Giant Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium Research Articles

According to the issue of the giant freshwater prawn ((<i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i>)

Purpose: study the biotechnical features of rearing juvenile giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) using recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS).Materials and methods. Two fish-farming modules RAS and aquarian complex were used for the work. One of them has a total volume of 6.5 m3, the second - 14.5 m3. Larvae were reared in gasite cages of 0.021 m3 in an aquarian complex of two 200-liter aquariums. Larvae of one female prawn were used in an amount of 8500 units. At each stage of prawns' development we used different versions of feed of both animal and plant origin: artemia, minced fish, boiled chicken eggs (protein + yolk), beef liver and oat flakes.Results. Brood fish were kept at an average planting density of 6.2 individuals/m2, with a sex ratio of 1:4.5 (males: females). The planting density of larvae in cages was 2,125 units/cage or 101.2 units/liter. The average weight of juveniles during rearing of postlarvae at 130 days was 3.19 g. Juvenile yield was 49.9%. Specific growth rate of biomass varied from 4.87 to 3.68 %. Planting density of juveniles varied from 1775,6 units/m2 to 660,9 units/m2. As a result, the feeding coefficient was 5.24 units. Growing productivity was 362.7 pcs/m2 or 1156.8 g/m2 in the RAS module.Conclusion. There were established biotechnical peculiarities and production possibilities of growing young giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) using fish-breeding RAS and aquarian complex. Modernization of fish-feeding RAS and use of some recommendations on feeding suggest the possibility of their use for breeding and rearing of juvenile giant freshwater prawns in already existing warm-water enterprises, initially aimed at other objects of aquaculture.

The complete mitogenome of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) from two different selective breeding populations in China

The giant freshwater prawn (GFP), Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is one of the largest freshwater shrimps in the world, being widely cultured because of its high economic value. In this study, complete mitogenomes of two GFP individuals from different selective breeding populations, ‘South Taihu No.2’ (ST) and ‘Shufeng’ (SF), were newly sequenced, compared with each other, and with those of other published Macrobrachium species. The total length is 15,767 bp (ST) and 15,766 bp (SF), including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and one control region. The phylogenetic analyses based on whole mitogenome sequences suggest that ‘Shufeng’ has a slightly distant relationship with ‘South Taihu No.2’, with a pairwise genetic distance of 0.011. This study can provide a genetic background for the GFP selective breeding, and add significantly to the knowledgebase regarding crustacean biology and aquaculture as well.

Performance of <em>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</em> in perennial reservoirs: a comparative assessment of fisheries in five perennial reservoirs in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka

The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), was first introduced to the reservoirs in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. Studies on the performances of introduced species in reservoirs are essential for development of fisheries and management. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the performance of M. rosenbergii production in five selected perennial reservoirs. Primary data relating to the fisheries of the reservoirs and relevant socio-economic data were gathered through field data collection and questionnaire survey conducted in 2016 and 2017. Unit production of M. rosenbergii in 2017 in the Vavunikulam, Muthayankattu, Puthumurippu, Kalmadu and Muhathankulam reservoirs was 5.3 kg/ha, 3.2 kg/ha, 13.6 kg/ha, 21.8 kg/ha, 12.9 kg/ha, respectively with a farm-gate values of 6.84, 4.39, 2.1, 1.59, and 2.85 million Sri Lankan rupees, respectively. Relative abundance, economic (total farm-gate price) contribution and recapture rate of M. rosenbergii in the catch, ranged between 2.3%-20%, 13.5%-72.3% and 1.44%-6.49%, respectively across the reservoirs. Even though the recapture rate was low, catching of M. rosenbergii improved the livelihood of fishers while increasing their interest in fisheries. Size of the reservoir, stocking density, fishing intensity and gear specification, rainfall, wind and socio-economic factors significantly influenced the catch of M. rosenbergii in the selected reservoirs. The results showed that the introduction of M. rosenbergii as culture-based fisheries in the selected five reservoirs has achieved considerable success, particularly in terms of economic benefits.

Quantitative genetic changes in reproductive performance of giant freshwater prawn after 10 years of selection for increased growth rate.

