Germination Period Research Articles

Expanding the application of germinated wheat by examining the impact of varying alpha-amylase levels from grain to bread

Controlled germination is recognized for its potential to enhance both the nutritional profile and functional properties of grains, but there is limited information about the level of wheat germination that promotes functional changes without losing breadmaking potential. This research aims to analyze the physicochemical changes in wheat during germination for 36 hours, focusing on evaluating kernel changes, the flour breadmaking functionality, and bread characteristics. Pasting properties progressively decreased as the germination progressed, and apparent viscosity was barely detected after 36 hours germination. Initial decline in gluten index was observed at 24 and 36 hours germination, but gluten kept its aggregation capabilities. Optimal germination periods of 6 to 18 hours significantly improved flour functionality, evidenced by increased Gluten Performance Index, gluten index, and enhanced dough mixing properties. Further, mini-breads, developed after optimizing breadmaking conditions, displayed increased 2D areas in 24 and 36 hours and lower crumb hardness in 24 and 36 hours of germinated bread compared to those obtained with sound wheat flour. Significant correlations were found among alpha-amylase activity, Falling number, total and damaged starch content, RVA parameters, gelatinization enthalpy, and breadcrumb texture parameters. Developing mini bread using different levels of germinated flour demonstrates its viability for breadmaking offering a promising innovation within the whole-grain food industry.

Effect of Treating Alfalfa Seeds with Gibberellin and Nano-fertilizer on Productive Characteristics and Protein Content in Hydroponic Cultures

This study was carried out in an experiment in an incubator designed for hydroponic seed germination with tight thermal insulation in the laboratories of the Department of Plant Production Technologies at the Technical College of Agriculture in Mosul, which is affiliated with the Northern Technical University in Iraq, where the seeds of the Dutch variety alfalfa (Medicago sativa. L) were germinated commercially and four times between 2022 and 2024. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors and three replicates in perforated dishes with dimensions of 28 cm in length and 19 cm in width (area 532 cm2) at a seed rate of kg / m2, resulting in an average seed weight of 53 g in one dish. The first experimental factor was the germination periods, while the second factor was soaking the seeds in solutions of varying amounts made from gibberellin and nano-compound fertilizer with the comparison treatment, which is soaking in water alone, as follows: Gibberellin 100 ppm and given the symbol GA 100ppm- Gibberellin 200 ppm and given the symbol 200ppm GA- --Nano fertilizer 20:20:20 NPK at a concentration of 2000 ppm and given the symbol NPK2000ppm. -Nano fertilizer 20:20:20 NPK at a concentration of 4000 ppm and given the symbol NPK4000ppm. This study showed that the Gibberellin 200ppm GA treatment was significantly superior to the rest of the other soaking treatments in the characteristics of the height of the incubator (3.66 cm), as well as the wet weight of both seedlings and roots and their dry weight, which were (497.88, 56.97g/dish-1), respectively, The fresh and dried root weights were considerably greater in the same treatment, at (400.86 and 43.86 g/dish-1), respectively. while the comparison treatment was superior. Morally, it was significantly superior to the rest of the other soaking treatments in the characteristic of protein in the medium was (18.29%). As for the times of hydroponic seed germination, there were no significant differences between the times in all the studied characteristics, which enhances the high degree of incubator isolation, the accuracy of implementing the experiment, and the accuracy of taking the results.

Metabolic and cannflavin profiles of germinated hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.)

This study aimed to identify the optimal germination period for maximizing cannflavin A (CFL-A) and cannflavin B (CFL-B) production in hemp seeds. Utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph with orbitrap mass spectrometry (uHPLCOrbitrap-MS/MS), the research measured metabolomic activities, complemented by spectrophotometric analysis of antioxidant activity. The findings indicated that CFL-A and CFL-B concentrations progressively increased, reaching a peak at 72 h. Notably, the polar compounds saw the emergence of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, a derivative of enzymatic sugar-to-aldehyde conversion. In contrast, the non-polar fraction exhibited a decrease in cannabidiolic acid levels. The study also noted the potential formation of alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid) through hydrolysis, which serves as an energy source for germination. Metabolomic profiles were categorized by Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), revealing significant changes from Day 0 to Day 1, followed by relative stability until Day 3. A substantial reduction in DPPH IC50 values was observed from 93.00 mg/kg (Day 0) to 43.18 mg/kg (Day 3), indicated stronger radical scavenging capacity. The highest FRAP and TPC value was recorded on Day 3, reflecting the accumulation of bioactive compounds, resulting in improved antioxidant activity.

