Germinating Barley Grain Research Articles

Leave no stone unturned: Exploring the metaproteome of beerstone for the identification of archaeological beer production

In archaeological contexts, identifying processes of beer production and consumption has contributed to our understanding of agriculture, labor mobilization, economic surplus, feasting, gender dynamics, social structure, tribute, community, identity and politics. Nevertheless, in the absence of pictorial representations and characteristic objects, beer brewing is difficult to identify in the archaeological record, and molecular methods are often limited by constraints of preservation and specificity. A potential target for studies of ancient beer production are residues formed during brewing activity, including beerstone, a calcium oxalate residue. Here, we apply shotgun proteomics analyses to a sample of modern beerstone to explore this residue's capacity as a marker for beer in archaeological contexts. The beerstone proteome was compared to the protein profiles of ungerminated and germinated barley to identify key proteins indicative of malted grains which may be encased by the residue. Proteins matching to barley grain (Hordeum vulgare) and Baker's/Brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were successfully identified in the beerstone. In particular, we identified hordeins, lipid transfer proteins, trypsin/α-amylase inhibitors, and protein Z, which are barley proteins abundant in proteomic characterisations of beer. In comparison to ungerminated and germinated barley grains, we find that beerstone preserves only a subset of the barley proteome, with the residue being more reflective of the final brewing product than of earlier brewing steps such as malting. Overall, we demonstrate that beerstone has potential to entrap and preserve proteins reflective of the beer-making process and identify proteins that we might anticipate in future archaeological analyses.

Exploring the role of some nitrogen metabolism enzymes during the germination of barley grains

The study examines the changes in ALAT and ASAT activities in Baharli and Dayanatli barley genotypes during germination. Both genotypes showed significant increases in enzyme activities, indicating their role in energy and amino acid metabolism, which are essential for seedling growth. Comparative analysis revealed higher ASAT activity in Dayanatli than in Baharli, potentially due to genetic factors, highlighting genotype-specific responses in metabolic processes during germination. Keywords: Enzymes, activity, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, barley

The role of germination in changes in bioactive properties, polyphenols and biogenic elements of raw and germinated barley (Hordeum vulgare) parts

SummaryIn this study, the effect of germination in changes on total phenol, flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity, polyphenols and biogenic elements of raw and germinated barley parts (radicle, foliole and germinated grain) was investigated. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of raw and germinated barley parts were recorded to be between 97.61 (foliole) and 164.44 mgGAE/100 g (radicle) to 38.93 (germinated barley grain) and 371.07 mg/100 g (radicle), respectively. Antioxidant capacity results (DPPH and ABTS assays) were recorded between 3.37 (germinated barley grain) and 4.82 mmol kg−1 (radicle) to 0.79 (germinated barley grain) and 2.28 mmol kg−1 (radicle), respectively. The highest total phenol and flavonoid content as well as antioxidant capacity values were detected in radicle. Catechin and kaempferol values of raw and germinated barley parts (radicle, foliole and germinated barley grain) were recorded between 5.85 (germinated barley grain) and 19.71 mg/100 g (radicle) to 3.91 (germinated barley grain) and 4.62 mg/100 g (foliole), respectively. Gallic acid results of barley samples varied between 0.72 (germinated barley grain) and 10.95 mg/100 g (radicle). The phenolic compounds detected in the highest amounts in raw and germinated barley parts were catechin, kaempferol and gallic acid. P and K results of raw (control) and germinated barley parts were recorded to be between 727.64 (foliole) and 2078.10 mg kg−1 (control) to 955.40 (germinated barley grain) and 3982.63 mg kg−1 (control), respectively. As a micro elements, Fe and Zn results of barley samples were identified between 2.95 (foliole) and 14.30 mg kg−1 (control) to 6.26 (foliole) and 24.84 mg kg−1 (control), respectively. Significant decreases in macro and micro element contents were observed during the germination of barley grain compared to the control.

Spatially resolved transcriptomic analysis of the germinating barley grain.

