Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network Research Articles

Flat ball topology basics multi‐transceivers 100 km/2.5 Tbps gigabit‐ethernet PON architecture for energy efficiency in data centers

AbstractExisting electronic data sources desire high‐power requisites, in order to obtain a large bandwidth, minimum power dissipation and low latency in networks. In this instance, a gigabit ethernet passive optical network (GEPON) architecture based on a dynamic Flat Ball topology incorporating multi‐transceivers to minimize network energy consumption via passive devices along with bandwidth reconfiguration potential and low latency is reported in this paper. The proposed architecture connected with 200 nodes exhibits 26 as well as 40 dB total loss in uplink as well as downlink considerably, compared to Sirius and Sandwich tree. Also, Flat ball GEPON architecture permits 9 and 10 dBm energy saving in downlink as well as uplink, respectively, than conventional GEPON architecture at 1 ms delay. The proposed architecture with 50 Erlang load allows energy ratio of 39% in downlink and 37% in uplink, at 25 × 100 Gbps traffic rate for 55 nodes. Besides this, the faithful fiber range of 100 km considering fiber no‐linearities and impairments can be obtained successfully. The architecture can be bordered with 1:64 splitting ratio with 35 ms in downlink as well as 31 ms in uplink transmission delay at bit error rate of 10−3. Additionally, on comparing the proposed topology with existing architectures depict its superiority with minimal implementation cost, low‐power dissipation, less traffic delay as well as high scalability and high flexibility.

Optical Code Division Multiple Access for FTTH system

Many multiple access techniques have been proposed and demonstrated to provide flexible solutions for FTTH network configurations. The performance of this system suffers because of the correlation properties that contribute to a high level of Multiple Access Interference (MAI), low system capacity (users), and lower transmission rate. In this paper, we have proposed Optical CDMA (OCDMA) as a configuration solution for FTTH networks to improve the performance of this type of network. Full Text: PDF References. Z. Mateusz, M. Mariusz, On cost of the uniformity in FTTH network design, Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (2017), 87-90 CrossRef CEDRIC F. LAM, Passive Optical Networks- Principles and Practice, first ed., British Library, USA, 2007. DirectLink M.K. Abdullah, W.T. P'ng, P.W. Lau, E.R. Tee, FTTH access network protection using a switch, Asia Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), 3(2003) 1219–1222. CrossRef J. Ronnakorn, S. Napat, L. Somkiat, Design and implement of GPON-FTTH network for residential condominium, Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, (2017), 333-339. CrossRef M. BOUREGAA, M. CHIKH-BLED, Comparative Study of Optical Unipolar Codes for Incoherent DS-OCDMA system, International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology, 6 (2013) 225-236. CrossRef M. BOUREGAA, M. CHIKH-BLED, The performance of a DS-OCDMA system using Orthogonal Optical Codes (OOC), European Scientific Journal, 9 (2013), 322-335 CrossRef M. Iwase, Y. Ishikawa, T. Komatsu, J. Kasahara, N. Hattori, M. Miura, N. Nakamura, K. Odaka, Optical transceiver modules for gigabit Ethernet PON FTTH systems, Furukawa Review, 28 (2005) 8-10. DirectLink

Activation Process of ONU in EPON/GPON/XG-PON/NG-PON2 Networks

This article presents a numerical implementation of the activation process for gigabit and 10 gigabit next generation and Ethernet passive optical networks. The specifications are completely different because GPON, XG-PON and NG-PON2 were developed by the International Telecommunication Union, whereas Ethernet PON was developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The speed of an activation process is the most important in a blackout scenario because end optical units have a timer after expiration transmission parameters are discarded. Proper implementation of an activation process is crucial for eliminating inadvisable delay. An OLT chassis is dedicated to several GPON (or other standard) cards. Each card has up to eight or 16 GPON ports. Furthermore, one GPON port can operate with up to 64/128 ONUs. Our results indicate a shorter duration activation process (due to a shorter frame duration) in Ethernet-based PON, but the maximum split ratio is only 1:32 instead of up to 1:64/128 for gigabit PON and newer standards. An optimization improves the reduction time for the GPON activation process with current PLOAM messages and with no changes in the transmission convergence layer. We reduced the activation time from 215 ms to 145 ms for 64 ONUs.

