γ-Al2O3 Catalyst Research Articles

High Propylene Selectivity via Propane Oxidative Dehydrogenation Using a Novel Fluidizable Catalyst: Kinetic Modeling

This study reports propane oxidative dehydrogenation (PODH) kinetic modeling under oxygen-free conditions employing 7.5 wt % vanadium supported on a ZrO2–γAl2O3 (1:1 wt %) catalyst designated as 7....

Conversion of bio-derived phenolic compounds into aromatic hydrocarbons by co-feeding methanol over γ-Al2O3

In the present study, a novel route of upgrading lignin pyrolysis vapor to aromatic hydrocarbons was investigated. Guaiacol was used as model compound to investigate the coupling conversion of pyrolysis vapor and methanol. Co-feeding methanol obviously facilitated the conversion of guaiacol to aromatic hydrocarbons and inhibited coke formation. HZSM-5, Al-MCM-41 and γ-Al2O3 catalysts were screened, and γ-Al2O3 showed the best catalytic activity for the catalytic co-cracking reaction due to the appropriate acid property. The effects of methanol to guaiacol molar ratio, reaction temperature and W/Fguaiacol on product distribution over γ-Al2O3 were studied in a fixed bed reactor to reveal the reaction mechanism. As hydrogen donor, the co-fed methanol promoted the deoxygenation of guaiacol. The water formed through methanol dehydration was an efficient agent for attenuating coke deposition. The highest yield of aromatic hydrocarbons was 81.2% when the methanol to guaiacol molar ratio was 25 at 400 °C. The investigation of W/Fguaiacol indicated that the synergistic effect of co-feeding was sensitive at lower W/Fguaiacol. Co-feeding methanol with phenol, anisole and the phenolic mixture were also investigated, and high yields of aromatic hydrocarbons were obtained, which demonstrated that co-feeding methanol was a promising process for upgrading complicated pyrolysis products.

Hydroxyl-Mediated Non-oxidative Propane Dehydrogenation over VOx /γ-Al2 O3 Catalysts with Improved Stability.

Supported vanadium oxides are one of the most promising alternative catalysts for propane dehydrogenation (PDH) and efforts have been made to improve its catalytic performance. However, unlike Pt-based catalysts, the nature of the active site and surface structure of the supported vanadium catalysts under reductive reaction conditions still remain elusive. This paper describes the surface structure and the important role of surface-bound hydroxyl groups on VOx / γ-Al2 O3 catalysts under reaction conditions employing in situ DRIFTS experiments and DFT calculations. It is shown that hydroxyl groups on the VOx /Al2 O3 catalyst (V-OH) are produced under H2 pre-reduction, and the catalytic performance for PDH is closely connected to the concentration of V-OH species on the catalyst. The hydroxyl groups are found to improve the catalyst that leads to better stability by suppressing the coke deposition.

The Preparation of Highly Dispersed Pd/Gamma-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalyst: The Relation of Attracting-Repelling Force and Pd Dispersion

The purpose of this study is to present the effect of attracting-repelling force on the dispersion and particle size of palladium (Pd) between Pd and γ-Al2O3. The Pd supported on γ-Al2O3 catalyst were prepared by deposition-precipitation method with two different ways. From the CO-Chemisorption results, Pd/γ-Al2O3 (R2-FM) catalyst has the highest Pd dispersion of 43.16%. The results showed that particle size and distribution of Pd influenced by the surface charge state of γ-Al2O3 support, indicating relation of attracting-repelling force between Pd precursor and γ-Al2O3 surface.