Seeds are a vital source of calories for humans and a unique stage in the life cycle of flowering plants. During seed germination, the embryo undergoes major developmental transitions to become a seedling. Studying gene expression in individual seed cell types has been challenging due to the lack of spatial information or low throughput of existing methods. To overcome these limitations, a spatial transcriptomics workflow was developed for germinating barley grain. This approach enabled high-throughput analysis of spatial gene expression, revealing specific spatial expression patterns of various functional gene categories at a sub-tissue level. This study revealed over 14000 genes differentially regulated during the first 24 hafter imbibition. Individual genes, such as the aquaporin gene family, starch degradation, cell wall modification, transport processes, ribosomal proteins and transcription factors, were found to have specific spatial expression patterns over time. Using spatial autocorrelation algorithms, we identified auxin transport genes that had increasingly focused expression within subdomains of the embryo over time, suggesting their role in establishing the embryo axis. Overall, our study provides an unprecedented spatially resolved cellular map for barley germination and identifies specific functional genomics targets to better understand cellular restricted processes during germination. The data can be viewed at https://spatial.latrobe.edu.au/.

Chemical composition of barley with different methods of preparation for feeding

It is well known that the effectiveness of the use of feed products depends on the method of processing and preparation of feed for feeding. The purpose of the research was to study the chemical composition and nutritional value of barley grain before and after preparation for feeding in diff erent ways. The object of research was the grain of barley of naked barley varieties Nudum 95 and Granal 32 and fi lmy variety Chelyabinsk 99. The research was devoted to the study of the infl uence of diff erent methods of preparing barley for feeding on the chemical composition of the feed. The processing of barley grain in diff erent ways has had a signifi cant infl uence on its chemical composition. Germination of barley grains of the studied varieties led to an increase in the concentration of crude protein and crude fi ber in the dry matter compared with grain without processing. The amount of crude fat, nitrogen-free extractive substances and starch in sprouted grain has been decreased by 18 %, 11 and 15 %, respectively. When grain was extruded, the crude protein content of the fi lmy and naked varieties increased by 16 and 11 %, respectively, compared with grain without processing. There was a decrease in crude fi ber, crude fat and starch. The fl attening of the grain did not have a signifi cant eff ect on the nutrient content. Preparation of barley for feeding by a complex method (germination + extrusion) it contributed to the increase in raw protein in the feed compared to other methods. However, there was a decrease in the grain content of crude fat, nitrogen-free extractive substances and starch.

Комплексные полимерные препараты для защиты семян зерновых культур сельскохозяйственных растений

Pre-sowing treatment of seeds of cultivated plants with agrochemicals can significantly reduce crop losses. A promising technology for increasing the yield of spring crops in arid zones characterized by moisture deficiency in the summer is winter sowing. However, this method carries the risk of large losses as a result of premature germination of grain in the event of prolonged positive temperatures in the fall or severe thaws. Special grain processing chemicals can prevent such losses. Complex polymer preparations have been developed to protect grain seeds from premature germination and damage by phytopathogens. It has been shown that compositions based on polyvinyl acetate dispersions and polyacrylamide most effectively prevent premature germination of barley grains. At the same time, treatment with a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate significantly reduced plant germination. It has been shown that when barley grains are treated with compositions based on polysaccharides with a fungicidal preparation, fungal infection is completely absent, and there is no significant inhibition of seed germination. This composition for treatment against fungal spoilage of grain and seedlings seems promising for practical use.

Peroxidase activity in germinating barley grains depending on grain treatment with phytoregulators

The article presents the data of laboratory results on the study of the effect of phytoregulators on changes in the activity of peroxidase enzyme isoforms in dry seeds of malting barley and during their germination. It was found that the use of phytoregulators in dry grains increases the activity of peroxidase isoforms.

Enzymatic activity of grains of different varieties of spring barley

The paper presents studies of the enzymatic activity of barley grains of different varieties. In experiments with different varieties of malting barley, the activity of isoforms of amylolytic enzymes was determined at pH = 5.5, 7.0, 8.0 using a phosphate buffer system (1/15 M phosphate buffer). The activity of enzymes in the germinated grain was determined after the removal of sprouts and roots. In experiments to determine the activity of amylases in the study of the action of enzymes in acidic (pH = 5.5), neutral (pH = 7) and alkaline (pH = 8) environments, it was found that in germinated barley grain, acid isoenzymes α- and β-amylases, as well as neutral and alkaline isoenzymes. It is shown that in the process of malting on the 7th day, the activity of amylotic enzymes increases significantly, which is of great importance in the brewing industry. During the germination of barley seeds under standard conditions, an active complex of enzymes amylases, proteases, cytases, oxidoreductases is formed, which dissolve endosperm cells and convert reserve substances into soluble compounds.