Prospects of using the recultivator composition Trevitan™ for obtaining and growing a collection of plants in vitro

Aim. To evaluate the effect of the composite recultivant preparation "TrevitanTM" on the germination of seeds of Carlina cirsioides Klok., Carlina onopordifolia Bess. ex Szaf., Kulcz. et Pawl., Carlina acaulis L., Gentiana verna L. and Gentiana lutea L. with extended shelf life and on the growth parameters of plants of these species in vitro cultures. Methods. In vitro cultivation methods, biometric methods. Results. It is shown that the effectiveness of the recultivant composition "TrevitanTM" on seed germination and plant growth in vitro depends on their species. The use of this drug stimulated the germination of G. lutea seeds with a 5-year extension of its germination period. However, it did not significantly affect the germination and germination energy of freshly collected seeds and seeds with a long period of preservation of germination of species of the genus Carlina. In combination with auxin (3-indoleacetic acid), the composite recultivant "TrevitanTM" inhibited the growth and development of the root system in plants of the species G. verna, C. acaulis and C. cirsioides, but stimulated it in C. onopordifolia. The introduction of this drug into the MC/2 nutrient medium without the use of other growth regulators stimulated the growth of internodes in vitro in plants of the mountain species G. verna, and in another mountain species – C. acaulis – it accelerated the development of new leaves and their growth in length. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate the need for further research on the effect of the composite recultivant "TrevitanTM" with the involvement of a wider species diversity of plants.

Evolution of agricultural carbon emission research in China: a historical analysis and emerging trends

Agricultural activities constitute the second-largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Proactively mitigating agricultural carbon emissions is crucial for safeguarding the ecological en-vironment, improving agricultural productivity, and fostering long-term ecological sustainability. This paper employs bibliometric analysis to examine the research status, hot topics, and devel-opment trends of agricultural carbon emissions in China over the past 2 decades. Based on Citespace software, the study primarily conducts visual analysis on 660 academic articles on ag-ricultural carbon emissions collected from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) between 2001 and May 2023, including publications indexed in Peking University Chinese Core Journals (PKU Core), Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index and Chinese Science Citation Database. The analysis covers publication quantity, author cooperation, institution cooperation, keyword co-occurrence, keyword clustering, keyword burst, keyword timeline, and keyword timezone. Research results indicate: (1) From the annual publication volume changes perspective, research on China’s agricultural carbon emissions demonstrates a rapid upward trend in the new era, with increasing research interest. (2) The core net-work of research authors has been established, primarily concentrated in agricultural and forestry universities, and the core network of institutions in this field is gradually forming. However, collaboration networks between authors and research institutions are relatively dispersed, necessitating strengthened collaboration among institutions. (3) Current research on agricultural carbon emissions predominantly focuses on the challenges of reducing agricultural carbon emissions in China under the “dual carbon” goals, measures, and pathways to achieve agricultural carbon emission reductions; performance evaluation of agricultural carbon emissions, factors affecting these emissions, and their reduction potential; as well as the relationship between agricultural carbon emissions and agricultural economic growth. Future research should delve deeper into the precise accounting of agricultural carbon emissions under the “dual carbon” goals, their underlying mechanisms, and issues related to precise and differentiated agricultural carbon reduction strategies. (4) The development trajectory of domestic agricultural carbon emissions research shows a period of germination from 2001 to 2009, a development stage from 2010 to 2015, and a deepening stage from 2016 to 2023, with a notable increase in publications in 2021, signifying a new upward phase in research output.