TDD Pattern Estimation and Auto-Recovery from Estimation Error for Accommodations of Fronthaul and Secondary Services in TDM-PON

Time division multiplexing passive optical networks (TDM-PONs) are attracting attention as a cost-effective way of realizing mobile fronthaul (MFH), which is an optical link between a central unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU) in a centralized radio access network (C-RAN). To realize an even more cost-effective network, we have studied the accommodation of MFH and secondary services in a single TDM-PON. We focus on the fact that a time division duplex (TDD) scheme will be applied to future radio access (FRA). Since a PON link is a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) scheme, whereas a radio propagation link is a TDD scheme, unallocated intervals occur periodically in the PON link. For the above reason, we have already proposed a technique for estimating unallocated intervals in a TDD-based MFH link that involves prelearning based on a test signal transmission, and the signal of the secondary service is accommodated in the unallocated intervals. However, a scheme for recovering from an error when the estimation is wrong and the test signal is not transmitted has yet to be studied. This paper proposes an estimation technique without a test signal transmission and an estimation-error recovery scheme. The proposed estimator calculates the correlation coefficient between captured uplink traffic and the seven types of uplink and downlink ratio patterns standardized by the third generation partnership project (3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org/). We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed estimation technique by using a numerical simulation. The recovery scheme detects the estimation error and re-allocates the bandwidth. We implement the estimator and the recovery scheme in a 10 Gigabit Ethernet PON (10G-EPON) prototype. We report the feasibility of the proposed scheme along with experimental results.

First demonstration of commodity L2 switch‐based passive optical network

The ‘commoditisation’ (i.e. using commodity hardware or commodity device as a hardware platform for network equipment) and ‘softwarisation’ (i.e. implementing the network function of the target equipment by software) have recently become big trends among communication carriers struggling to balance cost-efficiency and service flexibility. Especially in optical access networks, the concept of the commodity layer 2 (L2) switch-based passive optical network (PON) is attracting attention, but performance demonstrations have not been reported. This Letter offers the first performance demonstration of the L2 switch-based gigabit ethernet PON prototype constructed with an L2 switch and software-based PON-specific functions. The prototype achieves nearly 1 Gbps throughput in one-way transmission. Moreover, an additional numerical analysis confirms that the authors proposed architecture can accommodate sufficient PON port number.

Design of a Temporary Optical Coupler Using Fiber Bending for Traffic Monitoring

We design a temporary optical coupler that extracts 1.25-Gbps optical signals for traffic monitoring. The temporary optical coupler employs a fiber bending technique that uses a receiving fiber to receive leaked signal light from a bent fiber. We optimize the bending condition and the receiving fiber to obtain a high extraction efficiency while keeping the bending loss below 2 dB. We also measure the bit error rates for the 1.25-Gbps signals and reveal that our temporary optical coupler extracts the 1.25-Gbps optical signals without any deterioration in signal quality. Finally, we confirm experimentally that we achieved traffic monitoring using a traffic monitoring system and our temporary optical coupler in a fiber-to-the-home access network system based on a gigabit Ethernet passive optical network.

TDM-PON for Accommodating TDD-Based Fronthaul and Secondary Services

A time division multiplexing-passive optical network (TDM-PON) has been attracting attention with a view to realizing the cost-effective mobile fronthaul (MFH) of a mobile base station (BS). A cost-effective MFH is needed because a lot of BSs will be densely deployed in fifth generation mobile networks (5G). A TDM-PON is capable of reducing the network cost as the number of subscribers increases. However, the number of remote radio heads that can be accommodated in a TDM-PON is limited since a 5G MFH has a throughput of more than 1 Gbps. The accommodation of not only the MFH but also multiple services will enable us to construct a more cost-effective network that will in turn achieve cost-effective 5G MFH. Therefore, we propose the accommodation of the fronthaul and secondary services in a TDM-PON. Our proposed TDM-PON allows us to increase the number of accommodated ONUs. We use a traffic monitor to capture the MFH signal and then estimate the unallocated interval in the PON domain by using the characteristics of the MFH signal. The signals of the secondary services are inserted in the unallocated interval of the MFH signal. We estimate the unallocated interval by using this characteristic. In this paper, we report experimental and the theoretical results for our proposed technique obtained with a 10 Gigabit-Ethernet PON prototype. Moreover, we also discuss the variation in throughput when we increase the number of ONUs.

