Ghat Section Research Articles

Platinum-Group Elements and Nb-Ta geochemistry of the Deccan basalts from Kumbharli and other Ghat sections and the Koyna Seismic Zone, Maharashtra (India): Crustal contamination and implication for sulfide saturation of the magma

The Deccan basalts from Kumbharli, Nadlapur, Bijaynagar, Hazarmacchi, and Surli Ghat sections (surface samples) and the Koyna borehole-7 (KBH-7, sub-surface samples) from Maharashtra (western India) demonstrate a two-stage crystallization process. Olivine and chromite were crystallized earlier in a shallow crustal magma chamber while clinopyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts were crystallized in the sub-volcanic conduits forming the crystal mush, and carried to the surface by the evolved Fe-Ti-rich ascending basaltic magma. The high modal abundance of plagioclase at the top and clinopyroxene at the bottom part of the Kumbharli Ghat section is responsible for an increase in Sr and a decrease in Sc content towards the upper flows. The surface and sub-surface basalt samples contain Pd = 5–31 ppb, Pt = 4–15 ppb, Ir = 1–4 ppb, Ru = 1–3 ppb, and Rh = 3–5 ppb. Negative relations of Pd/Ir, Pd/Ru, and Pd/Rh with MgO from both sets of samples indicate partitioning of Ir, Ru, and Rh to early fractionated cumulus chromite (or olivine). Magnetite is a late crystallizing phase from the evolved Fe-Ti-rich basaltic magma. With an increasing modal abundance of magnetite, there is an increase of FeO total , TiO 2 , and V with Pd indicating fractionation of Pd by magnetite. Geochemical characters show that the surface basalt samples are less contaminated compared to the sub-surface KBH-7 basalts. High Nb (6.8–13.6 ppm) and low Ta (0.2–0.37 ppm) content and elevated Nb/Ta ratios of the surface samples from the ghat sections indicate the possible interaction of the basaltic magma with the carbonate metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). On the other hand, a high degree of partial melting with limited crustal contamination can also elevate the Nb/Ta ratios of the basalts from the ghat sections. Deccan basalts from the study areas do not bear the signature of sulfide supersaturation and subsequent immiscible sulfide segregation. This is evidenced by their high chalcophile element concentrations (Ni = 79–103 ppm, Cu = 121–259 ppm) and ratios like Cu/Zr (≥ 1), Ni/MgO (13.7–21.8) with low Cu/Pd (2140–29938) compared to other Ni-Cu (PGE) sulfide mineralized continental flood basalts. The lack of crustal sulfur in the various contaminants is perhaps the main reason for this sulfide-undersaturated character of the Deccan basalts of the current study.

Geometric Improvements in the Horizontal Alignment and Vertical Profile of Lohapathar Ghat Section in Bhopal-Salkanpur Road using Autodesk Civil 3D Software

Geometric Improvements in the Horizontal Alignment and Vertical Profile of Lohapathar Ghat Section in Bhopal-Salkanpur Road using Autodesk Civil 3D Software

GUARDIAN OF THE GHATS AND HEADLIGHTS FOR VISIBILITY

The abstract introduces a ground breaking project aimed at revolutionising road safety through adaptive lighting and collision detection in challenging driving environments. In the contemporary context, road accidents pose a significant threat to public safety, with statistics revealing a staggering number of incidents globally. According to recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO), over 1.3 million people die each year in road traffic accidents, and an additional 20 to 50 million suffer non-fatal injuries. A substantial portion of these accidents occurs during turns in hilly terrains, highlighting the need for innovative solutions. This project addresses the aforementioned issue by proposing a dynamic lighting system that utilises light intensity sensor to sense oncoming vehicle headlights. By adjusting the brightness of our vehicle's LED lights in response to detected light intensity, the system aims to reduce the risk of blinding oncoming drivers, thereby mitigating the likelihood of accidents. Furthermore, the introduction of Ghats Section Collision Detection using Infrared (IR) sensors enhances safety during turns. In Ghats sections, where accidents are more prevalent, IR sensors strategically placed on each side of the car detect potential collisions and activate warning indicators, such as a red light, to alert the driver. This dual-feature system provides a comprehensive approach to address the complex challenges associated with road safety, offering a promising solution to reduce accident rates and enhance overall driving experience.