Effect of Enteromorpha-diatom adhesion on mortar performance

With the development of the marine economy, seawater is becoming more eutrophic. The risk of green tides from Enteromorpha is rising, which adversely affects the service of coastal infrastructure structures. To better evaluate the influence of algae on the long-term service performance of the structural concretes in coastal infrastructure, this study investigates the law of Enteromorpha-diatom attachment and growth on the mortar surface and its influence on the microstructure and durability of mortar. The results show that: 1) at 15 days, diatoms appeared on the surface of the mortar and biofilm appeared，the time period of adhesion and germination of Enteromorpha spores on the mortar surface was between 60 and 75 days. 2) Within 60 days, the spores released by the Enteromorpha preferentially germinate on the edges and in the pores of the mortar specimen, which can create micro-cracks on the mortar surface. Calcium carbonate may be involved in the metabolism of algae. 3) The pore size of the mortar surface gradually increases in the presence of bio-organic acids, which can accelerate the decrease of pH on mortar surfaces and reduce the resistance of mortar against chloride ions. This study confirms that green tide outbreaks may reduce the durability of cementitious materials, and provides a practical guide in the timing of protecting coastal infrastructure structures during the period of green tide outbreaks.

Germination responses of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seeds to salinity and water stresses: Implications for the restoration of Mediterranean marginal lands

The iconic Mediterranean tree, Ceratonia siliqua L., holds substantial potential for restoring arid and semi-arid marginal lands. However, there is limited knowledge about the interaction of various abiotic factors and environmental stressors on seed germination of C. siliqua. Therefore, we examined the influence of salinity levels (0, 75, 150, 225 mM) and water stress using PEG6000 (−0.4, −0.8, −1.2 MPa) on C. siliqua seed germination under varying thermoperiods (15/25 °C and 25/35 °C) and photoperiods (12 hours of light and complete darkness). Our findings indicate that higher temperatures (25/35 °C) significantly reduced germination of seeds compared to lower temperatures (15/25 °C). However, the photoperiods showed no significant impact, especially under minimal salinity stress and low osmotic potentials (75 mM NaCl and −0.4 MPa PEG). In general, C. siliqua seeds exhibited enhanced performance in darkness at higher osmotic potentials, while increased stress prolonged the germination period. The dry weight of seedlings decreased with higher osmotic potential, although 75 mM NaCl promoted seedling biomass production. Our results confirm C. siliqua resilience to high salinity and moderate drought, offering practical applications for its successful reintroduction and cultivation in challenging Mediterranean environmental conditions.

Bioactive compounds and digestible starch variability of rice, maize, green gram, and soy grains with different levels of germination

SummaryGermination is a sustainable and economical process that can enhance the bioactivities of commonly consumed cereal and pulses, contributing to healthier diets. Its effectiveness in increasing bioactives depends on the germination conditions. This study examined the impact of varying germination periods (2, 4, 6, and 8 days) following 12 h of steeping on rice, maize, green gram, and soy, focusing on key bioactive compounds, including total polyphenols, flavonoids, and total digestible starch. Cereal and pulses germinated for eight days demonstrated a significantly higher (P < 0.05) total polyphenol and flavonoid content along with elevated antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity strongly correlated to increased total polyphenol and flavonoid levels throughout the extended germination period. Moreover, the total digestible starch content (TDS) in rice, maize, and soy increased significantly (P < 0.05) because of the hydrolysis of starch molecules, while green gram showed twofold decrease in TDS, indicating the impact of germination on TDS content may differ across the type of cereal and pules. Using locally grown Sri Lankan grain varieties, such as rice, maize,green gram,and soy, this study fills the gap in existing database on the investigation of bioactive compounds and total digestible starch content, exploring the potential of germination of cereal and pulses to use in nutritionally rich products in the food and agriculture industry with a focus on sustainable food systems and healthier eating habits.

"ITAMEC 1.8% Em.K” in Cotton Plant Determination of Biological Effectiveness of Acaricide Against Tetranychus Urticae Pest

Cotton is a crucial crop globally, particularly in Uzbekistan, where its high-quality fibers hold a significant market position. However, cotton faces threats from pests, notably Tetranychus urticae, which can cause up to 40% crop loss if not controlled during the germination period. Despite the use of various agrotechnical measures, effective pest management remains a challenge. This study investigates the acaricide ITAMEC 1.8% em.c. as a control measure against Tetranychus urticae. Field trials were conducted to evaluate the application rates, test results, and biological effectiveness of the drug. Findings suggest that ITAMEC 1.8% em.c. provides significant pest control, offering potential improvements in cotton yield and pest management strategies.