Real‐time demonstration of 30 Gbit/s hierarchical star 8‐QAM passive optical network employing fractionally‐spaced signed‐error radius directed equalisation

Real-time demonstration of 30 Gbit/s hierarchical star 8-quadrature amplitude modulation optical access system is presented. By incorporating a novel signed-error radius directed equalisation algorithm with a fractionally-spaced filter structure, the receiver supports high-speed hierarchically-modulated signals. The feasibility of the proposal is confirmed by demonstrating downlink coexistence in a 10 gigabit Ethernet passive optical network that conforms to IEEE 802.3av standards.

CHANNEL MONITORED CHANNEL DUPLEXER FOR OPTIMIZATION OF BIDIRECTIONAL PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK

Method of optimizing the optical network transmission in access network has been investigated in many years. Unidirectional optical transmission system is the earliest method of delivering the information. In recent years, bidirectional optical transmission system is the most popular network and shall be the first right of refusal to deploy nowadays. It is justify enough by the massive deployment of the popular state-of-the-art network named Passive Optical Network (PON) in Fiber To The Home (FTTH) technologies. Combining 3 wavelengths includes (1) 1310nm, (2) 1490nm, and (3) 1550nm within a fiber is the method used on Gigabit Capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) or Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network (GEPON/EPON). Combining 2 different wavelengths for uplink and downlink on Small Form Pluggable (SFP) lasers also has been a method used to optimized and saved the fiber infrastructure. Compared those techniques, the research optimization focusing on introducing a passive optical duplexer that combined the same wavelength from both end with the element of monitoring via different wavelength to confirm the network availability. In the design, a unidirectional converter able to operate at a nominal 1310nm or 1550nm windows shall be demonstrated up to 10Gbps Ethernet signal.

Energy efficiency evaluation of tree-topology 10 gigabit ethernet passive optical network and ring-topology time- and wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network

Higher capacity and larger scales have always been the top targets for the evolution of optical access networks, driven by the ever-increasing demand from the end users. One thing that started to attract wide attention not long ago, but with at least equal importance as capacity and scale, is energy efficiency, a metric essential nowadays as human beings are confronted with severe environmental issues like global warming, air pollution, and so on. Here, different from the conventional energy consumption analysis of tree-topology networks, we propose an effective energy consumption calculation method to compare the energy efficiency of the tree-topology 10 gigabit ethernet passive optical network (10G-EPON) and ring-topology time- and wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (TWDM-PON), two experimental networks deployed in China. Numerical results show that the ring-topology TWDM-PON networks with 2, 4, 8, and 16 wavelengths are more energy efficient than the tree-topology 10G-EPON, although 10G-EPON consumes less energy. Also, TWDM-PON with four wavelengths is the most energy-efficient network candidate and saves 58.7% more energy than 10G-EPON when fully loaded.

Fiber Fault Localization in FTTH Using Online Monitoring

At present optical fiber cable is used as media to design network and it support high Band width in Gbps speed. Earlier OFC is used to connect the long distance places called OTN (Optical Transport Network) and presently used even in local/access network called OAN (Optical Access Network). Inorder to provides the broadband accessing the PON (Passive Optical Network) used which splits the voice and data at the customer end and this technique has been improved to GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) which provides the higher data rate then the PON . It is also accessible in the Ethernet connectivity called GEPON (Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network). GEPON/GPON/PON terminals used in between the ONT (Optical Network Terminal) and OLT (Optical Line Terminal) terminals.OLT is located at the service providers end and ONT is located at the customer end. Customers are required high QoS and BW and they interested to make SLA (Service Level Agreement) for their service which are expecting from the service providers. The biggest challenge is the maintenance of the network includes localization and identification cable fault in network that ensures maximum QoS.