Effect of long-term selection for improved growth on reproductive performance of giant freshwater prawn (GFP) Macrobrachium rosenbergii has not been reported in the literature. The present study aimed to measure correlated responses in reproductive traits and to estimate genetic parameters for these characters in a GFP population selected for high growth over ten generations from 2007 to 2016. A total of 959 breeding females (offspring of 515 sires and 810 dams) had measurements for seven reproductive traits (weight before spawn WBS; weight after spawn WAS; Fecundity FEC or number of larvae per female at hatching; first age to reach post-larvae PLAGE; zoea (e) weight ZOEAWT; larval survival during hatchery phase SURV1 and survival from PL to tagging SURV2. The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and mixed model analysis were used to estimate genetic parameters and evaluate selection responses for the seven traits studied. Our REML analysis showed that heritability for these traits ranged from 0.04 to 0.42 (SE: 0.19-0.28). Female body weight either before or after spawning had strong positive phenotypic correlations with fecundity (0.52-0.98). By contrast, the phenotypic correlations of WBS/WAS with larval and fry survivals were not significant (-0.08-0.05). Genetic correlations among fecundity-related traits studied were not different from zero due to their high standard errors. Correlated responses in reproductive traits were measured by comparing least squares means of the selection line and control group. Females of the selected line for high growth had significantly greater weight before or after spawning than that of the control group. There were, however, no statistical differences between the two lines in the other traits. It is concluded that selection for high growth did not have detrimental impact on reproductive performance of breeding females in the present population of GFP.

PERSENTASE POST LARVA UDANG GALAH SEBAGAI PEMBENTUK POPULASI SINTETIS G1 DARI SUMBER GENETIK SUNGAI PAGATAN, KINTAP DAN BARITO

This study aims to determine the percentage of post-larva Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium Rosenberg de Man) from genetic resources of Kintap River, Pagatan River and Barito River. This study uses a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications. The treatments were tested A: Genetic Resources Pagatan (Pg), B: Genetic Resources Kintap (Kt) and C: Genetic Resources Barito (Br). The results showed the genetic resources percentage post larvae Pagatan provide the highest 76,67%, followed Barito and Last Genetic Resources of Kintap 66,00%. ANOVA results showed different genetic sources of influence on percentage post-larva. The results LSD test indicate percentage Post Larvae was produced from genetic source Pagatan different from the genetic resources Kintap, then genetic resources Pagatan not different from genetic resources Kintap, and so percentage Post Larvae of genetic resources Barito not different from the genetic source Kintap.

Responses of three very large inducible GTPases to bacterial and white spot syndrome virus challenges in the giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines secreted by cells in response to invasion by pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or tumor cells. Very large inducible GTPases (VLIG) are the latest IFN-inducible GTPase family to be discovered and are the largest known GTPases of any species. However, VLIG proteins from invertebrates have yet to be characterized. In this study, three forms of VLIGs designated as MrVLIG1, MrVLIG2, and MrVLIG3 were cloned from the giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. MrVLIG1 has a 5445bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding an 1814-amino acid protein. The complete nucleotide sequence of MrVLIG2 cDNA is 7055bp long consisting of a 5757bp ORF encoding a protein with 1918 amino acids. The full length of the MrVLIG3 gene consists of 5511bp with a 3909bp ORF encoding a peptide with 1302 amino acids. BLASTP and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that the three MrVLIGs are clustered into one subgroup and, together with other vertebrate VLIGs, into a branch. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that the mRNAs of the three MrVLIGs were widely expressed in almost all detected tissues, including the hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gills, stomach, and intestine, with the highest expression in the hepatopancreas. They were also detected in the intestine but with relatively low expression levels. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA transcripts of the MrVLIGs in the hepatopancreas were significantly expressed at various time points after infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus. In summary, the three isoforms of VLIG genes participate in the innate immune response of the shrimps to bacterial and viral infections.

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Carbon Budgets in Polyculture Ponds of Indian Major Carps and Giant Freshwater Prawn in Orissa State, India

A nutrient budget was quantified for six polyculture ponds of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and Indian major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala). The initial stocking size of prawn postlarva was 16.50 ± 0.54 mm with a body weight of 0.05 ± 0.001 g. Body weight of major carps was 9.0 ± 0.89 g. The duration of culture was 280 days. Feed accounted for 82% of total nitrogen (N), 93% of total phosphorus (P), and 95% of organic carbon (OC) inputs. Harvest of prawn and carps recovered 44% N, 1% P, and 19% OC. N, P, and OC accumulated in sediment were 47%, 73%, and 69%, respectively. Nutrient load in the harvest water was 0.67 ± 0.21 kg inorganic N, 0.15 ± 0.01 kg P, and 7.72 ± 0.62 kg OC per ton of Indian major carps and prawn.