The Impact of Rhizospheric and Endophytic Bacteria on the Germination of Carajasia cangae: A Threatened Rubiaceae of the Amazon Cangas.

Carajasia cangae (Rubiaceae) is a narrow endemic species from the canga ecosystems of the Carajás National Forest that is facing extinction due to a limited range and habitat disturbance from hydroclimatological changes and mining activities. This study examines the influence of rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria on C. cangae seed germination to support conservation efforts. Soil samples, both rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric, as well as plant root tissues, were collected. Bacteria from these samples were subsequently isolated, cultured, and identified. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of 16 isolates (9 rhizospheric and 7 endophytic), representing 19 genera and 6 phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi. The endophytic isolates of Bacillus and the rhizospheric isolates of Planococcus and Lysinibacillus reduced the median germination time and initiation time, while the rhizospheric isolates Serratia and Comamonas increased the germination time and decreased the germination percentage in comparison to the control sample. These findings emphasize the crucial role of endophytic bacteria in the germination of C. cangae and highlight isolates that could have beneficial effects in the following stages of plant growth. Understanding the impact of endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial isolates on seed germination can enhance conservation efforts by shortening the germination period of this species and thereby improving seedling production. Additionally, this knowledge will pave the way for future research on the role of bacteria in the establishment of C. cangae.

Influence of Germination Time on the Morphological, Structural, Vibrational, Thermal and Pasting Properties of Potato Starch from Solanum tuberosum Phureja Group

AbstractThis work focuses on the study of the physicochemical changes that take place during a short germination period in flours and starches of the Creole potato tuber. To this end, the changes in the composition of flours and the structural, thermal, vibrational, functional and pasting changes of the isolated starches from germinated potatoes were evaluated during the 12-day germination period, measured every 4 days. The water absorption index (WAI) and the swelling powder showed no significant changes. Germination resulted in a decrease in fat and ash content, but an increase in protein and amylose content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed no changes in the morphology of the starch during germination. X-ray diffraction showed that isolated Creole potato starch contains nanocrystals with hexagonal crystal structure, which are not affected by germination. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows a shift of the gelatinization peak to the right, which could be attributed to the concentration effect. The pasting profiles of the isolated starches show no significant changes, indicating that the starch granules do not suffer any external damage due to the enzymatic process during germination and that the final viscosity behaves like a hydrogel.

Effects of combined ultrasound and calcium ion pretreatments on polyphenols during mung bean germination: Exploring underlying mechanisms

Mung beans were pretreated with a combination of ultrasonic and calcium ion to enhance the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity during germination. Changes in polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity during germination, along with underlying mechanisms, were investigated. Both single ultrasound and combined ultrasound-Ca2+ pretreatments significantly increased the polyphenol content and enhanced the antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) of mung beans depending on germination period. Among 74 polyphenolic metabolites identified in germinated mung beans, 50 were differential. Notably, 23 of these metabolites showed a significant positive correlation with antioxidant activity. Ultrasound pretreatment promoted flavonoid biosynthesis, whereas ultrasound-Ca2+ pretreatment favored the tyrosine synthesis pathway. Polyphenol composition and accumulation changes were mainly influenced by metabolic pathways like flavonoid, isoflavonoid, anthocyanin, and flavone/flavonol biosynthesis. The results suggest that ultrasound alone or combined with calcium ion pretreatments effectively enhance mung bean polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity during germination.