On the role of oxocarbenium ions formed in Brønsted acidic condition on γ-Al2O3 surface in the ring-opening of γ-valerolactone

The ring-opening and decarboxylation reaction of γ-valerolactone (GVL), yielding a mixture of butene isomers, constitutes an important transformative step for the upgradation of biomass-derived precursors into high value fuels and chemicals. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were utilized to gain insights into the ring-opening of GVL in presence of Brønsted acid promoted γ-Al2O3 catalyst. DFT simulations suggested towards the formation of stable oxocarbenium ion of GVL on the γ- Al2O3 surface via a proton transfer to the carbonyl oxygen in presence of the Brønsted acid. The surface oxygen atoms of γ-Al2O3 were observed to show high affinity for H-abstraction from the oxocarbenium ion to yield the carbenium ion intermediate, which subsequently gave the product butene via a combination of hydride transfer and decarboxylation steps. Higher reactivity of the Brønsted acid promoted γ-Al2O3 surface, was attributed to the direct ring-opening (Ea = 13 kJ/mol) of the surface adsorbed oxocarbenium ion of GVL, leading to the formation of the γ-carbenium ion, which was unlikely to form with the adsorbed GVL structure. In addition, H-abstraction by the surface oxygen from the C5 of adsorbed oxocarbenium ion (Ea = 13 kJ/mol) was calculated to be of lower activation barrier as compared to the H-abstraction from C5 of the adsorbed GVL (Ea = 40 kJ/mol), which may also lead to facile ring-opening in presence of a Brønsted acid on γ-Al2O3.

Features of the structure active centers of industrial catalysts for the oxidative chlorination of ethylene

The active phase of CuCl2, HСuСl2, H2СuСl4 and two grades of industrial ethylene oxidation chlorination catalysts (EOC) such as deposited catalyst X1 (Harshow), with copper chlorides supported on an alumina surface, and a permeated MEDC-B catalyst immobilized in the internal pores of the firm of the company Sud-Chemie. Catalyst were analyzed by the method of thermoemission electronic raster (VEGA3NTSCAN) microscopy and X-ray fluorescence energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX-7000). It is shown that the active catalyst centers of CuCl2 have different crystalline structure from the amorphous active phase of H2CuCl2, H2CuCl4 on the surface of the catalysts. On the surface of X1 Harshow copper chlorides are uniformly distributed throughout the volume of the carrier catalyst γ-Al2O3 in the form of amorphous portions [CuCl4]-2, [CuCl2]-1. At the same time, on the surface of the catalyst MEDC-B, the active centers have a separate cluster immobilized crystalline structure of the active phase, which differs from the composition of the carrier γ-Al2O3.

Influence of Cu and Mo components of γ-Al2O3 supported nickel catalysts on hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acid methyl esters to fuel-like hydrocarbons

In this work, series of Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with or without Cu and Mo components were prepared, characterized and tested for the hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) to hydrocarbons. The effects of Cu and Mo loading, impregnation sequence with sequential impregnation and co-impregnation involved and reaction conditions on catalytic performance were investigated. According to the TG data, the spent 20Ni-6Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst gives less weight loss than the spent 20Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, which indicates that the addition of copper inhibits the carbon deposits behavior on catalyst surface during reaction. For 20Ni-6Cu/γ-Al2O3 and 20Ni-6Cu-nMo/γ-Al2O3 (n=2, 5, 8 and 12) catalysts, NH3-TPD analysis shows that the addition of molybdenum phase has significant impact on the acid sites of γ-Al2O3. When the loading of molybdenum is 5%, a new acid site is observed corresponding to the medium strength acid site. The Cu and Mo modified catalysts demonstrate better catalytic performance than Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. Based on XPS results, Cu in the catalysts exists in the Cu2+ and Mo in the catalysts has two states: Mo4+ and Mo6+, and different impregnation sequences may influence the actual element composition of active phase on the surface of catalysts. In addition, the conversion of FAME and yield of alkane are related to the catalysts prepared with different impregnation sequence. Among all the catalysts, the trimetallic 20Ni-6Cu-5Mo/γ-Al2O3 prepared by sequential impregnation (the former Ni and Cu impregnation, the latter Mo impregnation) exhibits optimal catalytic performance. Under appropriate reaction conditions 350°C, 2.5 MPa, WSHV= 2.0 h−1, H2/oil ratio=1250 mL/mL, the conversion of FAME and yield of alkane are 98.4% and 94.2%.