An efficient and secure authentication scheme based on NTRU for 10G ethernet passive optical

Ten gigabit ethernet passive optical network (10G EPON),which is viewed by many as an attractive solution to deliver very high-speed broadband access, is widely deployed in some data transmission areas with confusing security issues such as eavesdrop and masquerade caused by its point-to-multi-point topology. To solve the security problems, a new authentication scheme based on NSS signature algorithm using Hash is proposed. It possesses perfect mutual authentication of ONUs and OLTs as well as embedded session key. Besides, our new scheme can provide lower power dissipation, lower computing cost and better security attributes when comparing with RSA, ECC, and ElGamal in the literature.

Physical layer performance analysis of hybrid and stacked TDM–WDM 40G-PON for next generation PON

Current passive optical networks (PONs) (Gigabit PON (GPON) and Ethernet PON (EPON)) will run out of bandwidth sooner or later due to the ever increasing bandwidth demand. The aforementioned and the new next generation PON stage 1 (NG-PON1) standards (10 Gigabit-PON (XG-PON) and 10 Gigabit Ethernet-PON (10G-EPON)) are based on time division multiplexing (TDM-PON), which has its limitations such as limited bandwidth. In this paper, hybrid TDM–WDM PON and stacked TDM-PON architectures are evaluated and compared as solutions for NG-PON stage 2 (NG-PON2). Both architectures are fully capable of satisfying the requirements of NG-PON2. Stacked TDM-PON has the advantage of being compatible with the currently deployed optical distribution network (ODN). Considering four wavelengths and 10Gb/s/wavelength, the hybrid TDM–WDM PON does not seem to offer noticeable advantages over stacked TDM-PON.

Pattern Effect Suppression by Injecting Directly Modulated Synchronized Gain-Clamping Light Using Inverted Signal for PON Application of SOA

This paper presents and demonstrates a simple pattern effect suppression technique for the downstream repeater and the upstream booster semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) of an SOA-based, optically amplified passive optical network (PON) system. The synchronized gain-clamping light injection technique is applied to an SOA mainly consisting of an optical-electrical-optical converter. The feasibility of the technique is confirmed experimentally by applying it to a downstream amplification repeater in a Gigabit Ethernet PON (GE-PON) and a upstream booster amplifier in a 10G-EPON with a high output power optical network unit (ONU). In both cases, the pattern effect is significantly suppressed and the system loss budget is greatly improved. For the GE-PON repeater a large access span loss of over 40 dB was achieved with a trunk span distance of 51.8 km, and for the 10G-EPON the loss budget was increased to over 40 dB by using high-output power ONU.

Research of QoS on Upward Dynamic Bandwidth Burst Service in GEPON by Numerical Analysis

AbstractPerformances of QoS in Gigabit Ethernet passive optical network (GEPON) upward service is the most critical factor for practical application. This article proposes a novel of dual-clocking algorithm basing on studying in the existing dynamic bandwidth. The improved algorithm both guarantees EF high priority service and supports burst BE data traffic, in the meanwhile conspicuously enhances GEPON network efficiency. The article has confirmed the lgorithm feasibility and the improved properties through the simulation.

A novel encryption scheme based on timestamp in gigabit Ethernet passive optical network using AES-128

Recently, Li et al. proposed an encryption scheme in gigabit Ethernet passive optical network (GEPON) based on timestamp. We have shown that Li's encryption scheme is not advisable, since it cannot decrypt. In this paper, we proposed a novel encryption scheme based on timestamp in GEPON using AES-128, aiming at solving the security problem of a transmission in downstream of GEPON. In this scheme, the keys formed by combining AES-128 algorithm with timestamp in the process of key expansion are used for encrypting the downstream data. Furthermore, accompanying the dynamic update and synchronization of keys, the extraction and synchronization of timestamp are released. Then, the timestamp used in ONUs’ ranging to generate time-related keys and realize the secure update and synchronization of keys. The simulation results indicate that this scheme is more suitable for GEPON to solve the potential safety threats than other traditional algorithms.

