Giant Pilomatrixoma Research Articles

Giant pilomatrixoma on the back of neck: a unique case

<p class="abstract">Pilomatrixomas are benign adnexal tumours, commonly occurring in the head and neck region. We present a unique case of giant pilomatrixoma on the posterior triangle of the neck, its diagnosis and subsequent treatment and its potential to become a primary differential diagnosis of slow-growing, benign masses. We report a case of 10×10 cm slow-growing painless mass in the nape of the neck with overlying ulcerations and conflicting radio-pathological pre-operative reports and its subsequent diagnosis as pilomatrixoma. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of ghost cells and basaloid cells, confirming the diagnosis. We stress the importance of recognizing this pilomatrixoma variant, whose clinical picture is confusing and obscure<strong>. </strong>We also reiterate the need for close follow up of small lesions due to the small but grave risk of malignant transformation and recurrence. Pilomatrixoma has variable presenting features and poses a diagnostic dilemma. Surgical planning can be done with the help of proper radiological features, and complete excision of the mass is required to achieve a cure.</p>

Giant pilomatrixoma: a distinctive clinical variant: a new case and review of the literature.

Pilomatrixoma is a benign adnexal tumor very common in pediatric age and in young adults that derives from follicular matrix cells. Although clinically it usually presents as a subcutaneous nodule of bluish color less than 3cm in size, multiple clinicopathological variants have been described in the literature. Among these we can find the giant pilomatrixoma, a rare clinical variant that reaches a size greater than or equal to 4cm and can simulate the clinical presentation of a malignant neoplasm. We report a 59-year-old man with an exophytic and ulcerated nodule in the left parotid region that was removed with the suspected diagnosis of a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathological analysis showed a proliferation of basaloid cells with areas of transition to ghost cells, under granulation tissue, hemorrhage, and an ulcerated epidermis. Thus, the diagnosis of giant pilomatrixoma was made. We reviewed the literature and found a total of 53 articles that report a total of 71 cases of giant pilomatrixoma. It is important to recognize this clinical subtype of pilomatrixoma because, apart from the possibility of being clinically confused with malignant lesions, the clinicopathological differential diagnosis must be made with the proliferating pilomatrixoma and pilomatrixcarcinoma.

Multiple and giant perforating pilomatrixoma: a case report

Multiple and giant perforating pilomatrixoma: a case report

Giant pilomatrixoma: A rare case with diagnostic difficulties

Pilomatrixomas are benign subcutaneous masses that originate from the hair follicle. Dimensions do not exceed three cm. When the dimensions exceed five cm, it is called giant pilomatrixoma and is very rare. Giant PMs (pilomatrixomas) can be confused with malignancy due to their locally aggressive features and nonspecific citopathologic and radiologic findings. By presenting a 62 years old men who has a giant PM phenomenon settled in the upper extremity, we wanted to observe the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis in the light of the literature.

Giant pilomatrixoma of the arm: An unusual presentation in a child

Pilomatrixoma is a benign tumor originating from the matrix of hair follicles. It is commonly found in children and young adolescents as a slowly-growing nodule, mostly in the head and neck regions. It is relatively less common in the upper extremities. Pilomatrixomas are usually asymptomatic, solitary, hard, and mobile dermal and subcutaneous nodules and are mostly misdiagnosed despite being commonly seen in the practise. Most are smaller than 3 cm and usually around 1 cm in size while those larger than 5 cm are called pilomatrixoma and are less common. We present a seven-year-old girl with a giant pilomatrixoma on the upper arm in this study.

Giant gluteal pilomatrixoma: An uncommon tumor in a rare localization

Pilomatriksoma sac folikulu matriksinden kaynaklanan nadir, benign bir cilt alti tumorudur. Bu tumor yetiskinlere oranla cocuklarda daha sik gorulur ve cogu bas, boyun veya ust ekstremitelerden koken alir. Gluteal bolge, pilomatriksomanin cok nadir gorulen bir bolgesidir. Multipl prezentasyon sik olmayan bir durumdur ve genellikle miyotonik distrofi, Gardner sendromu ve Turner sendromu gibi bazi ailesel sendromlar ile iliskilidir. Pilomatriksoma cogunlukla agrisiz, sert, yavas buyuyen bir cilt alti kitlesi olarak ortaya cikar ve genellikle bag dokusu ile kapsullu ve normal cevre dokudan keskin olarak sinirlanmistir. Hem klinik ve hem de radyolojik bulgular spesifik degildir ve bu nedenle histopatoloji dogru taniya ulasmak icin gereklidir. Bu lezyonlar cok dusuk malign transformasyon riskine sahiptir ve tedavisi yeterli sinirlar ile cerrahi eksizyondur. Bu yazida, genc bir kadin hastada, ust ekstremite multipl prezentasyon ile birlikte olan nadir bir gluteal pilomatriksoma olgusu sunuldu.

Giant pilomatrixoma presenting in the posterior thorax, a rare location and the largest described.

Pilomatrixoma is a common benign soft tissue neoplasm arising from hair follicle cells, typically not exceeding 3 cm and located mainly within the head and neck regions. Lesions greater than 3 cm or those located elsewhere are rare and are often not thought of or high on a differential diagnosis. Moreover, the radiographic features of pilomatrixoma are very nonspecific making the diagnosis even more difficult and rarely described in the radiology literature. We present the largest reported case of pilomatrixoma measuring 24 cm arising from the posterior thorax. Our hope is to increase awareness of this diagnosis for slow-growing soft tissue masses not located in the classically described locations of head and neck, explore the radiographic features on various imaging modalities, and review the current radiology literature.