Organics Wastewater Degradation by a Mesoporous Chromium-Functionalized γ-Al2O3 with H2O2 Assistance

In this study, a mesoporous chromium-functionalized γ-Al2O3 (Cr/γ-Al2O3) catalyst was prepared by an impregnation method, and the catalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of organics wastewater. The prepared catalyst was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments, and scanning electron microscopy. The characterization results confirmed that the pores in the Cr/γ-Al2O3 catalyst distributed broadly in the mesoporous region, and the active chromium species were highly dispersed on the catalyst surface. The catalytic activity tests showed that the Cr/γ-Al2O3 catalyst exhibited a superior performance for the degradation of organics wastewater with H2O2 assistance. And the methylene blue (MB) disappeared within 20 min and the COD removal reached 76.5% within 40 min for the MB-simulated wastewater; for the phenol-simulated wastewater, the phenol removal was above 95% and the corresponding COD removal reached 71% within 40 min. Such an excellent catalytic performance demonstrates that the Cr/γ-Al2O3 catalyst has a potential application in the degradation of complex organics wastewater simultaneously.

Hydrogenation of levulinic acid into gamma-valerolactone over in situ reduced CuAg bimetallic catalyst: Strategy and mechanism of preventing Cu leaching

Metal leaching is a major issue in efficient production of γ-valerolactone (GVL) from levulinic acid (LA) under mild reaction conditions. In this study, Ag was added to Cu-supported γ-Al2O3 catalyst to suppress Cu leaching in the hydrogenation of LA into GVL. The CuAg/Al2O3 catalyst was reduced in situ during the reaction, and Cu leaching in the solution was significantly suppressed. The bimetallic catalyst without reduction pretreatment achieved approximately 100% yield to GVL and exhibited good reusability in nine consecutive cycles under mild reaction conditions of 180 °C and 1.4 MPa H2 pressure in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The strong interplay in the geometric and electronic effects between Cu and Ag was verified through XPS, H2-TPR, TEM, STEM/EDS, and XRD analyses. This paper extensively discussed the mechanism of Ag on preventing Cu leaching and the superiority of in situ reduction in solution over external reduction in gas.

Enhanced Hydrothermal Stability of γ-Al2O3 Catalyst Supports with Alkyl Phosphonate Coatings.

In this study, monolayers formed from organophosphonic acids were employed to stabilize porous γ-Al2O3, both as a single component and as a support for Pt nanoparticle catalysts, during exposure to hydrothermal conditions. To provide a baseline, structural changes of uncoated γ-Al2O3 catalysts under model aqueous phase reforming conditions (liquid water at 200 °C and autogenic pressure) were examined over the course of 20 h. These changes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, and IR spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that γ-alumina was rapidly converted into a hydrated boehmite (AlOOH) phase with significantly decreased surface area. Deposition of alkyl phosphonate groups on γ-alumina drastically inhibited the formation of boehmite, thereby maintaining its high specific surface area over 20 h of treatment. 27Al MAS NMR spectra demonstrated that hydrothermal stability increased with alkyl tail length despite lower P coverages. Although the inhibition of boehmite formation by the phosphonic acids was attributed primarily to the formation of Al2O3-PO x bonds, it was found that use of longer-chain octadecylphosphonic acids led to the most pronounced effect. Phosphonate coatings on Pt/γ-Al2O3 improved stability without adversely affecting the rate of a model reaction, catalytic hydrogenation of 1-hexene.

Model Catalyst Performance and Efficiency during the Hydro-treatment of Heavy Oil Residuum