Nutrient Budgets and Effluent Characteristics in Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Culture Ponds

It is important to understand nutrient budgets of aquaculture practices for efficiency of input resources and to utilize all output nutrient sources. The aim of the present study was to develop a nutrient budget for giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture ponds. The study was conducted in farmer's ponds (0.25-0.5 ha) of Odisha, India, and the results showed that feed accounted 97% total nitrogen (N), 98.7% total phosphorus (P) and 90% total organic carbon (OC), respectively. The harvested prawn accounted for recovery of 37% N, 10% P and 15% OC, respectively. The N, P and OC accumulated in sediment were 52%, 76%, and 65%, respectively. Nutrient loads in the effluents were 2.22 ± 0.66 kg inorganic N, 0.40 ± 0.15 kg P, and 21.01 ± 6.4 kg OC per ton of prawn production. The present study implicated that high nutrient values observed in both water and sediment provide important opportunities for nutrient reuse through pond sediment applications to croplands as an organic manure, as well as pond water irrigation to crops as a "liquid fertilizer".

Nitrate and Phosphate Toxicity on Post Larvae of the Giant Fresh Water Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Individual and Synergistic Effects

The indiscriminate use of fertilizers has resulted in nutrient enrichment giving rise toeutrophic conditions in many freshwater bodies in Sri Lanka. Few studies have investigatedeffects of field levels of nitrate and phosphate on commercial freshwater species. The presentstudy therefore attempted to assess the individual and synergistic effects of nitrate andphosphate on post larvae of the Giant fresh Water Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, whichare released in large quantities into reservoir systems of the dry zone of Sri Lanka.The post larvae were collected from a culture facility in Pambala, Chilaw, and wereacclimatized. After the measurement of the initial body lengths the larvae were introducedinto 500 ml glass beakers (n=10 per beaker) containing five field based concentrations ofeither nitrate (0.01 – 100 mg l-1) or phosphate (0.001 – 10 mg l-1). Controls and treatmentswere maintained in triplicate. Synergistic effects were also tested for 0.1 mg l-1 of phosphatewith three concentrations of nitrate (0.1, 1, 10 mg l-1). Survival, growth and the feedingbehaviour of the post larvae were monitored as end points of the empirical acute toxicity (96hr) trials. Results revealed that both nitrate and phosphate enhances mortality levels in prawnlarvae when acting alone at concentrations of 0.01 mg l-1and above for nitrate and 0.001mgl-1and above for phosphate. For instance, mortality in controls was 13.3 %, and for the twonutrients at the lowest test levels i.e. 0.01 mg l-1 of nitrate and 0.001 mg l-1 of phosphate, were23% and 20%, respectively. The synergistic effects with both nitrate and phosphate werelower than the additive effects of each, at all tested levels, but were greater than the recordedindividual effects. The synergistic mortality with 10 mg l-1 of nitrate and 0.1 mg l-1 ofphosphate was greater than mortality induced by each nutrient acting alone. In contrast tomortality, effects on growth were not apparent with either nitrate or phosphate acting alonenor synergistically, while the phosphate alone and both nutrients acting synergistically,appeared to cause reduced feeding. These findings highlight the need for investigating effectsof nutrient enrichment, and specifically their synergistic effects, on commercially exploitedspecies in order to predict levels of sustainability of the inland fishery resources of Sri Lanka.

Assessment of Genetic Variability of Prawn (<i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i>) Post Larvae (PL) from the Broods Stocked under Different Sex Ratios

The giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) culture in Bangladesh is now at stake due to slower growth performance. The aim of the present study was to assay the impact of sex ratio on the genetic variability of larvae produced from the broods stocked under different sex ratios by analyzing Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of M. rosenbergii . Broods were stocked under 3 different sex ratios viz., 1♂: 1♀, 1♂: 2♀ and 2♂: 1♀. A control population was also kept that involved the larvae production from the broods of natural source. The RAPD analysis generated 88 distinct bands of which 36 (41%) bands were polymorphic. The percentages of polymorphic loci were found to be 32%, 48%, 24% and 52% for the sex ratios 1♂: 2♀, 1♂: 1♀, 2♂: 1♀ and Control respectively. The pair wise genetic distances were 0.010, 0.007, 0.021, 0.016, 0.026 and 0.008 for 1♂: 1♀ vs. 1♂: 2♀, 1♂: 1♀ vs. Control, 1♂: 1♀ vs. 2♂: 1♀, 1♂: 2♀ vs. Control, 2♂: 1♀ vs. Control and 1♂: 2♀ vs. 2♂: 1♀ respectively. Overall gene diversity for all loci was 0.10. The unweighted pair group method of arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distances clearly showed the severance of four different experimental groups into two clusters: 1♂: 1♀ and control in one and 1♂: 2♀ and 2♂: 1♀ in the other cluster. Results of the present study revealed that 1♂: 1♀ sex ratio is appropriate to establish the brood banks and for maintaining genetic variation in the offspring.

