject ofchildren, a subject that dominated my many sleepless nights as ChiefJudge ofthe State of New York, where—like state courts through­ out the country—we have a staggeringly high docket of Family Court cases, touching ev­ ery aspect of children’s lives. Just now in New York (the subject of several scathing re­ ports on our juvenile detention facilities) and in Pennsylvania (the site of a juvenile judge corruption scandal)—indeed, throughout the nation—attention is riveted on juveniles, chil­ dren accused ofwhat for adults mightbe crimi­ nal conduct. How do we balance today’s vexing crime and incarceration statistics with mod­ ern developmental science regarding troubled young people? After considerable reflection, my initial plan to address children generally thus narrowed a bit to juveniles, due process, THE SUPREME COURT AND JUVENILE JUSTICE 63 and the Supreme Court’s watershed decision ofMay 15, 1967, In re Gault.1 Most Americans know what “Miranda” stands for, even if they’re not sure about the origin of custodial warnings. Every law stu­ dent recognizes Dollree Mapp, John Terry, and Clarence Earl Gideon as important figures in the Supreme Court’s criminal procedure cases ofthe 1960s. Outside thejuvenile-justice com­ munity, however, how many Americans know the name Gerald Gault? Few, I suspect, are aware that the appeal on young Gerald’s be­ half struck at the heart of the assumed benev­ olence of our juvenile courts, agencies, and institutions, and in so doing shook the roots of thejuvenile-justice system nationwide. Who is Gerald Gault, and what circumstances led him to the Supreme Court ofthe United States? I. The Facts On June 8, 1964, at about 10 a.m., Gerald Francis Gault and a friend, Ronald Lewis, were taken into custody by the Sheriffof Gila County, Arizona. At the time of his arrest, Gerald Gault was fifteen years old and serv­ ing six months’ probation for being in the company of a boy who stole a wallet from a woman’s purse. Three years later, in his opin­ ion for a divided Court, Justice Abe Fortas described the events that followed. In reciting the facts and holding, I barely resist the temp­ tation to read his words verbatim—the story as told is fascinating. The June 8th arrest resulted from a tele­ phone complaint by a neighbor of the boys, Mrs. Cook, following her receipt of a lewd or indecent phone call. In Justice Fortas’s words, “the remarks or questions put to [Mrs. Cook] were of the irritatingly offensive, adolescent, sex variety.” When the sheriff picked up Gerald Gault at home and took him to the local Children’s Detention Home, his mother and father were both at work. The sheriff left no notice that their son had been arrested and took no...

Preliminary Botanical Explorations of the Parker Creek Canyon, Sierra Ancha Mountains, Gila County, Arizona

ABSTRACT This study is a survey of the floristic composition of the Parker Creek watershed located in the Sierra Ancha Mountains of Arizona. This watershed includes ecological communities ranging from the Sonoran Upland Province to Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Woodlands. The collections were conducted along designated routes within the lower and mid-upper reaches of the creek, including the inner canyon. A checklist was completed using both our new collections and several herbarium queries with the Southwestern Environmental Information Network (SEINet). This study reports the presence of 625 species, representing 335 genera and 94 families of vascular plants. The flora is predominantly comprised of angiosperms (ASU, Flowering plants), but also includes gymnosperms (conifers), lycophytes (club mosses), sphenophytes (horsetails) and pteridophytes (ASU, Ferns). A comparison to the nearby Sierra Ancha Wilderness, also located in the Sierra Ancha Mountains, revealed only 47% similarity to the Parker Creek w...

Roosevelt Lake Bridge, Gila County, Arizona

Although traffic congestion was important, the deciding factor for the new Roosevelt Lake Bridge was flood protection. Located about 305 m upstream of the dam, the new Roosevelt Lake Bridge is just...

Who's who in Mineral Names Bronson Ferrin Stringham (1907–1968)

Abstract Stringhamite, CaCuSiO4·H2O, is a deep blue, hydrous copper calcium silicate, originally discovered at the Bawana mine, Beaver County, Utah (Hindman 1976). Its structure was determined on crystals from the Christmas mine, Gila County, Arizona (Hawthorne 1985). The monoclinic crystals, up to 0.1 mm across, from the type locality are dominated by the forms {011} and {101}, modified by {010} and {111}. At the Bawana mine, stringhamite occurs with thaumasite on fractures in a diopside-magnetite skarn. At the Christmas mine, it is found with wollastonite and whelanite.