Terrain Factors Induced Slope Instability in CNG 37 – Ghat section, Panthalur, The Nilgiris

— Landslides are short-lived phenomena but can cause extraordinary changes in the landscape, destroying life and property. Mitigation and management of natural disasters are important issues. Recognising this, the United Nations in the year 2004 made gout “Learning from today’s disaster for tomorrow’s hazards”(UNISDR website). The Nadugani Hill is situated in SE of Panthalur taluk, Nilgiris District. The ghat section is 6.5 km in length. The region has moderate climatic conditions. The average rainfall in this ghat section is 3500mm. In this ghat section, two major activities, like tea plantation and heavy truck movement, lead to slope instability during heavy monsoon season. The study mainly aimed to use terrain factors and identify land susceptibility zonation. In this context, a detailed investigation was carried out using geomorphology, parent rock weathering, structural mapping, runoff and anthropogenic activities. The ghat section is covered by a thick Reserve Forest, a tea plantation and a smaller area enclosed by settlement. Hornblende biotitic gneiss and patches of charnockite in some places cover the study area. The gneissic rocks are highly fissile in nature. NE - SW fault controls the drainage systems, contributing to landslides. The structural data delineated from IRS-RS2, L-IV data and the lineaments are oriented in NE - SW. Morphology is one of the prime factors that cause which is landslides. Satellite imageries identify structural and fracture valleys in this study area. The thematic maps were converted into a digital format using ARC Map (10.2v) software. GIS-based Decision Support System provides advanced models of a system to identify land susceptibility zonation. Based on the analysis, the study area has been categorized into low, moderate, high and very high classes.

Improvements in the Horizontal Alignment and Vertical Profile of Balampur Ghat Section in Bhopal-Vidisha State Highway Road (SH-18) using MXRoad Software

Abstract: Geometric design of highway deals with designing of physical visible features of highway those comprise of horizontal alignment, vertical profile, circular and transition curves, superelevation, Summit and valley curves, cross sectional elements, sight distances and other features. From the safety point of view, road geometric features should be well designed as per the IRC recommendation. In this research work, the horizontal alignment and vertical profile have designed of Balampur Ghat section in the Bhopal-Vidisha Road which is in the Madhya Pradesh State of India. The objective of this research work is “Improvements in the Horizontal alignment and Vertical profile of Balampur Ghat Section in Bhopal-Vidisha State Highway Road (SH-18) using MX Road Software”. The design of horizontal alignment and vertical profile have been done for Balampur ghat section approx. 2.0 km in length of State highway no. 18 (SH-18) of Madhya Pradesh. SH-18 is connected to Vidisha from Bhopal in the state of Madhya Pradesh and having heavy commercial traffic. Balampur ghat section is hilly terrain and have two improper horizontal curves along with 6.5% of vertical gradient and because of this reason that section is not safe for deriving therefore it has become an accident-prone area and the accident-prone area have the human and economical losses so it should be improved and re design of the horizontal and vertical alignment for safe design speed. The proposed methodology is on the basis of inventory survey (preliminary survey), topographic survey and MX Road software. In inventory survey take the data of existing road and find the suitable route of alternative alignment if re-alignment is required in the road. Then the topographic survey done on the existing road and alternative alignment. Import the topographic data of the road in MX Road software for generate existing surface of the road for design of horizontal alignment and vertical profile. As per IRC recommendations, there are two alternative alignments designed of the existing ghat section. As per the outputs of this research work, the length of both improved alignments is short as compare to existing road. There are no improper curves at improved alignment and maximum gradient is 4.2% which is less than the existing gradient (6.5%). The minimum design speed is 40-50 kmph which was 20 kmph in existing road. The both two improved alignments are safer as compare to existing alignment and the design speed of the vehicle has been increased. The improved alignment 2 is straighter than the improved alignment The improved alignment has also reduced the human and economic losses.