Bio-Activity of Some Oil extracts on Khapra Beetle Trogoderma gronarium Everst (Cloptera:Dermastidae) larvae on Barley seeds Hordeum vulgare

The effect of some plant oils on Trogoderma granarium larvae was investigated in the laboratory at 27±2 Co and 70% Relative humidity on barley grains 10 grams of barley were treated with five different concentration of plant oils (Eugenia caryophyllata, Osimum basilicum,Piper nigrum, and Azadirachta indica). The results showed that the rate of mortality was reached 99.96% and 93.33% when grain treated with 12.5% of A.indica and P.nigrum respectively. Also the results indicated that using 12.5% of O.basilicum and A indica reduce the germination of barley grains after treating with plant olis up to 26.66%.So it can be considred that these plant oils an environmentily safe and cheap inproteting the darley grains from infestation by T.granarium and used an alternative to chemical insecticides

Application of Hull-Less Barley Variety ‘Kornelija’ Grains for Yogurt Development

Abstract Nowadays consumers are looking for new food products with added nutritional value. Therefore, producers and scientists develop new recipes and technologies with the aim to enrich products with fibres, vitamins, and probiotics. Since naked barley contains high concentration of soluble dietary fibre, including β-glucans, which have stabilising properties, it has a good potential for fermented dairy food development. The goal of the current study was to assess the application of hull-less barley grain ‘Kornelija’ for development of fibre-enriched yogurt. Milk was fermented with freeze-dried starter (Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus) by adding flour of ungerminated, 24 and 36 hours germinated barley grain (amount 2%, 3%, 4%) at 41 ± 1 oC up to pH 4.7 ± 1.0. pH of samples during fermentation, the colony forming units of lactic acid bacteria, viscosity, and concentration of fibres were determined. Results of the current study showed that flour from ungerminated, and 24 and 36 hours germinated barley grain, fortified yogurt with dietary fibre (from 0.89 to 1.77 g·100 kcal−1), promoted growth of lactic acid bacteria in the product, increased the viscosity and shortened fermentation time, but the significance of effects depended on the amount and type of added flour.

Genes That Mediate Starch Metabolism in Developing and Germinated Barley Grain.

Starch is synthesized in the endosperm of developing barley grain, where it functions as the primary source of stored carbohydrate. In germinated grain these starch reserves are hydrolyzed to small oligosaccharides and glucose, which are transported to the embryo to support the growth of the developing seedling. Some of the mobilized glucose is transiently stored as starch in the scutellum of germinated grain. These processes are crucial for early seedling vigor, which is a key determinant of crop productivity and global food security. Several starch synthases (SS), starch-branching enzymes (SBEs), and starch debranching enzymes (isoamylases, ISA), together with a limit dextrinase (LD), have been implicated in starch synthesis from nucleotide-sugar precursors. Starch synthesis occurs both in the developing endosperm and in the scutellum of germinated grain. For the complete depolymerization of starch to glucose, α-amylase (Amy), β-amylase (Bmy), isoamylase (ISA), limit dextrinase (LD), and α-glucosidase (AGL) are required. Most of these enzymes are encoded by gene families of up to 10 or more members. Here RNA-seq transcription data from isolated tissues of intact developing and germinated barley grain have allowed us to identify the most important, specific gene family members for each of these processes in vivo and, at the same time, we have defined in detail the spatio-temporal coordination of gene expression in different tissues of the grain. A transcript dataset for 81,280 genes is publicly available as a resource for investigations into other cellular and biochemical processes that occur in the developing grain from 6 days after pollination.

Investigation of the microbiota associated with ungerminated and germinated Norwegian barley cultivars with focus on lactic acid bacteria

The microbial community of ungerminated and germinated barley grains from three different cultivars grown at four different locations in Norway was investigated by culture dependent and culture independent methods. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was focused in this study and was isolated from germinated barley. The number of LAB ranged between 2.8 and 4.6 log cfu/g in ungerminated grains and between 4.9 and 6.3 log cfu/g in germinated grains. In total 66 out of 190 isolates were Gram+, catalase-negative and presumptive LAB. The LAB isolates were by 16S rRNA sequencing identified to be Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (6), Lactococcus lactis (2), Enterococcus sp. (1) and Leuconostoc sp. (57). Germination significantly influenced the bacterial composition. Regarding the different cultivars and growth places no significant difference in bacterial composition was seen. The most abundant bacterial genus was Pantoea (18.5% of the total sequences), followed by Rhizobium (10.1%) and Sphingomonas (9.9%). Fungal composition was significantly influenced by the germination process and the cultivation place, but no significant difference in fungal composition was detected between the 3 cultivars. The most abundant fungal genera were Cryptococcus (43.8% of all the sequences), Cladosporium (8.2%), Pyrenophora (7.4%) and Vagicola (6.3%). This study revealed knowledge of barley grain associated microbes of Norwegian barley that can be useful to control the malt quality. Germination affected both bacterial and fungal microbiota composition. No difference in bacterial microbiota composition was seen regarding cultivars and cultivation place, however, the fungal microbiota composition was significantly influenced by the cultivation place. Differences in fungal community of ungerminated and germinated barley samples of different geographical locations were more pronounced than differences in bacterial communities.