Effects of Acculturation and Structural Assimilation in Resource-Based Recreation: The Case of Mexican Americans

The study examines the effects of Mexican American acculturation and structural assimilation on outdoor recreation patterns. Based on ethnic assimilation theory, we hypothesized that the greater the level of acculturation or primary structural assimilation, the more similar Mexican Americans would be to Anglo-Americans in their outdoor recreation behavior. Data to test these hypotheses came from a telephone survey of 1,057 households in Maricopa and Gila counties, Arizona. Analysis of covariance indicated that acculturation and primary structural assimilation each had impacts upon Mexican American recreation. In general, primary structural assimilation had its most apparent effects on site visitation, while acculturation was reflected most clearly in activity participation patterns.

Ethnic factors and the use of public outdoor recreation areas: The case of Mexican Americans

Abstract This study investigated the effects of subculture, marginality, and perceived discrimination on use of selected public outdoor recreation areas. The assimilation perspective from the sociology literature provided theoretical guidance for the study. These concepts were treated as different types of social distance (cultural distance, socioeconomic distance, and intergroup distance). Each was hypothesized to affect the use of outdoor recreation areas. Data for this analysis came from telephone interviews conducted with 1057 households in Maricopa and Gila counties in Arizona. The analysis was conducted using a subsample of respondents of Mexican ancestry. The results support the socioeconomic, or marginality, hypothesis. There was less support for the subcultural, or ethnicity, hypothesis. There was no support for the perceived discrimination hypothesis. Research implications and recommendations are discussed.

Apachite and gilalite, two new copper silicates from Christmas, Arizona

SummaryBoth new species are retrograde or mesogene minerals that occur in tactites at the Christmas mine, Gila County, Arizona (USA). Gilalite is green, H = 2, D = 2.82. Biaxial (—), 2V small, α = 1.560, β = γ = 1.635. No single crystals found; strongest lines at 13.49 Å, (10); 10.97 (5); 7.786 (5). Analysis gave CuO 36.2%, MgO 2.3, CaO 3.8, MnO 0.5, SiO2 41.5, H2O 14.6, close to Cu5Si6O17·7H2O.Apachite is blue, H = 2, D = 2.80. Biaxial (—), 2V small, α = 1.610, β = γ = 1.650. No single crystals found. Strongest lines are 12.90 Å (10); 3.168 (7); 7.663 (5). Analysis gave CuO 43.6%, FeO 0.3, MgO 1.7, CaO 1.8, SiO2 40.8, H2O 13.8, close to Cu9Si10O29·11H2O.

Ruizite, a new silicate mineral from Christmas, Arizona

SummaryRuizite is a new mineral found in the mesogene calc-silicate assemblage at the Christmas mine, Gila County, Arizona. Occurs with kinoite, apophyllite, smectite, and junitoite. Colour is orange inclining to brown with pale streak, H = 5, Sp. Gr. meas. = 2·9. Crystals monoclinic 2/m, elongate on [010]; a = 11·95 Å, b = 6·17, c = 9·03, β = 91° 22½′. Probable space group P21/c with Z = 4 giving Dcalc = 2·997. Strongest lines are 11·951 Å(10), 4·190 (7), 3·116 (6), 5·092 (5), 3·644 (4), 2·951 (4), 2·591 (4), 2·132 (4). Indices are α = 1·663, β = 1·715 ‖ [010], γ = 1·734, 44° to [001] in obtuse β; 2Vα = 60·2°; inclined dispersion p > v strong. Twinned on {100}. Analysis by wet methods gave CaO = 20·57%, Mn2O3 = 23·42, SiO2 = 39·14, H2O = 16·0 leading to or CaMn3+ (SiO3)2(OH). 2H2O.Named for its discoverer, Joe Ana Ruiz of Mammoth, Arizona

Prehistory in Vosberg Valley, Central Arizona

ABSTRACTThis paper examines prehistoric developments in the Vosberg locality of central Arizona in relation to developments in the greater Salado area. The Vosberg locality is comprised of a single, small valley located in Gila County, Arizona, approximately 10 km southeast of the town of Young, placing it in an ill-defined boundary region between the Salado area to the west and south and the Mogollon area to the east.

One of our Favorite Rock Hunting Areas Onyx Peak, Gila County, Arizona

(1974). One of our Favorite Rock Hunting Areas Onyx Peak, Gila County, Arizona. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 363-365.