Root uptake and foliar deposition of 226Ra, 210Pb, and 210Po in medicinal plants of Western Ghats of Karnataka

The concentrations of radionuclides 226Ra, 210Pb, and 210Po in naturally grown medicinal plants and the soil of their rooting area from Western Ghats section of Karnataka were estimated by using HPGe gamma spectrometer and alpha counting system. The soil to plant transfer factors (TF) of each radionuclide was found. The TFs varied in the range 0.04–1.92, 0.22–5.41, and 0.6–3.81 for 226Ra, 210Pb, and 210Po respectively. The TF was found to be more than unity in some of the medicinal plants. The study may help to form the database of radionuclide concentration and TF for these medicinal plants.

VEHICLE ACCIDENT AVOIDANCE WITH ROAD ADVERSE CONDITIONS MONITORING SYSTEMS

Accidents are the leading cause of death in emerging nations. Despite the fact that "speed kills," individuals still don't care enough to drive safely on ghat roads. The most pressing issues now are ghat road accidents and the deaths that result from them. There will be sharp turns and narrow roadways on mountain highways. Under these kinds of circumstances, a driver of a vehicle cannot see vehicles and animals travelling on the highways from the other side. This issue results in the deaths of thousands of people and animals every year. The answer to this issue is to warn the driver in the GHATs section of any approaching vehicles or animals. In order to achieve this, "INFRARED SENSORS and LED LIGHTS" are kept on either side of the road before the curve. This way, if a vehicle approaches from one end of the curve, the sensor detects it and the LED light shines on the opposite side. Drivers can be vigilant and reduce vehicle speed by observing the LED light on/off criteria. Keywords- Alerting system, Infrared sensor, LED, Buzzer.

ACCIDENTS PREVENTION SYSTEM-HAIR PIN BENDS ROADS

It is a accident prevention system which is very useful in mountain roads tutings hair pin bends and u turns. This project is implemented using a microcontroller board .sensor and LED’s are interfaced to the microcontroller based on the vechicles then the relavantled’s will glow which alert driver about the vehicle is arriving the trun or blind spot.It reduces the accidents.Mostly,in the hill areas of accidents due to poor devploment of national hihgwayes in india the rate of accidents in ghats section is increasing day by day.

Landslide Hazard Zonation along the MH SH-73 at Kelghar Ghat, Satara, Maharashtra

Road transportation is the most common victim of landslide in the world. The present study investigates the landslide hazard zonation along the MH SH-73 at Kelghar ghat between Medha and Mahabaleshwar hill station of Maharashtra. Remote Sensing and GIS were used for the landslide hazard zonation of this section. The ghat section was buffered 100 m on both side to define the extent of study area based on the field investigation. The study incorporated predefined important landslide causative factors, viz. slope, rainfall, relief, lithology, soil depth, soil erosion, soil texture, land use / land cover, drainage distance, drainage density, lineament distance, lineament density, aspect, temperature, landslide inventory and in this approach fifteen thematic layers were prepared in GIS platform. The weight and score were assigned to each thematic layer based on heuristic approach on their relative importance in causing landslide. Multi-criteria model in ArcGIS 10.5 software were used for the mapping landslide hazard zones and it were classified into six zones: very high (1.3 %), high (1.7 %), moderate (3.4 %), low (7.6 %) very low (8.4 %) and no risk zone (77.7 %). The final result of this research can help for proper mitigation and adaptation measures for engineers, planners and administrators for this ghat section. Keywords: GIS, Landslide Hazard Zonation, Remote Sensing, Susceptibility, Sahyadri, Kelghar.

Spondias pinnata bark extract- an ameliorator of inflammatory derangement in etoposide induced mucositis: An experimental approach.