Antioxidant Activity, Antinutritional Factors and Technological Studies on Raw and Germinated Barley Grains (Hordeum vulgare. L)

This study was revealed for investigate the effect of germination on physical, chemical, mineral composition, vitamins content and nutritional characteristics of each variety of Egyptian barley grains (Hordeum vulgare L.) Giza128 (hull- less barley), and Giza134 (hulled barley) were obtained from Agricultural Research Center, Giza. Egypt. Raw barley grains were soaked in water for (12hr.), then germinated for 24, 48, 72 hr. In addition, sensory evaluation was carried out for Talbina prepared from raw barley and germinated (72hr.) barley flours for both varieties (Giza 128, Giza 134) was evaluated. The results showed that the mean weight and volume of the thousand grains were 50.73± 0.19 (g) and 85 ± 5 (ml). Also, the density was 0.60± 0.02 (g/ml) for Giza 128, while the mean weight and volume and density for Giza 134 were 52.72± 1.78 (g), 85 ± 5 (ml), 0.62 ± 0.02 (g/ml), respectively. Moreover, the highest moisture content for both Giza 128 and Giza 134 was noticed during the germination period for 72hr. (11.6% and 12.4%), respectively. Also, the crude protein content was decreased significantly due to soaking treatment, and there were no significant differences for the three germinated treatments compared to the raw sample for Giza128 variety. On the other hand, there were a significant differences between the germinated samples compared with raw and soaked samples. The ash content for soaked barley (12hr.) was decreased for the three germinated samples compared to the raw sample for both varieties. Also, there were significant differences between the five treatments for the mineral composition, there was a decrease in the content of the calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and manganese in the germinated grains for 72hr. compared with raw grains for both varieties under study. Moreover, there was an increase in vitamin (A, D, Niacin and C) for both Giza 128,134 varieties in germinated grains (72 hr.) compared with the raw grains. Also, Giza 128 variety exhibited higher content of the minerals and vitamins in the raw and the germinated grains (72hr.) compared with Giza 134 variety. On the other hand, the nutritional compounds (total phenol, flavonoids, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and the antinutritional factors (phytic acid, tannic acid and oxalic acid) were decrease in the germinated barley. The decrease in the total phenols, flavonoids antantioxidants activity (DPPH) content in Giza 128 variety was more pronounced (20.3%, 44.4%, 12.8%) than that the in Giza 134 variety (7.5%, 11.1%, 9.8%), respectively. Also, sensory evaluation for Talbina prepared from raw and germinated (72hr.) barley flours for Giza 128 and 134 varieties was studied. The data revealed that, there were significant differences in case of the color, taste and the overall acceptability between the Talbina prepared from the raw barley flour for Giza 128 and Giza 134 variety, although there were no significant differences in case of the texture and odor for both varieties

STUDY OF HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT OF DRIED MALT WITH PLASMOCHEMICALLY ACTIVATED AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Studying the specific technological features and functional properties of foodstuffs made with the addition of malt is a particular priority for scientists and experts in the food processing industry. The paper deals with the peculiarities of malt processing, namely, with how it is humidified by means of plasmochemically activated aqueous solutions with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxides. The study presented deals with hydrothermal treatment of dry malt with solutions activated by the action of non-equilibrium contact plasma. In the course of this treatment, microparticles of hydrogen peroxide are formed. When in contact with the raw materials, they can form active oxygen, which is an agent stimulating biochemical transformations that activate the mashing and extraction of malt. The hydrogen peroxide concentration has been determined for the solutions used for further hydrothermal treatment of malt. It has been established which modes of hydrothermal treatment of dry germinated barley grain with plasmochemically activated aqueous solutions ensure the fastest absorption of moisture by malt. The highest water absorption rate was observed in the samples with activated water where the peroxide concentration was 600mg/l. It has been studied how the degree of malt swelling changed with the temperature and mash ratio. When ordinary water was used, the optimum mash ratio was 1:4 (65°С), and with activated water, a similar result was obtained with the mash ratio 1:3, which allows reducing water consumption in the process. The process of malt mashing has been studied, and the malt extracting capacity analysed. When plasmochemically activated aqueous solutions were used, the extracting capacity was observed to be increasing noticeably by 0.06–0.41%, depending on the mashing mode. It has been proved that the antiseptic properties of the activated water allow extra disinfection of raw materials. Using activated aqueous solutions reduces pathogen contamination of grain. It has been found that absolute destruction of mould microflora is possible at high concentrations of peroxides in the solutions. The paper highlights the operational parameters that can be used during industrial processing of malt, and gives recommendations for the use of plasmochemically activated aqueous solutions in barley malt processing.

