Papilio Cresphontes Research Articles

IMPLEMENTASI DIMENSI FRAKTAL BOX COUNTING DAN K-MEANS DALAM KLASIFIKASI JENIS KUPU-KUPU (LEPIDOPTERA) BERDASARKAN BENTUK SAYAP

Butterflies are insects that have aesthetic beauty and are also important assets in the field of nature protection. In nature, butterflies have a crucial role in maintaining ecosystems, especially in the process of pollination of flowering plants which contributes to the natural propagation of plants. Butterfly wings have an important role in identifying butterfly species based on size, shape and color. In mathematics, there is the concept of fractals which is a very suitable method for modeling natural phenomena and used as a tool to represent natural objects. In this study, a classification of butterfly species was carried out based on the shape of the butterfly's wings. A total of 100 butterfly images were used in this study, the first step was to convert the RGB images to grayscale and then segment the butterfly wings. The area is then used to identify butterfly wing type patterns using edge detection using the Canny method. Furthermore, by using the fractal box counting method, the resulting dimensional values are used in the clustering process. The results of the dimension values will be classified using the K-Means grouping method with five groups, namely Adonis Butterfly, Julia Butterfly, Brown Siproeta Butterfly, Metal Marks Butterfly, and African Giant Swallowtail Butterfly, showing an accuracy of 89%.

Classification of color features in butterflies using the Support Vector Machine (SVM)

Research in digital images is expanding widely and includes several sectors. One sector currently being carried out research is in insects; specifically, butterflies are used as a dataset. A total of 890 types of butterflies divided into ten classes were used as a dataset and classified based on color. Ten types of butterflies include Danaus plexippus, Heliconius charitonius, Heliconius erato, Junonia coenia, Lycaena phlaeas, Nymphalis antiopa, Papilio cresphontes, Pieris rapae, Vanessa atalanta, Vanessa cardui. The process of extracting color features on butterfly wings uses the RGB method to become HSV color space with color quantization (CQ). The purpose of adding CQ is that the computation process is carried out faster without reducing the image's information. In the color feature extraction process, the image is converted into 3-pixel sizes and normalized. The process of normalizing the dataset has the aim that the value ranges in the dataset have the same value. The 890 butterfly dataset was classified using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method. Based on this research process, the accuracy of the 256x160 pixel size is 72%, the 420x315 pixel is 75%, and the 768x576 pixel is 75%. The test results on a system with a 768x576 pixel get the highest results with a precision value of 74.6%, a recall of 72%, and an f-measure of 73.2%
 Keywords—image processing; classification; butterflies; color features; features extraction

Autumn larval cold tolerance does not predict the northern range limit of a widespread butterfly species.

Climate change is driving range shifts, and a lack of cold tolerance is hypothesized to constrain insect range expansion at poleward latitudes. However, few, if any, studies have tested this hypothesis during autumn when organisms are subjected to sporadic low‐temperature exposure but may not have become cold‐tolerant yet. In this study, we integrated organismal thermal tolerance measures into species distribution models for larvae of the Giant Swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), living at the northern edge of its actively expanding range. Cold hardiness of field‐collected larvae was determined using three common metrics of cold‐induced physiological thresholds: the supercooling point, critical thermal minimum, and survival following cold exposure. P. cresphontes larvae were determined to be tolerant of chilling but generally die at temperatures below their SCP, suggesting they are chill‐tolerant or modestly freeze‐avoidant. Using this information, we examined the importance of low temperatures at a broad scale, by comparing species distribution models of P. cresphontes based only on environmental data derived from other sources to models that also included the cold tolerance parameters generated experimentally. Our modeling revealed that growing degree‐days and precipitation best predicted the distribution of P. cresphontes, while the cold tolerance variables did not explain much variation in habitat suitability. As such, the modeling results were consistent with our experimental results: Low temperatures in autumn are unlikely to limit the distribution of P. cresphontes. Understanding the factors that limit species distributions is key to predicting how climate change will drive species range shifts.

Climate Change and Local Host Availability Drive the Northern Range Boundary in the Rapid Expansion of a Specialist Insect Herbivore, Papilio cresphontes

Species distributions, abundance, and interactions have always been influenced by human activity and are currently experiencing rapid change. Biodiversity benchmark surveys traditionally require intense human labor inputs to find, identify, and record organisms limiting the rate and impact of scientific enquiry and discovery. Recent emergence and advancement of monitoring technologies have improved biodiversity data collection to a scale and scope previously unimaginable. Community science web platforms, smartphone applications, and technology assisted identification have expedited the speed and enhanced the volume of observational data all while providing open access to these data worldwide. How to integrate and leverage the data into valuable information on how species are changing in space and time requires new best practices in computational and analytical approaches. Here we integrate data from three community science repositories to explore how a specialist herbivore distribution changes in relation to host plant distributions and other environmental factors. We generate a series of temporally explicit species distribution models to generate range predictions for a specialist insect herbivore (Papilio cresphontes) and three predominant host-plant species. We find that this insect species has experienced rapid northern range expansion, likely due to a combination of the range of its larval host plants and climate changes in winter. This case study shows rapid data collection through large scale community science endeavors can be leveraged through thoughtful data integration and transparent analytic pipelines to inform how environmental change impacts where species are and their interactions for a more cost effective method of biodiversity benchmarking.