Background and Aim:Mucositis, one of the vulnerabilities of chemotherapy, affects the physiological activities and therapeutic strategies of patients because it can affect the normal cell population. Etoposide is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for cancers such as oral, lung, and gastrointestinal. In addition to the abnormal metabolic processes in the body caused by tumorigenesis, new metabolic alterations can occur, such as oxidative stress, antioxidant imbalance, and inflammatory reactions, all of which can contribute to existing patient vulnerability. Therapeutic adjuvants can help overcome these toxic effects. Spondias pinnata is a tropical tree omnipresent in the coastal and Western Ghat section of India that is used for culinary purposes and as a local analgesic. Therefore, we aimed to study the anti-inflammatory effects of S. pinnata in an etoposide-induced mucositis rat model.Materials and Methods:Small intestinal tissue homogenates from albino Wistar rats were used to estimate the levels of glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO), and activities of total antioxidant (TAO), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Na+-K+ ATPase. The animals were grouped into: (1) normal control, (2) etoposide-induced mucositis (65 mg/kg bodyweight, single IP dose), (3) S. pinnata control group, and (4) etoposide followed by S. pinnata bark extract (200 mg/kg bodyweight, once in a day). Animals were sacrificed after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h and compared with that of the normal control group (n=6). Statistical analysis was performed using EZR software.Results:We observed a significant decrease in the TAO and GSH levels with a marked increase in NO, MPO, and Na+-K+ ATPase activity in the mucositis group. A tendency to recover from the decreased TAO and GSH levels existed in the treated group, showing the protective effects of S. pinnata bark extract against mucositis. In addition, this extract also showed anti-inflammatory effects as reflected by the recovery in MPO levels at the end of 96 h. Maintenance of Na+-K+ ATPase activity in the treated group demonstrates the protective effects of the extract against the increased levels observed in the etoposide-induced mucositis group.Conclusion:This study revealed the protective effects of S. pinnata bark extract against the oxidative and inflammatory changes that occurred during the development ofmucositis. This would decrease the pathological burden during chemotherapy and prevent any hurdles in therapeutic modalities.

Slope stability analyses at Agumbe Ghat section NH-169A with and without slope protection

Slopes along the highways in hilly areas are more prone to landslides and rockfalls. Slope failure predominantly occurs during monsoon and traffic gets interrupted. Slope stabilityanalysis is carried out to lessen the adverse effects of landslides and slope failures. One of the dangerous Ghat section in Karnataka is Agumbe Ghat. It has totally 14 hair pin bends. The work is focussed on slope stability carried out between 7th and 8th bend of Agumbe Ghat section which passes through NH-169A. The work reveals the analysis of slope stability with and without anchors. Slope catastrophes can be determined through suitable measurement of slope stability. Soil samples at the terrain are collected and tested in laboratory for important soil parameters. The bore log data has been collected and relevant data has been used for the analysis. The software used for analysis is GEO5 which helps to verify slope stability for critical circular or polygonal slip surfaces. Profile co-ordinate points have been surveyed and slope details have been collected from Google Earth,andwere used to plot 7th bend profile. This paper gives insight regarding,the set of anchors and effects on shear stresses along failure plain and stabilizing the slope effectively. Stability analysis were carried out by finding Factor of safety before and after adding anchors. It is found that the anchors increased the stability of slopes from 1.35 to 1.56.

Landslide Susceptibility Zonation Mapping Using Bivariate Statistical Frequency Ratio method and GIS: A Case Study in Part of SH 37 Ghat Road, Nadugani, Panthalur Taluk, The Nilgiris