Effects of 60Co gamma irradiation on behavior and gill histoarchitecture of giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN)

Present study was designed to observe the effects of 60Co gamma radiation in behavioral and histological changes in the gills of giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The adult prawns were irradiated with four different dose levels (3mGy, 30mGy, 300mGy and 3000mGy) and the control group (without irradiation) was maintained separately. Behavioral changes like hyperactivity, loss of balance, reduced swimming rate, slower rate of food intake and convulsions were observed in higher dose levels of 300mGy and 3000mGy. The histological alterations such as accumulated haemocytes in haemocoelic spaces, abnormal gill tips, lifted lamellar epithelium, swollen and fused lamellae, hyperplasic, necrotic, clavate–globate and complete disorganization of lamellae were observed in 60Co gamma irradiated prawns. Significantly more considerable histological alterations were observed in the highest dose level of 3000mGy, but no mortality was evidenced. This study serves as biomonitoring tool to assess the radiation pollution in the aquatic environment.

Accumulation and Clearance of Orally Administered Erythromycin in Adult Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) were medicated with erythromycin base via a medicated ration at 50 mg and 100 mg erythromycin·kg−1 fish body weight−1·d−1 for seven days. Erythromycin residues in muscle were determined by LC-MS/MS. After 23 days, erythromycin A residues in the 50 mg treatment were 34.7 ± 9.6 μg/kg in tilapia and 2.8 ± 0.8 μg/kg, and in the 100 mg treatment were 42.9 ± 17.4 μg/kg in tilapia and 31.4 ± 7.5 μg/kg in prawn. Interpolation following European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products guidelines predicted withdrawal time in tilapia was 33 days (908°C/day) at 50 mg or 42 days (1,150°C/day) at 100 mg under our experimental conditions. After 23 days of withdrawal, erythromycin A residues in prawn tissue were within acceptable limits at a dose of 50 mg, while treatment with 100 mg of erythromycin required a withdrawal time of 35 days (976°C-days), estimated through interpolation. Erythromycin derivatives appeared in the post-dosing stage, but were all depleted to a safe level within the normal withdrawal period.

Influence of Bleaching Powder on the Quality of Giant Freshwater Prawn (<i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i>)

Calcium hypochlorite commercially known as bleaching powder is used as a bleaching agent in shrimp processing industries in many countries and known to effect biochemical alteration in shrimp muscle. Studies were, therefore, undertaken to determine their effect in different concentrations viz., 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm with different time intervals on the quality of head-on, headless shell-on and peeled giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) by determining biochemical and organoleptic aspects. Myofibrillar protein solubility of fresh head-on, headless shell-on and peeled samples were 90.5%, 90% and 88%, respectively indicating a gradual decrease in protein solubility with increasing concentration of bleaching powder. Decrease in protein solubility was also higher in samples kept at longer duration in different concentration of bleaching powder. At a given concentration of 50 ppm for 30 min treatment, the loss of myofibrillar protein was higher (26.14%) in peeled samples than those of head-on and headless shell-on samples (20.44% and 21.11%). Shelf life of bleaching powder treated prawn samples was found to be reduced to 4 - 5 days in iced condition compared to 6 - 7 days for control samples. Peeled samples were also found to be more susceptible to bleaching powder than that of head-on and headless shell-on samples.