Paleomagnetism of 1140 to 1150 million-year diabase sills from Gila County, Arizona

Diabase sills are abundantly developed in Gila County, central Arizona, and they are isotopically dated as 1140–1150 m.y. Stable magnetizations can be retrieved by AF or thermal demagnetization of the diabase. The over-all mean direction of magnetization of 98 specimens from 8 sites in the Globe-Salt River canyon area is at declination 285°, inclination 49° (α95 = 7°, k = 56) with a corresponding paleomagnetic pole at 179°E, 27°N (δp = 6°, δm = 9°). This is identical with two published poles for diabase of the same age from the Sierra Ancha, Arizona. Furthermore, all three poles are in close agreement with those from igneous rocks of Keweenawan age exposed in the Lake Superior region. The stable Globe-Salt River canyon diabases have median Q′ ratios near 0.8 and show no correlation between large amounts of secondary component removed during demagnetization and either low Q′ or high susceptibility. The opaque minerals in the sills are highly oxidized titanomagnetites, unoxidized ilmenites, and a pyrite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite assemblage. The main carrier of the stable NRM appears to be a magnetite with very little titanium, produced during deuteric oxidation, and partly showing a single domain behavior.

The Mississippi Kite in Arizona

The Mississippi Kite (Ictinia misisippiensis) is generally considered a bird of south-central and southeastern United States, breeding from Kansas and South Carolina south to Texas and Florida (AOU, Check-list of North American birds. Fifth ed. AOU, Baltimore. 1957, p. 101). In recent years it has been found breeding in southeastern New Mexico (J. P. Hubbard, Check-list of the birds of New Mexico, New Mexico Ornithol. Society Publ. No. 3, 1970). It was, therefore, quite a surprise when my brother John and I found four individuals of this species on 7 June 1970 about 5 mi. S of Winkelman in Pinal County, Arizona, along the lower San Pedro River. The sight of these kites feeding on the wing among the giant cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) and other desert vegetation was unusual indeed. We returned to this area on 9 June 1970 and found one pair in flight, feeding over the desert. Another pair was sighted in flight directly over the town of Hayden, Gila County, Arizona, about 2 mi. NW of Winkelman. On 15 June 1970, we returned to this area and counted at least eight Mississippi Kites along the San Pedro River downstream from the mouth of Aravaipa Creek to the Gila River. One of them was bar-tailed, indicating that it had been raised in 1969. An adult female was collected and is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. She had slightly enlarged ovaries and what appeared to be the beginning of a brood patch. On our next visit to the area, 24 July 1970, my brother and I located a kite nest. An adult was shading a downy chick, approximately three weeks old, from the intense heat in the nest located about 40 ft up in a pole-sized cottonwood (Populus fremontii). Judging from the amount of riparian habitat available along this stretch of the San Pedro River, the number of individuals sighted, and their distribution, it is our cilculated guess that as many as 10 pairs of Mississippi Kites inhabit this particular area. Amadeo M. Rea found nine individuals in the Mammoth area along the San Pedro River about 20 miles above Winkelman on 19 August 1970. At least seven of these were in adult plumage (pers. corr.). This species has not heretofore been recorded in Arizona. Phillips et al. (The birds of Arizona, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1964) do not mention the species in their definitive work. It is interesting to speculate on whether this colony represents newly occupied territory, or whether it merely has been overlooked in the past. With the many ornithologists, past and present, investigating southern Arizona, it seems unlikely that so conspicuous a bird could be overlooked. Phillips commented on the absence of the Mississippi Kite in Arizona in light of its recent range expansion into New Mexico (The instability of the distribution of land birds in the Southwest. Papers Arch. Soc. New Mexico 1:153, 1968). One thing is sure! Be this species an ancient or recent arrival in Arizona, its elimination appears virtually certain. The riparian habitat it requires along the San Pedro River south of Winkelman is scheduled for phreatophyte eradication and river channelization by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, for wa er salvage and flood control purposes (R. R. Manes and B. Bristow, The Fatal Future, Wildlife Views, Ariz. Game and Fish Dept., June 1970) and there will end the life of the Mississippi Kite in Arizona!