Architecture Discovery Enabled Resource Allocation Mechanism for Next Generation Optical-Wireless Converged Networks

Optical-wireless convergence is identified as a promising solution to facilitate quality-of-service (QoS)-guaranteed, ubiquitous, and high-bandwidth access to end users. Different converged network architectures can be deployed depending on individual circumstances to achieve improved performance without compromising cost-effectiveness. However, with different network architectures, different resource allocation mechanisms are required to achieve the best performance. This is problematic in both the deployment and operational phases. In this paper, we propose an architecture discovery enabled resource allocation (ADERA) mechanism for the long term evolution (LTE)-gigabit Ethernet passive optical network (GEPON) converged network. The proposed ADERA is a self-adaptive algorithm ? it discovers the underlying architecture of the network by analyzing control signals and eventually evolves into an effective resource handling mechanism for the respective architecture. In addition, ADERA leverages inherited features of both the LTE network and GEPON in conjunction with the characteristics of their frame structures to improve the overall network performance. For example, ADERA is incorporated with a near-future traffic forecasting mechanism for efficient resource allocation. Using simulations, we evaluate the performance of our proposed ADERA algorithm and compare it against other existing resource allocation mechanisms. Our results indicate that ADERA achieves improved QoS performance in the converged network irrespective of the architecture used for the deployment.

An Efficient Resource Allocation Mechanism for LTE–GEPON Converged Networks

Optical–wireless convergence is becoming popular as one of the most efficient access network designs that provides quality of service (QoS) guaranteed, uninterrupted, and ubiquitous access to end users. The integration of passive optical networks (PONs) with next-generation wireless access networks is not only a promising integration option but also a cost-effective way of backhauling the next generation wireless access networks. The QoS performance of the PON–wireless converged network can be improved by taking the advantages of the features in both network segments for bandwidth resources management. In this paper, we propose a novel resource allocation mechanism for long term evolution–Gigabit Ethernet PON (LTE–GEPON) converged networks that improves the QoS performance of the converged network. The proposed resource allocation mechanism takes the advantage of the ability to forecast near future packet arrivals in the converged networks. Moreover, it also strategically leverages the inherited features and the frame structures of both the LTE network and GEPON, to manage the available bandwidth resources more efficiently. Using extensive simulations, we show that our proposed resource allocation mechanism improves the delay and jitter performance in the converged network while guarantying the QoS for various next generation broadband services provisioned for both wireless and wired end users. Moreover, we also analyze the dependency between different parameters and the performance of our proposed resource allocations scheme.

Simulation of fiber to the home triple play services at 2 Gbit/s using GE-PON architecture for 56 ONUs

This paper evaluates and compares FTTH (Fiber To The Home) GEPON (Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network) link design for 56 subscribers at 20km reach at 2Gbps bit rate. A 1:56 splitter is used as a PON (Passive Optical Network) element which creates communication between a Central Office to different users and. A boosting amplifier is employed before fiber length which tends to decrease BER and allows more users to accommodate. This architecture is investigated for different values of data rate from a CO (Central Office) to the PON in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate). The simulation work reports BER of 4.5246e−009 at 2Gbit/s systems for the case of 56 users and if we further increase data rate of system say 5Gbps, then we observe a sharp increase in BER. Similarly in the variation of BER with respect to transmission distance, we observe that BER shows an increase in its value as transmission distance increases.

Field Trial of 100-km Reach Symmetric-Rate 10G-EPON System Using Automatic Level Controlled Burst-Mode SOAs

This paper reports the world's first field trial of a 100-km reach symmetric-rate ten gigabit Ethernet passive optical network (10G-EPON) system that uses optical-amplifier-based PON repeaters. Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are utilized to handle the 10G-EPON wavelength allocation defined in IEEE802.3av; a fast automatic level control technique is applied to cascaded SOAs for upstream amplification to achieve high gain and wide input dynamic range. An electronic dispersion compensation technique is also applied for downstream detection. These techniques support a 79.5-dB loss budget and 100-km reach transmission with 40 km span lengths. In a field trial, we successfully demonstrate bidirectional real-time uncompressed high-definition television signal transmission over installed standard single-mode fiber links.