Status and Entrepreneurship Barriers of Freshwater Prawn Culture in Bangladesh

The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, de Man), locally known as 'Golda,' plays an important role in the economy of Bangladesh by earning valuable foreign exchange, generating employment and raising protein food production. The focus of this study is to assess major barriers of freshwater prawn culture entrepreneurship in Chittagong region. Combination of the participatory methods including transect walks, focus group discussions and trend analysis were conducted with prawn farmers and associated groups to assess prawn culture opportunities and its challenges for sustainable development. The result showed that around 55,000 ha area of ponds are suitable for prawn farming with fish in this region. Although the great potentiality of prawn farming, lack of technical knowledge on pond management, prevalence of prawn disease, unavailability of credit along with 14 barriers have been identified as the potential obstruction of fresh water prawn farming entrepreneurships. Findings also shows that education, income from prawn culture, availability of information sources and knowledge on pond fish culture have negative significant relationships and age and family size have positive significant relationships with the barriers of prawn culture entrepreneurships.

A simple in vitro culture of freshwater prawn embryos for laboratory investigations

Giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man) embryos can be cultured in vitro to hatching in 15% (v/v) artificial seawater (ASW). This technique can be applied as a bioassay for testing toxicity or for the effects of various substances on embryo development and can be used as a simple and low-cost model for studying embryo development. The technique has been implemented for undergraduate biology laboratory investigations in a developmental biology course at Mahidol University, Thailand. To study the effects of salinity and age of embryo at culture initiation on embryo development, survival and hatching, embryos at 3.5 days and 6.5 days old were cultured in 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% (v/v) of ASW. Embryos survived and developed normally in 15% or 30% ASW but not in 0% or 45% ASW. Likewise, hatching occurred normally at 18.5–19.5 days old in 15% or 30% ASW. Embryos introduced to culture at 3.5 days old were more sensitive to salinity than those started at 6.5 days old. Students in the class showed enthusiasm in laboratory activities, increased interest in developmental biology and positive attitudes towards further study.

Hemagglutinating activity and electrophoretic pattern of hemolymph serum proteins of Penaeus monodon and Macrobrachium rosenbergii to white spot syndrome virus injections

The giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is known to be highly tolerant to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infections when compared to the widely cultured marine tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. At present, the exact mechanism of tolerance by M. rosenbergii to WSSV is not known. In this study, we attempt to study the effect of WSSV injections on the hemagglutination activity of the hemolymph serum of both P. monodon and M. rosenbergii and look for changes if any, on their hemolymph serum protein electrophoretic patterns. Our results show that M. rosenbergii had significantly ( p < 0.05) higher hemagglutinating activity against mouse erythrocytes when compared to P. monodon. As the infection progressed to 48 h there was a further increase ( p < 0.05) in the hemagglutination activity in M. rosenbergii, while it decreased in P. monodon. 12% SDS-PAGE analysis of the hemolymph serum of M. rosenbergii infected with WSSV did not show any new protein bands, whereas few bands with decreased intensity was observed in moribund P. monodon where the hemagglutinating activity was also observed to be decreased. The results indicate that hemolymph hemagglutinin levels are modulated in crustaceans as a response to viral infections.

Microbiological Quality of Farmed Tropical Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man)

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of farmed giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) collected from four freshwater farms located in Kerala (India). Microbiological counts on whole, deheaded, and deheaded and deveined prawn as well as on head and intestine were determined. Average counts (log10 cfu g−1) on whole prawn were 6.9 (total mesophilic counts (TPC) at 37°C) and 4.1 (psychrotrophic count at 7°C). The results indicated that the aerobic counts were within the acceptable limit. The levels of enterococci and faecal coliforms in farmed M. rosenbergii were high. There was an increase in the numbers of enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus after deheading. The major groups of bacteria comprising the flora of M. rosenbergii were Aeromonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. Farmed M. rosenbergii carried pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus spp., S. aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii biovar sobria and Clostridium perfringens. The results of the study suggest adoption of good farming and post harvest practices to improve the microbiological quality of farmed freshwater prawn.

Altered sex ratio in giant fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) using hormone bioencapsulated live Artemia feed

Artemia nauplii cultured for 24 h in lipid-enriched media contained 0, 0.38, 1.67, 0.79, 5.71 and 5.14 ng 17α-methyl testosterone (MT) mg−1 dry weight for the control, 5, 15, 30, 50 and 100 mg of 17α-MT L−1 of media respectively. Giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae were fed hormone-enriched Artemia nauplii for 50 days. A significant difference in sex ratios (0.92, 0.69 and 0.93) was obtained in relation to the control group. These results suggest that further research is needed with regard to standardization of doses and duration of treatments for complete hormonal control of sex differentiation in M. rosenbergii.