Late Cenozoic Geology of the Payson Basin, Gila County, Arizona

Late Cenozoic Geology of the Payson Basin, Gila County, Arizona

Skarn genesis at the Christmas Mine, Gila County, Arizona

Skarn genesis at the Christmas Mine, Gila County, Arizona

Additions to the Moss Flora of Arizona

Eleven species of mosses are reported for the first time from Arizona. The moss flora of Arizona includes 362 species (Haring, 1961) but exploration of geologically and climatically unique areas continues to produce new records. The 11 species listed below are from two unusual areas. Eight species grew in localities associated with the Mogollon Rim, in canyons dissecting the rim, at the base or top edge of the rim, and in a caldera near the edge of the rim. The Mogollon Rim is a precipitous escarpment about 200 miles long and, in the localities visited, is 488-610 m high. The vegetation on top of the rim, in Coconino County, is ponderosa pine forest. At the base of the rim, in Gila County, it is chaparral and pinyon-juniper woodland. Within the caldera, the water level of Stoneman Lake fluctuates greatly but the lake seldom goes completely dry. The other three species were found only in a spruce-fir forest in the White Mountains, Apache County. The collections cited are deposited in the Haring Bryophyte Herbarium at the Museum of Northern Arizona with one exception as noted. Claopodium pellucinerve (Mitt.) Best. COCONINO CO.: Side canyon off West Fork of Oak Creek Canyon, moist crevice in canyon wall, 2,020 m, Johnsen & Dunn 621. Dicranella varia (Hedw.) Schimp. COCoNINO Co.: Common in West Fork of Oak Creek Canyon, on sandstone, soil and litter in wet areas, 1,654-1,921 m, Johnsen 509, 864; Dunn 644. Grimmia torquata Hornsch. ex Grev. COCONINO CO.: West Fork of Oak Creek Canyon, on a moist Supai sandstone ledge, 1,654 m, Johnsen 583. Mnium punctatum Hedw. APACHE CO.: Mt. Baldy, White Mountains, on soil and humus in a seepage area, 2,912 m, Dybdahl R416. Orthotrichum cupulatum Brid. COCoNINO CO.: Sycamore Canyon, in cracks in rock, 1,441, Atkins 25; above the Mogollon Rim, on rock, 2,287 m, Sprugel 132. GILA CO.: Base of the Mogollon Rim, on a rock ledge, 1,677 m, Sprugel 386 (MICH). Orthotrichum pumilum Sw. COCONINO CO.: Stoneman Lake, on Quercus gambelii, 2,049 m, Johnsen 1426. Orthotrichum texanum Sull. cocoNINO cO.: West Fork of Oak Creek Canyon, on a rock ledge, 2,020 m, Dunn 626. Platydictya jungermannioides (Brid.) Crum. cocoNINO CO.: Common in West Fork of Oak Creek Canyon, on top of and in crevices of sandstone and limestone in moist or seepage areas, 1,654-2,020 m, Johnsen 1461; Dunn 408, 409, 622, 638, 659. Platydictya subtile (Hedw.) Crum. COCONINO CO.: West Fork of Oak Creek Canyon, on bark of Fraxinus pennsylvanica ssp. velutina and Gambel oak, 1,677 m, Johnsen 594, 598. Sphagnum squarrosum Sw. ex Crome. APACHE CO.: Smith's Cienega on Mt. Ord, White Mountains, on banks of streams and springs and in marshy areas, 2,988-3,034 m, Dybdahl R591, R602, R603, R611, R613, R615. Sphagnum subsecundum Nees. (referable to S. platyphyllum (Lindb. ex Braithw.) Sull.). APACHE CO.: Smith's Cienega on Mt. Ord, White Mountains, on marshy ground, 3,034 m, Dybdahl R616. LITERATURE CITED HARING, INEZ M. 1961. A checklist of the mosses of the state of Arizona. THE BRYOLOGIST 64: 222-240. 1 thank Dr. Howard A. Crum for the identification of the Sphagnum species, Mr. Dale H. Vitt for work on much of the Orthotrichum material, and Dr. Lewis E. Anderson for help on many specimens of Grimmia. 2 Museum of Northern Arizona, P.O. Box 1389, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.132 on Thu, 15 Sep 2016 06:12:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Structural control and mineralization at the Seventy Nine Mine, Gila County, Arizona

The Seventy Nine mine is in the Dripping Spring Mountains near Hayden, Arizona. The Paleozoic section, consisting of limestones, shales, and quartzite, has been faulted, sheared, and invaded by a granitic dike system.Cretaceous-Tertiary faulting is prominent and of at least three distinct periods. Initial major north-south normal faulting resulted in the formation of essentially east-west shear zones which were invaded by apophyses of the Central Arizona batholith to form the dike system. Postdike recurrence of the normal faulting produced a shearing of the dikes and shattering of favorable horizons in the adjacent Naco lime-stone. Invading ore solutions penetrating upward along the major faults and shear zones deposited their ores within the shattered North dike and favorable beds of impure Naco limestone. Post-ore faulting has displaced some ore bodies.Approximately $4,000,000 has been recovered between 1919 and 1947 in metals, lead being the most important. Early production consisted of lead carbonate ore from bed replacement deposits. Since 1940 the major production has been from lead-zinc sulfide ore occurring as re-placement veins in the North dike.Hypogene mineralization was deposited in a definite but interrupted three-stage sequence. Early pyrite was shattered and invaded by sphalerite, argentiferous galena, and chalcopyrite. Later quartz cuts all earlier sulfides. The bed replacement and upper parts of the North dike vein replacement ore bodies have been extensively altered by oxidation and supergene enrichment. The iron, zinc, and copper content was subtracted, with most galena being altered to cerussite.The ore deposits fall within the mesothermal temperature range.