The influence of weather conditions on the formation of the winter wheat harvest according to various precursors in the arid zone of Stavropol

Relevance. The identification of agro meteorological factors that have the greatest impact on the formation of grain yields and their consideration in the improvement of agricultural technologies is an urgent task of agriculture.Methods. The research was carried out in 1972–2023 in the fields of the Prikumsk experimental breeding station in a 6-pole grain-and-grass crop rotation. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of agro meteorological conditions on the formation of the winter wheat harvest according to various precursors for the correction and adaptation of applied agricultural technologies in the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory.Results. The yield of winter wheat significantly depended on precipitation in September — October, moisture reserves by spring, total moisture availability of crops, temperature in May and was determined by the density of plants and the weight of 1000 grains. The maximum yield was formed with precipitation in September — October &gt;117 mm, the highest density of standing (294–392 pcs/m2), spring moisture reserves in the meter soil layer and average total moisture supply for pure steam, respectively, 129–145 mm and 382 mm, occupied steam 115–135 mm and 378 mm and winter wheat 105–125 mm and 342 mm. The minimum duration of the sowing — germination period and the maximum density of standing accounted for a clean and occupied pair for the amount of precipitation for September — October (59–87), and a half-pair &gt;117 mm. Compared with pure steam, the density of standing decreased by an average of 12,2%, the yield by 19,2%, the duration of germination increased 1.4 times, and in repeated crops by 22,6%, 45,3% and 2,7 times, respectively. The mass of 1000 grains had a significant positive relationship with the density of standing by half-steam and a negative one with the average temperature for May — June by pure steam. For half-steam and pure steam, yield is more closely related to the mass of 1000 grains (r = 0.52–0.66) than to the density of standing (r = 0.45–0.50).

Systematic Analysis of the BrHAT Gene Family and Physiological Characteristics of Brassica rapa L. Treated with Histone Acetylase and Deacetylase Inhibitors under Low Temperature.

Brassica rapa L. is an important overwintering oilseed crop in Northwest China. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) play an important role in epigenetic regulation, as well as the regulation of plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses. To clarify the role of histone acetylation in the low-temperature response of B. rapa L., we identified 29 HAT genes in B. rapa L. using bioinformatics tools. We also conducted a comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical properties, gene structure, chromosomal localization, conserved structural domains and motifs, cis-acting regulatory elements, and evolutionary relationships of these genes. Using transcriptome data, we analyzed the expression patterns of BrHAT family members and predicted interactions between proteins; the results indicated that BrHATs play an important role in the low-temperature response of B. rapa L. HAT inhibitor (curcumin; CUR) and histone deacetylase inhibitor (Trichostatin A; TSA) were applied to four B. rapa L. varieties varying in cold resistance under the same low-temperature conditions, and changes in the physiological indexes of these four varieties were analyzed. The inhibitor treatment attenuated the effect of low temperature on seed germination, and curcumin treatment was most effective, indicating that the germination period was primarily regulated by histone acetylase. Both inhibitor treatments increased the activity of protective enzymes and the content of osmoregulatory substances in plants, suggesting that histone acetylation and deacetylation play a significant role in the response of B. rapa L. to low-temperature stress. The qRT-PCR analyses showed that the expression patterns of BrHATs were altered under different inhibitor treatments and low-temperature stress; meanwhile, we found three significantly differentially expressed genes. In sum, the process of histone acetylation is involved in the cold response and the BrHATs gene plays a role in the cold stress response.

Influence of germination time on free amino acids, phenolic compounds and γ-aminobutyric acid in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth) seeds

This research studied the influence of phytochemical compounds on the germination time of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth). Over the 72 hours germination period, the contents of total and most individual free amino acids, particularly histidine, showed substantial increases. The content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was also greatly increased, from 0.24 µg/g to 2.7 µg/g, representing a nearly ninefold increase. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were positively related with germination time, with TPC highest at 62.49 mg GAE/100 g DW at 72 h, and TFC increased from 18.87 mg RE/100 g DW to 30.05 mg RE/100g.DW at 72 hours. The contents of individual phenolic acids and flavonoids, such as, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and rutin, experienced noticeable increases. However, vanillic and catechin were only detectable at 72 hours, respectively. Antioxidant capacity measured by DPPH and FRAP assays increased from 102.30 to 128.95 mgTE/100g DW and 694.13 to 836.93 mg FeSO4/100g DW mmol/g, respectively, and therefore highlighting the enhanced antioxidant potential of germinated pigeon pea. The results from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) supported these findings. The study emphasizes the potential of germination to enhance the phytochemical compounds of pigeon pea seeds.