Landslide is more universal calamity in mountain areas. It is a threat to life and socio-economy. The ghat section Calicut–Nilampur–Gudalur State Highway 37 (SH-37) comes under the Survey of India toposheet 58A/7. It is important road network to connect Calicut. The study area is covered in 6.5 km ghat section of 103/6 to 109/8 km stone on SH 37. This study was carried out to prepare landslide susceptibility zonation (LSZ) mapping on 1:50,000 scale using frequency ratio model. Seventeen parameters such as elevation, slope, slope aspect, curvature, road buffer, drainage buffer, lineament buffer, land use, geomorphology, run-off, drainage density, drainage frequency, lineament density, lineament frequency, weathering condition, soil thickness and geology were considered as landslide-inducing factors. LSZ map was organized by manipulating association between the landslide persuade factors and old landslide using this model. Study area has grouped into five levels of susceptibility groups such as very low, low, moderate, high and very high. The LSZ map was validated by the old landslide record data collected from field. The landslide inventory percentage fall in very low hazard is 1.02%, 1.03% under low-susceptibility, 7.22% in moderate-susceptibility, 39.18% present in high-susceptibility and 51.55% noticed in very high-susceptibility zone, and using these data, the 18 rock vulnerable cut slopes were identified.

Road Safety in Ghat Section

Road Safety in Ghat Section

Evaluation of Accidents on Curves in Ghat Section

Evaluation of Accidents on Curves in Ghat Section

Landslide Zonation Mapping and Risk Management Studies in Malshej Ghat Section

Landslide Zonation Mapping and Risk Management Studies in Malshej Ghat Section

IDENTIFICATION OF LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY ZONATION IN CNG GHAT SECTION, GUDALUR, THE NILGIRIS – USING GIS BASED ANN/MULTI CRITERIA METHOD

Abstract. Among the various natural hazards, landslide is the most widespread and damaging hazard. In recent times, throughout a lot of attention is being drawn to evaluate the risk due to landslides. The invention of remote sensing and GIS have been new vistas in the field of geo scientific studies viz. geomorphological mapping, groundwater potential mapping, disaster management etc. The present study has been undertaken to study different thematic maps like, contour, drainage, slope, aspect, curvature, DEM, DTM, drainage density, drainage intensity, geology, lineament, lineament density, lineament intensity, geomorphology, land use, weathering thickness, run off, soil thickness and buffer maps like road, drainage, lineament etc. in CNG ghat section, Gudalur, The Nilgiris. For this purpose, the satellite image IRS – RS2, LISS III January 2014 used to prepare different thematic maps. The contour, drainage and road network were incorporate from SoI Toposheets. The slope, curvature, aspects and buffer maps were prepared from GIS environments. Based on field studies, above said thematic maps (22 nos.) were prepared and were grouped into 3 categories viz. Geology, Hydrology and Terrain. In each category the input maps were assigned different score as well as each layer has been given different weightage. Finally the categories are analysed through multi – criteria analysis to find out 5 different vulnerability classes. The 5 different land susceptibility zones are classified as very low, low, moderate, high and very high. The percentages of area under different susceptibility classes are 3%, 20%, 51%, 25%, and 1% respectively. The locations of small area major landslides and slip locations were calculated from different years using (2010 and 2014) Trimble GPS in the field. The field data was converted into point layer in GIS and landslide inventory map was prepared. This map was superimposed in landslide susceptibility zonation map. As per field data 0%, 9.25%, 57.5%, 32% and 1.25% Slide points are come under very low, low, moderate, high, very high susceptibility zones respectively.

Deccan Basalts in and around Koyna — Warna Region, Maharashtra: Some Reflections

ABSTRACT In this paper, an attempt is made to review the current status of chemo-and magnetostratigraphy of the Deccan Traps, particularly in the Western Province, and to interpret geomorphological and borehole data in relation to the earlier known structural data in the whole region, to that of the Koyna-Warna region, covering Deccan Traps and part the Archean basement. Koyna and Warna region comprises of chemically defined younger Formations of Wai Subgroup and Lonawala Subgroup displaying over-stepping arrangement from older Formations further north in the Nasik area and younger Formations down south. This is further corroborated by a single polarity change from reversed to normal, all the way to Belgaum. This is considered as a time marker around 65Ma (Chron C29r/C29n) matching with the K-T boundary. The Deccan Trap contact with the Archean basement in the 7 boreholes shows a plateau around 200m in the western section but a variation ranging up to 500m in the eastern side of the Warna region. These variations may be due to faulting or upwrap in this region. It is to be noted that the Koyna –Warna volcanic pile is similar to the thick sequences of the Mahabaleswar Ghat section further north in terms of their chemistry and magnetostratigraphy. A combination of surface and sub-surface data of the Koyna-Warna region may not show the presence of older volcanic formations such as Kalsubai Subgroup nor ages older than 65Ma. A few points are raised in this paper which may necessitate a detailed field, chemical, magnetic and geochronological study of both surface and drill cores in tandem with the available huge data base of the Deccan Traps, which may reveal surprises and perhaps provide clues to the origin of seismicity in this region and provide possible clues to a better understanding of the study area.