Fixed bed tubular plug flow reactor is used to investigate model catalysts performance during the hydrodesulphurization of Heavy Arabian Oil atmospheric residuum. The effects of temperature (300-380℃), pressure (30-80 atm) and particle size with characteristic lengths (Lpo = 0.0059cm), Lp1 = 0.0327cm) on the rate of the Hydrodesulphurization reaction are investigated. Supported Co-Mo/ γ-AL2O3 catalysts, CAT-1 with Co= 3wt.% and Mo= 10.6wt.% and 0.5wt.% MS 13X and CAT-2 with the same composition but without the addition of MS 13X loadings were prepared using the double impregnation method. All prepared catalysts were characterized for their porous structure and composition. A Kinetic equation was developed for pulverized CAT-1 particles, RHDS= 9.9696*1010 exp (-17058/T) * PH2 *CS2.2 / (1+0.00802 * PH2). Effectiveness factors and effective diffusivity coefficients were estimated for both catalyst particle sizes. CAT-1 catalyst sample showing slightly higher activity lost approximately 20% of its initial activity after 450 hours of operation compared to 11% lost for CAT-2 sample. The presence of MS 13X in CAT-1 is accompanied with lighter HC products (C1-C4 up to 210℃) giving rise to more hydrocracking orientations especially at high temperatures with higher API degrees of the treated products.

Effect of Lewis and Brønsted acidity on glucose conversion to 5-HMF and lactic acid in aqueous and organic media

Among the different metal-promoted catalysts for the conversion of C6 sugars to platform chemicals, Sn-based catalysts have demonstrated high activity for different types of reactions, such as isomerization, retro-aldol conversion and dehydration of glucose or its isomers. The form of Sn species, as oxides or ions, along with the properties of the support are important factors determining the prevalent reaction pathway and product distribution. In this framework, we have studied the conversion of glucose mainly in biphasic (H2O/DMSO) media, using four types of Sn-based catalysts, i.e. Sn(II) and Sn(IV) as homogeneous catalysts (Cl- salts) or as the respective oxides in heterogeneous systems, Sn(IV) as SnO2 supported on γ-Al2O3, zeolites (ZSM-5 and Beta) or mesoporous aluminosilicates (Al-MCM-41), and Snδ+ as ion-exchange cations on the above zeolites. The solid catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR/pyridine, ICP-OES, XRF and N2 porosimetry. Under the studied conditions, the main products obtained were 5-HMF and lactic acid in both the homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the Lewis acidity offered by Sn oxides promotes the retro-aldol reaction pathway towards lactic acid, while the Lewis acidity offered by γ-Al2O3 enhances the synthesis of both 5-HMF and lactic acid. By combining these two functions, the Sn impregnated γ-Al2O3 catalysts induce further increase of both 5-HMF and lactic acid yields. In case of catalysts that possess Brønsted acidity as well (i.e. Sn ion-exchanged or impregnated zeolites and Al-MCM-41), dehydration reactions are promoted and the product selectivity is shifted towards 5-HMF synthesis. The highest 5-HMF molar yield of 27.5% (at complete glucose conversion) was achieved by Sn20/γ-Al2O3 accompanied by lactic acid at 16.5% molar yield. For this catalyst the effect of the solvent, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature and time, were further evaluated.

Ultradeep Hydrodesulfurization of Feedstock Containing Cracked Gasoil through NiMo/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst Pore Size Optimization

The importance of ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of the cracked and straight run gasoil blend necessitate an extensive study on HDS catalyst optimization. Herein, we report a CO2 assisted neutralization of NaAlO2 aqueous solution conducted in a semi-batch membrane dispersion microstructured reactor, as a novel method to synthesize pseudoboehmite powders with different textural properties. A number of γ-Al2O3 catalyst supports as well as NiMo catalysts with the average pore sizes of 6.3 (5.2) to 21.5 (18.6) nm and 5.0 (3.7) to 20.3 (17.2) nm are prepared using the as synthesized pseudoboehmite powders. XRD analysis shows the sizes of all pseudoboehmite and γ-Al2O3 supports crystalline are in the nanoscale range. NH3 TPD results reveal that about half of the total NH3 (1.76 mmol NH3/g) is adsorbed on the surface of γ-Al2O3 support due to presence of strong acidic cites. FTIR spectrometer confirms formation of MoO4−2 species. The effects of catalyst pore size on HDS performance of the straight run gas...