YAP immunoreactivity is directly related to pilomatrixoma size and proliferation rate.

Organ size regulation is a highly coordinated process involving complex mechanisms. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif, also known as WWTR1 (TAZ) have recently been linked to organ size determination and cell proliferation. Pilomatrixoma (PM) is a benign tumor of the adnexal appendages with a certain degree of differentiation toward the matrix of the hair follicle. PM presents as a dermal nodule that usually ranges from 0.5 to 2 cm, rarely exceeding 3 cm. We recently observed a case of unusual "giant" (6.5 cm) PM. Our hypothesis was that YAP and TAZ could be related to PM growth. We analyzed YAP and TAZ immunohistochemical expression in the giant and in ten usual size PMs in relation with tumor size and proliferation rate. YAP nuclear expression was remarkably higher in the giant PM in comparison with usual size PMs and statistically correlated, in a direct manner, with size and proliferation rate of PMs. Contrariwise, TAZ nuclear expression seemed stochastic. Our findings suggest that YAP could play a role in PM growth.

An unusual presentation of giant pilomatrixoma in an adult patient

Pilomatrixoma (OMIM ID #132600) is a benign cutaneous tumor originating from the pilosebaceous follicle and characterized by the presence of subcutaneous nodules of up to 3.0 cm in diameter, usually on the head, neck and upper extremities. It is most common in the first two decades of life and after the age of 60. An adult female patient was evaluated, presenting a solid tumoral lesion with erythematous surface and purplish tone, with approximately 7.5 x 5.0 cm in size, in the interscapulovertebral region. It was thought to be an epidermoid cyst, sarcoma, calcified hemangioma, giant dermatofibroma, or nodular basal cell carcinoma. The resection of the lesion was carried out and, at the histological examination, specific details were observed that led to the diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. Pilomatrixoma should be suspected in the differential diagnosis of giant adnexal tumors.

Recurrent Giant Pilomatrixoma of the Face: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Pilomatrixoma, also known as pilomatricoma, is a benign tumor that originates from the matrix of the hair root. It usually presents as a single, slow-growing subcutaneous or intradermal firm nodule with a general size of less than 3 centimeters (cm) in diameter. However, giant pilomatrixomas (more than 5 cm) have been reported infrequently. It is more common in females and usually presents during the first two decades of life (60%) as an asymptomatic, mobile, hard, elastic mass. Most of the cases are benign and affect the face. The authors report a rare case of a giant pilomatricoma of the cheek and discuss the surgical management of these lesions, histopathological findings, and review of the literature.

Three cases of giant pilomatrixoma – considerations for diagnosis and treatment of giant skin tumours with abundant inner calcification present on the upper body

Pilomatrixoma frequently occurs as a solitary, small tumour on the face or upper extremities of people younger than 20 years. We report three cases of giant pilomatrixoma. In all these cases, outward appearances and imaging investigations suggested malignant tumours. Preoperative biopsies suggested that case 1 was a basal cell carcinoma, but cases 2 and 3 had no malignant features on biopsy. Two of the cases experienced rare complications - hypercalcaemia caused by parathyroid-related protein (PTHrP) production and multiple occurrences. All three tumours were removed with a 1-3-cm margin. The postoperative histopathologies showed pilomatrixoma in all three cases. Rarely, pilomatrixoma develops to a giant size with various atypical outward appearances consistent with a malignant tumour. Preoperative clinical appearances frequently lead to misdiagnosis, and preoperative examinations are unreliable. Therefore, when a giant tumour with abundant inner calcification is present in a young patient, the possibility of a pilomatrixoma should be considered.

Large, Rapidly Growing Pilomatrixoma of the Upper Eyelid

A 41-year-old woman presented with a rapidly growing mass on her upper left eyelid that had first appeared 3 months earlier. The mass was dark red in color, alternating with whitish pseudocyst formations, and measured 3 cm long with a 1-cm base presenting. The rapid growth had caused a mechanical ptosis and bleeding as the result of erosion of the skin covering the tumor. The initial clinical diagnosis suggested a malignant lesion or vascular tumor; excisional biopsy was performed. The eyelid crease was approached for incision and resection as for a blepharoplasty. Pathologic examination yielded a diagnosis of giant pilomatrixoma. Pilomatrixomas are rare in adults and rarely attain such a large size. After 1 year of follow-up, no recurrence of the tumor has been observed.

Giant pilomatrixoma looks like a malignant soft tissue tumor: a case report

Pilomatrixoma is a skin appendage tumor, which is manifested as a firm, solitary lesion. It usually measures 0.5–3.0 cm in diameter and is typically found in young people. A 31-year-old woman presented with a giant tumor of the upper dorsal region. On preoperative examination, the tumor seemed to be a malignant soft tissue tumor. It was totally excised, and the resultant defect was repaired with a latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. On pathological examination, the tumor was confined to the subcutaneous layer and was composed of basophilic and shadow cells. Signs of atypia in basophilic cells present in the tumor were minimal. The tumor was consequently diagnosed as benign pilomatrixoma. The number of reported cases of pilomatrixoma larger than 10 cm in diameter is very small. This case is therefore presented as a rare case of pilomatrixoma.

Giant pilomatrixoma in adult

Pilomatrixoma is a relatively common tumor in the head and neck of children. It occurs usually as a solitary subcutaneous tumor attached to the skin surface with occasional episodes of tenderness and inflammation, and it is usually smaller than 3 cm in diameter. This report presents a 60-year-old male with a 12×10×6 cm giant pilomatrixoma on his left forearm; his surgical treatment and the differential diagnosis are presented.