SMR and Kinematic Analysis for Slope Instability along Bodi-Bodimettu Ghat section, Tamil Nadu

ABSTRACT This study evaluates slope stability of 19km stretch Bodimettu ghat section, Theni, Tamil Nadu. The study involves 107.8km to 117.5km stretch by dividing it into two zones - Kaththuparai and Bodimettu slope. These two sections are considered for slope stability studies. In this study, analysis of the rock slope stability was performed using Modified SMR technique. Hoek and Bray (1981) analysis have been used for rock cut slopes. 12 rock slopes were identified in Kaththuparai section and four slopes in Bodimettu section. The detailed field investigations were carried out to collect data required for RMR and SMR calculation and SMR was calculated for each section. As per Hoek and Bray (1981) stereographic projection methods, FOS was calculated. In this study, sections R1 and R2 fulfill wedge conditions and R1, R2, R5, R7, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14 and R16 are suitable for planar and stereographic analysis. The details are furnished in this paper. The planar analysis shows that, FOS for the sections R2/J2, R5, R9, R10, and R11/J3 was < 1, and stereographic projection study shows that sections R2, R5, R7, R9, R10, R11/J3 and R13 are present in unstable zone.

Landslide hazard zonation mapping on meso-scale in SH-37 ghat section, Nadugani, Gudalur, the Nilgiris, India

Landslide is the most common natural disaster in mountainous regions. It causes damages to life and properties. The study area, Calicut–Nilampur–Gudalurghat section (SH37) falls under the Survey of India toposheet 58A-7/NE (1:25,000). The present study was carried out with landslide hazard zonation mapping on meso-scale. This paper explains how meso-zonation of landslide hazards (facet-wise) was made from investigations as per the norms given in Bureau of Indian Standard IS 14496:1998. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) was utilized for the preparation of thematic maps on 1:10,000 scale. The present study evaluates more detailed related factors of inherent causative factors (lithology, structure, slope gradient, relative relief, land use/land cover, and hydrogeology) involved in landslides. This method also incorporates effects of external causative factors like seismicity and rainfall as corrected rating. In the study area, 10 different facets have been identified. This area falling in facets 3, 4, 6, 7, and 10 come under high hazardous zone, the slopes falling in the facets 1 and 5 fall in the moderate hazardous zone, facet 2 in low hazard zone and other facets 8 and 9 show very high hazardous zone. Details of this work are presented in this paper. The landslide inventory points were collected with the help GPS in this ghat section. The inventory percentage 3.3% comes in low hazard zone, 18% present in moderate hazard zone, 57.4% in high hazard zone, and 21.3% under very high hazard zone.

Alteration of Volcanic Glass to Well-crystallized Ferrosaponite in the Vesicles of the Deccan Trap Basalts at Bhuleshwar Ghat Section, Pune District, Maharashtra

Abstract: Clay minerals formed mainly by the alteration of volcanic glass are reported by many workers. The commonly formed minerals belonging to the smectite group especially nontronite and ferrosaponite are widely reported by many in basalts. However, most of the reports suggest the formation of ferrosaponite in marine conditions (Zhou et al., 1992; Chen et al., 1996) or by hydrothermal solutions (Shayan et. al., (1988)). Origin of ferrosaponite in continental flood basalts by a mechanism of alteration of volcanic glass to ferrosaponite is reported in the paper. The different stages involved in the alteration process are also highlighted.