Impact of Seed Germination on the Physicochemical Properties of Lupin Flours and the Physicochemical and Techno-functional Properties of Their Protein Isolates

AbstractNowadays , lupin seeds have emerged as a novel and valuable source of proteins representing a sustainable alternative to current raw materials of plant-based proteins, such as soybean. In this regard, lupin demonstrates superior adaptation to the Mediterranean climate with improved tolerance to water stress. However, its suitability for human consumption is limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional and anti-technological factors, including alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, and lipids, which can have adverse nutritional consequences and/or impact on the purity and yield of protein extraction. In this study, the Lupinus luteus seeds were germinated for 1, 2, 3, and 6 days and the effect of germination on the anti-nutritional and anti-technological factors of flours and derived protein isolates was analyzed. Additionally, changes on techno-functional properties of lupin protein isolates were also studied. Results showed that prolonged germination decreased fat content whereas antioxidant activity, polyphenols, saponin, and alkaloid content of flours increased. However, alkaloids were completely removed during protein extraction. Furthermore, protein isolates derived from germinated seeds exhibited higher water and oil absorption capacities, as well as improved foaming and emulsifying capabilities in comparison to isolates from non-germinated seeds. Nevertheless, prolonged germination periods were associated with diminished foam and emulsion stability. Therefore, germination of lupin seeds for no longer than 3 days should be recommended in order to minimize the levels of anti-nutritional and anti-technological factors, while enhancing techno-functional properties of the isolate.

Diversity of Treatments in Overcoming Morphophysiological Dormancy of Paeonia peregrina Mill. Seeds.

Paeonia peregrina Mill. is a protected, herbaceous species native to Southeastern Europe and Turkey. Due to its vulnerability, it has to be protected both in its natural habitats and through cultivation. Peonies are known to have a low potential for natural regeneration due to their seed dormancy, low germination rate, and long germination period. In this study, treatments with gibberellic acid (GA3 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 mg L-1 GA3) and warm (at 20/16 °C day/night regime) and cold stratification (at 4 °C) were used to accelerate dormancy release and increase the germination rate. The seeds of P. peregrina from four natural habitats in Serbia and the Institute's collection were collected and analyzed. They showed an underdeveloped embryo that needs to grow inside the seed before it can germinate. The application of GA3 accelerated each stage of germination (seed coat rapturing, hypocotyl dormancy release, and epicotyl dormancy release) for approximately 10 days compared to the control. It was also found that two-day imbibition with 200 mg L-1 GA3 significantly accelerated and equalized germination. Higher GA3 concentrations had a more pronounced impact on each stage but also resulted in greater seed infection after the seed coat rupture, elongated and weak seedlings, while lower concentrations did not result in obtaining uniform seedlings. There were no significant differences observed between localities. Restoring P. peregrina through seeds and nursery-produced plants is crucial for conserving the genetic diversity of the tested species.

Mobile Phosphorus Presence of Typical Chernozems on Fertiliser System

Abstract Due to the systematic utilisation of substantial amounts of phosphorus fertilisers on agricultural crops in crop rotation, the amount of available phosphate compounds increases in the soil. It ensures the maximum increase in crop yields. The study of the phosphate level in chernozem soils in various agrocenoses is really up-to-date. The gist of our research was to determine the specifics of providing mobile phosphorus in typical chernozem in field crop rotation, especially in sunflower, varying according to fertilisation systems in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. The assessment of mobile phosphorus content was conducted using the Chirikov method, which involves extracting mobile phosphorus compounds from the soil using a solution containing acetic acid (CH3COOH) at a concentration of 0.5 mol dm−3, with a soil–to–solution ratio of 1:25. Phosphorus was determined with the spectrophotocolorimetric method, which is based on the colour intensity of the phosphorus-molybdenum complex. Our investigations showed that the typical low-humus chernozems have considerable reservoirs of potentially exploitable phosphorus for plant nourishment. We established that the mineral and organic-mineral fertilisation system leads to a greater use of mobile phosphorus with agricultural crops of crop rotation resulting in the formation of elevated phosphate content in the chernozem soil. By the end of the second rotation, the organic-mineral fertilisation system variant displayed the greatest concentration of mobile phosphorus within the 0–25 cm soil depth, marking a surge of 15.6 mg kg−1 compared to the unfertilised variant. In the period of sunflower germination, the content of mobile phosphates increased in the soil layers at depths of 0–25 cm and 25–50 cm in the variant of the mineral fertilisation system on 17.6 and 22.2 mg kg−1 of soil compared to the alternative without the fertiliser. In the sunflower’s ripening period, the mobile phosphorus concentration in the soil at 0–25 cm depth increased significantly in the variant of organic-mineral fertilisation system by 12.0 mg kg−1 and mineral fertilisation by 14.7 mg kg−1 of soil if compared with the variant lacking the fertiliser. In the variant of the mineral fertilisation system, the amount of mobile phosphorus increased in the 0–30 cm soil depth by 18.7 mg kg−1 of soil in two crop rotations compared to the beginning of the first crop rotation.