Fe2O3-CeO2-Bi2O3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in the catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of cationic red GTL under mild reaction conditions

The Fe2O3-CeO2-Bi2O3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, a novel environmental-friendly material, was used to investigate the catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of cationic red GTL under mild operating conditions in a batch reactor. The catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation, and characterized by special surface area (BET measurement), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Fe2O3-CeO2-Bi2O3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity and stability in the CWAO under atmosphere pressure. The effect of the reaction conditions (catalyst loading, degradation temperature, solution concentration and initial solution pH value) was studied. The result showed that the decolorization efficiency of cationic red GTL was improved with increasing the initial solution pH value and the degradation temperature. The apparent activation energy for the reaction was 79 kJ·mol–1. Hydroperoxy radicals (HO2·) and superoxide radicals (O2–·) appeared as the main reactive species upon the CWAO of cationic red GTL.

Fluidizable NiO–Fe 2 O 3 /SiO 2 –γAl 2 O 3 for tar (toluene) conversion in biomass gasification

Abstract This communication reports synergetic effects of bimetallic Ni–Fe on NiO–Fe2O3/SiO2–γAl2O3 catalysts for biomass tar (toluene) conversion. The catalysts were successfully synthesized using a one-pot, solvent-deficient method and characterized using XRD, N2 adsorption isotherm and NH3-TPD techniques. The introduction of SiO2 enhanced thermal stability of the NiO–Fe2O3/SiO2–γAl2O3 catalysts, as observed in XRD and BET surface area analysis. The synthesized NiO–Fe2O3/SiO2–γAl2O3 catalysts showed high BET specific surface area (52–58 m2/g) even after calcination at 950 °C. The NH3-TPD analysis exhibited that the addition of NiO significantly decreased the strong acid sites of the NiO–Fe2O3/SiO2–γAl2O3 catalysts. The performance of the synthesized catalysts were evaluated in a fluidized CREC Riser Simulator using toluene as a tar model compound. The NiO containing NiO–Fe2O3/SiO2–γAl2O3 catalyst yielded high toluene conversion with higher H2 concentration in the produced gas, as compared to Fe2O3/SiO2–γAl2O3 catalyst. The presence of nickel promoted both methane reforming and water-gas shift reactions, contributed to higher H2 concentration in the producer gas. A gasification process model, as developed in Aspen Plus, also showed that hydrogen composition of the producer gas can also be enhanced by adjusting the gasification temperature, pressure and steam/biomass ratios. These results indicate that the NiO–Fe2O3/SiO2–γAl2O3 catalyst has a great potential for industrial use since it is a relatively cheap, less toxic, and stable for extended period of gasification operation. The spent catalyst materials are also useful to produce other commercial products, such as Portland cement and glass-ceramics.

Diethyl Ether Production as a Substitute for Gasoline

Diethyl ether is one of alternative fuel that could be used as a significant component of a blend or as a complete replacement for transportation fuel. The aim of this research is to produce diethyl ether through dehydration reaction of ethanol with fixed bed reactor using nanocrystalline γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Nanocrystalline γ-Al2O3 catalyst was synthesized by precipitation method using Al(NO3)3.9H2O as precursors and NH4OH as the precipitating agent. Dehydration reaction was performed at temperature range of 125 to 225°C. The result shows that synthesized γ-Al2O3 catalyst gave higher ethanol conversion and diethyl ether yield than that of commercial Al2O3 catalyst. The use of synthesized γ-Al2O3 catalyst could reach ethanol conversion as high as 94.71% and diethyl ether yield as high as 11,29%.

Characterization of a mesoporous γ-Al2O3 catalyst: Influence of their properties on ethanol conversion

A mesoporous alumina has been synthetized by a hydrothermal method describe by Ĉejka and al. who use as precursor an aluminium isopropoxide and subsequently calcining the precipitate obtained in nitrogen flow at 683 K for 6h. The structural and morphological study evidence that the alumina obtained is a thermal stable γ-Al2O3 phase up to 1073 K with a specific surface area value of 174 m2g-1.The study of the surface hydroxyl groups in the sample γ-Al2O3 phase calcined at 1073 K (hereinafter called ALMP1073) reveals the presence of three types of active OH groups absorbing at 3787, 3725 and 3690 cm-1 and that they are significantly acidic, but not enough to protonate pyridine., i.e, they can be considered as Lewis acid.Catalytic test in ethanol dehydration prove that the ALMP1073 sample is active and selective in the dehydration of ethanol to diethylether in the range 523-573 K, as well as in the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene in the range 623-723 K These data are consistent with those obtained by infrared spectroscopy.The ethoxy groups formed on the surface of γ-Al2O3 are proposed as intermediate species in the ethanol dehydration reaction for both diethylether and ethylene formation.