A new Heraclides swallowtail (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) from North America is recognized by the pattern on its neck.

Heraclides rumiko Shiraiwa & Grishin, sp. n. is described from southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America (type locality: USA, Texas, Duval County). It is closely allied to Heraclides cresphontes (Cramer, 1777) and the two species are sympatric in central Texas. The new species is diagnosed by male genitalia and exhibits a nearly 3% difference from Heraclides cresphontes in the COI DNA barcode sequence of mitochondrial DNA. The two Heraclides species can usually be told apart by the shape and size of yellow spots on the neck, by the wing shape, and the details of wing patterns. “Western Giant Swallowtail” is proposed as the English name for Heraclides rumiko. To stabilize nomenclature, neotype for Papilio cresphontes Cramer, 1777, an eastern United States species, is designated from Brooklyn, New York, USA; and lectotype for Papilio thoas Linnaeus, 1771 is designated from Suriname. We sequenced DNA barcodes and ID tags of nearly 400 Papilionini specimens completing coverage of all Heraclides species. Comparative analyses of DNA barcodes, genitalia, and facies suggest that Heraclides oviedo (Gundlach, 1866), reinstated status, is a species-level taxon rather than a subspecies of Heraclides thoas (Linnaeus, 1771); and Heraclides pallas (G. Gray, [1853]), reinstated status, with its subspecies Heraclides Papilio bajaensis (J. Brown & Faulkner, 1992), comb. n., and Heraclides anchicayaensis Constantino, Le Crom & Salazar, 2002, stat. n., are not conspecific with Heraclides astyalus (Godart, 1819).

The Role of Environmental Factors in the Northeastern Range Expansion ofPapilio cresphontesCramer (Papilionidae)

The Giant Swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes Cramer (Papilionidae), has been reported in New York State for nearly 150 years. In recent years there has been an unexplained increase in P. cresphontes occurrences along the northeastern periphery of its geographical range. This study examined historical records to describe the movement of P. cresphontes populations into New York State and adjacent Ontario. Climate data and field studies were used to identify environmental factors that may influence the range expansion, which was found to correspond with an absence of September frosts beginning in 2001. Field studies indicated that some P. cresphontes larvae were capable of withstanding multiple frosts and descended to pupate normally into late October in the range expansion area. Although the larvae may have adapted to endure cooler temperatures to some degree, the effects of warming temperatures on other factors such as natural enemies and larval host plant quality in autumn may influence the spread of P. cresphontes populations at least as much as larval frost tolerance.

Antennal electrophysiological responses of the giant swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes, to the essential oils of Zanthoxylum clava-herculis and related plants

We used the electroantennogram (EAG) tech- nique to compare the antennal sensitivity of both sexes of the giant swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes to four doses (1, 10, 100, and 1,000 lg) of the leaf essential oils of Zanthoxylum clava-herculis and Ptelea trifoliata (key host plants) and Sassafras albidum (a marginal or non-host plant). The main hypothesis tested was that P. cresphontes will show greater olfactory sensitivity to volatiles of the key host plants than to volatiles of the marginal host plant, in particular at low doses. At the lower doses, extract of the key host plant, Z. clava-herculis elicited greater EAG responses in both sexes than extracts of the remaining two plants. At higher doses, however, extracts of P. trifoliata and S. albidum elicited greater EAG responses than extract of Z. clava-herculis. These results partly support our hypothesis and may suggest that Z. clava-herculis is a more preferred host plant of P. cresphontes than P. trifo- liata. In general, female butterflies showed greater EAG responses than males to the three plant extracts at the higher doses. Preliminary coupled gas chromatography- electroantennogram (GC-EAD) tests revealed four com- ponents each from Z. clava-herculis and P. trifoliata (three peaks common to both extracts) and seven from S. albidum (one shared with Z. clava-herculis) which elicited GC-EAD activity in P. cresphontes females, but the peaks were un-indentified because most were detected in trace amounts. In addition, the chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of Z. clava-herculis was analyzed by GC-MS. The leaf essential oils consisted of 25 components, largely menthane monoterpenoids, dominated by limonene and 1,8-cineole, but neither of the two major components elicited significant GC-EAD response in P. cresphontes. These results are discussed in relation to host-plant selec- tion in P. cresphontes.