In vitro production of Phalaenopsis orchids

Phalaenopsis – known as moth orchids – are the most popular orchids cultivated indoors as decorative house plants. This makes propagation and cultivation of Phalaenopsis important for commercial growers. Enhancements to the micropropagation of Phalaenopsis would have pronounced economic benefits through reduced losses and wastage. We examined the effects of several nutrient media and specific plant growth regulators (PGRs) belonging to the gibberellic acid and cytokinin groups on the in vitro germination of Phalaenopsis seeds, utilizing a single-group pretest-posttest model. The effects of several nutrient media such as: Knudson C (KCM), Lindemann (LM), Orchimax (-OM), Orchimax + activated charcoal (+OM), Murashige &amp; Skoog (MS), as well as various PGRs such as 6-Benzylaminopurine (6BA), 6-Furfurylaminopurine (KIN), Adenin hemisulfate (AHS), Thidiazuron (TDZ), 2-Isopentenyl adenine (2iP), and Gibberellic acid (GA3), on the process of germination were also investigated. The explants obtained from the germinating seedlings were subjected to direct organogenesis, and the optimal PGR and tissue fragments were determined. The +OM medium facilitated the shortest germination period (in days). An inverse relationship between the concentration of TDZ and the percentage of germination in the context of the employed PGRs was observed. Apart from TDZ, the remaining PGRs exhibited a positive correlation with concentration. However, no significant difference in germination was observed in comparison to the control. The findings of direct organogenesis investigations revealed that the medium that exhibited the highest productivity was enriched with 5.0 ppm of 6BA. The media containing TDZ exhibited a reduced level of efficiency. Particularly, the group treated with 1.0 ppm of TDZ exhibited reduced efficacy compared to the control group. All concentrations of cytokinin in root elongation stage exhibited a favorable impact in comparison to the control. The variance between these PGRs was not statistically significant.

Exploring Integrated Ocean Management Policy in China: Evolution, Challenges, and Prospects

Integrated ocean management (IOM) aligns with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and serves as a crucial strategy for promoting the enduring health of marine ecosystems and the sustainable utilization of marine resources. An analysis of the evolution of China’s integrated ocean management policy (IOMP) is crucial for providing valuable guidance in achieving sustainable growth in marine management and the marine economy for both China and other coastal nations worldwide. This paper studies the evolution characteristics, challenges, and prospects of IOMP in China since 1978 using content analysis. The findings indicate that the evolution of IOMP can be categorized into four stages: the germination period (1978–1998), the construction period (1999–2009), the systematization period (2010–2017), and the strategization period (2018–present), based on the state of international marine management. The IOMP has transitioned over time from its initial emphasis on resource development during the germination period to a strategization period that prioritizes the full development of all parts of the system. However, the ultimate goal has consistently been to achieve harmonious coexistence between people and the sea. China’s IOMP has experienced a progressive development; nevertheless, it continues to encounter obstacles such as the pressing requirement to revise sea-related policies and the absence of policy alignment. The objective of this paper is to explore the evolution, challenges, and prospects of China’s IOMP to better improve the land–sea coordination policy, strengthen international judicial cooperation. and provide effective policy reference for other maritime countries.