Light olefin production from catalytic pyrolysis of waste tires using nano-HZSM-5/γ-Al2O3 catalysts

Nano-HZSM-5/γ-Al2O3 composite catalysts were prepared by employing mesoporous γ-Al2O3 as supports. Their structures, morphologies and acidity were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, N2 adsorption and desorption measurement, scanning electron microscope and the NH3 temperature-programmed desorption. Nano-HZSM-5 was uniformly dispersed and grown on the surface of γ-Al2O3 carrier. Nano-HZSM-5/γ-Al2O3 also showed a proper acidity with the uniform acid density distribution. The catalytic pyrolysis of waste tires was carried out in a micro-reactor system, and the composition of the product was analyzed on-line by gas chromatography. The selectivity to light olefins of nano-HZSM-5/γ-Al2O3 reached 29.9%, which was higher than that of nano-HZSM-5 zeolites, γ-Al2O3 and the mixture of nano-HZSM-5 and γ-Al2O3 with the same composition as nano-HZSM-5/γ-Al2O3.

Pilot-scale catalytic fast pyrolysis of loblolly pine over γ-Al2O3 catalyst

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) has been scaled up from lab scale (450 g/h) to a 1 ton per day (1 TPD) pilot plant to collect required processing and engineering data to support the demonstration and commercialization of the technology. In this study, CFP of loblolly pine with γ-Al2O3 catalyst was evaluated in both reactors. The experiment in the 1 TPD single-loop transport reactor was performed for an extended period of 30 h with continuous catalyst circulation and regeneration to confirm CFP results observed at the lab scale in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The yield and the quality of the biocrude from the observed lab-scale CFP were consistent at the 1 TPD pilot scale. The organic liquid carbon yield was 14.7% at the lab scale and 11.5% at the pilot scale. Overall, higher carbon recovery was achieved for the total liquid products at the pilot scale (24.5% carbon yield) than at the lab scale (17.1% carbon yield). The biocrude from the lab scale had 77.0 wt% carbon and 15.8 wt% oxygen on a dry basis. The combined bio-crude product (light and heavy) produced in the pilot plant had 70.2 wt% carbon and 23.1 wt% oxygen on a dry basis. All the biocrudes produced were rich in aromatic compounds.

Hydrodesulfurization of Iraqi Atmospheric Gasoil by Ti-Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 Prepared Catalyst

This study investigates the improvement of Iraqi atmospheric gas oil characteristics which contains 1.402 wt. % sulfur content and 16.88 wt. % aromatic content supplied from Al-Dura Refinery by using hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process using Ti-Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 prepared catalyst in order to achieve low sulfur and aromatic saturation gas oil. Hydrodearomatization (HDA) occurs simultaneously with hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process. The effect of titanium on the conventional catalyst Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 was investigated by physical adsorption and catalytic activity test.Ti-Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared under vacuum impregnation condition to ensure efficient precipitation of metals within the carrier γ-Al2O3. The loading percentage of metals as oxide; titanium oxide 3 wt. %, nickel oxide 5 wt. % and molybdenum oxide 12 wt. %. The performance of the synthesized catalyst for removing sulfur and aromatic saturation were tested at various temperatures 275 to 350°C, LHSV 1 to 4h-1, constant pressure 40 bar and H2/HC ratio 500 ml/ml.Results showed that the sulfur and aromatic content were reduced at all operating conditions. Maximum sulfur removal was 75.52 wt. % in gas oil on Ti-Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 at temperature 350˚C, LHSV 1h-1, while minimum aromatic content achieved was 15.6 wt. % at the same conditions.