Giant Swallowtail, Orangedog, Papilio cresphontes Cramer (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Revised! EENY-008, a 5-page illustrated fact sheet by H. J. McAuslane, is part of the Featured Creatures collection. It describes this striking, wonderfully “exotic”-looking butterfly that is very abundant in Florida, and whose larva is the well-known “orangedog” that is a minor pest of sweet orange and other members of the citrus family — its distribution, description, life cycle, host plants, biological control and other control methods. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, September 2009. EENY-008/IN134: Giant Swallowtail, Orangedog, Papilio cresphontes Cramer (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) (ufl.edu)

Chemical Composition of the Leaf Essential Oil of Ptelea trifoliata

The leaf essential oils of both male and female individuals of Ptelea trifoliata L. (Rutaceae), growing in Huntsville, Alabama, were isolated by hydrodistillation. This plant, known commonly as hoptree or wafer ash, is a host plant of the giant swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes. The chemical compositions of the leaf oils of P. trifoliata were determined by GC-MS. The most abundant essential oil components were myrcene (9–19%), β-phellandrene (13–20%), α-humulene (14.0%), and germacrene D (17–20%).

OCCURRENCE OF THE GIANT SWALLOWTAIL (PAPILO CRESPHONTES) IN NORTHERN BAJA CALIFORNIA

Beginning in the 1960s, the familiar giant swallowtail (Papilo cresphontes) expanded its range into southern California from the east. From 1996 through 2003, at least 23 giant swallowtails were seen at 13 locations in the northern portion of the Baja California Peninsula, representing the first records of this species in the Mexican state of Baja California.

Florida Predatory Stink Bug (unofficial common name), Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The predatory stink bug, Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Linnaeus), is considered a beneficial insect because most of its prey consists of plant-damaging bugs, beetles, and caterpillars. This stink bug is primarily a Neotropical species that ranges into southeastern quarter of the United States. It seldom plays more than a minor role in the natural control of insects in Florida, but its prey includes such economic species as southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (Linnaeus); orangedog, Papilio cresphontes Cramer; velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner; Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say); West Indian sugarcane rootstalk borer, Diaprepes abbreviatus (Linnaeus), and others. This document is EENY-157 (originally published as DPI Entomology Circulars 174 and 242), one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: September 2000. 
 EENY157/IN314: Florida Predatory Stink Bug (unofficial common name), Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (ufl.edu)

ADDITIONAL NEW RHOPALOCERA (LEPIDOPTERA)

Papilio cresphontes Cram., tr. f. forsythae new tr f.In typical Florida and southern United States examples of cresphontes, the ground color is pale yellow. In this tr. f. the ground color is a deep canary yellow, practically an orange or burnt umber, similar to Papilio rutulus ammoni Behrens which is well illustrated on pl. I of Comstock's “Butterflies of California.”

Zur Aufklärung über Papilio Cresphontes Cr. var. Oviedo m

Berliner entomologische ZeitschriftVolume 30, Issue 1 p. 132-132 Article Zur Aufklärung über Papilio Cresphontes Cr. var. Oviedo m Dr. Joh. Gundlach, Dr. Joh. GundlachSearch for more papers by this author Dr. Joh. Gundlach, Dr. Joh. GundlachSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1886 https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.18860300123AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume30, Issue11886Pages 132-132 RelatedInformation

NOTES ON PAPILIO CRESPHONTES AND CATOCALÆ

This season I have seen some peculiarities in rearing Papilio cresphontes that seem worth noting. I had at one time four of the larvæ in a cage of three different broods. The two older ones changed to chrysalids June 29th; one from the top of the box with the head down, number two on the side with head up. Number three pupated July 11th, on the side of the box, head up; number four changed July 14th, suspended from the top the same as number one, all of them at an angle with the object to which they were attached, as is usual with Papilios.

NORTHERN OCCURRENCES OF PAPILIO CRESPHONTES

The American Naturalist for November, 1877, contains on p. 688 the following paragraph:–“Papilio Cresphontes in New England.–On the 6th of last September Mr. N. Coleman captured in the vicinity of Berlin, Connecticut, the only specimen of this Southern insect ever recorded from New England. As the larva is not known to feed on any other plant than the orange, the butterfly probably hatched from a larva accidentally transported with trees from Florida, or emerged from a chrysalis sent North as a curiosity.”The writer of the paragraph appears to have mislaid certain pages of recent Entomological literature.