Effects of Atmospheric-Pressure Cold Plasma Treatment on Deoxynivalenol Degradation, Quality Parameters, and Germination of Barley Grains

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the major trichothecene mycotoxins commonly found in grains, in particular barley. This study focused on the reduction of DON concentration on barley samples using atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) treatment. The effects of moisture content, post-treatment storage, and relative humidity of air on DON degradation on barley were evaluated. Additionally, the germination and the quality parameters of barley, including protein content, β-glucan, and moisture content, were evaluated. The results showed that ACP treatment for 6 and 10 min reduced DON concentration by 48.9% and 54.4%, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the DON degradation levels by increasing the moisture content of barley from 9.5 to 15.7 g water/100 g sample and relative humidity of air from 12 to 60%. Steeping of barley grains without subsequent drying prior to ACP treatment significantly increased the degradation rate of DON by ACP due to the presence of water on the grain surface. No significant differences were observed for the tested quality parameters of barley in comparison with control samples. This study shows that ACP may offer an effective DON reduction in barley without affecting the quality attributes. However, ACP treatment parameters should be optimized to achieve a better DON reduction efficacy.

Modifying Method of Studying Activeness of The. Amilolitic Enzymes of the Barley Malt

The author studied the carbohydrate composition of wheat and barley. Germinated barley grain in the fermentation process the breakdown of starch by enzymes to glucose. Enzyme activity depends on: 1. A decrease in grinding barley malt. 2. Interval temperature. 3. Incubation time.

Transcriptional and biochemical analyses of gibberellin expression and content in germinated barley grain.

Mobilization of reserves in germinated cereal grains is critical for early seedling vigour, global crop productivity, and hence food security. Gibberellins (GAs) are central to this process. We have developed a spatio-temporal model that describes the multifaceted mechanisms of GA regulation in germinated barley grain. The model was generated using RNA sequencing transcript data from tissues dissected from intact, germinated grain, which closely match measurements of GA hormones and their metabolites in those tissues. The data show that successful grain germination is underpinned by high concentrations of GA precursors in ungerminated grain, the use of independent metabolic pathways for the synthesis of several bioactive GAs during germination, and a capacity to abort bioactive GA biosynthesis. The most abundant bioactive form is GA1, which is synthesized in the scutellum as a glycosyl conjugate that diffuses to the aleurone, where it stimulates de novo synthesis of a GA3 conjugate and GA4. Synthesis of bioactive GAs in the aleurone provides a mechanism that ensures the hormonal signal is relayed from the scutellum to the distal tip of the grain. The transcript data set of 33 421 genes used to define GA metabolism is available as a resource to analyse other physiological processes in germinated grain.

Effect of Spraying with Liquid Solution of Some Organic Substances and Germinated Barley Grains Cultured in Physiological Growth Constants of Fennel Foeniculum vulgate

Effect of Spraying with Liquid Solution of Some Organic Substances and Germinated Barley Grains Cultured in Physiological Growth Constants of Fennel Foeniculum vulgate

Subtilase activity and gene expression during germination and seedling growth in barley

Proteases play a main role in the mobilization of storage proteins during seed germination. Until today, there is little information about the involvement of serine proteases, particularly subtilases, in the germination of barley grains. The aims of the present work were to study the contribution of serine proteases to the total proteolytic activity induced during germination of barley grains and evaluate the specific involvement of subtilases in this process. Proteolytic activity assayed against azocasein in the presence of specific inhibitors, showed that serine proteases contributed between 10 and 20% of total activity along germination. Subtilase activity increased from day 1 after imbibition with a peak between days 4–5. Moreover, in vivo determination of subtilase activity in germinating grains revealed increasing activity along germination mainly localized in the seed endosperm and developing rootlets. Finally, the expression of 19 barley genes encoding subtilases was measured by real time PCR during germination. Three of the analyzed genes increased their expression along germination, five showed a transient induction, one was down-regulated, nine remained unchanged and one was not expressed. The present work demonstrates the involvement of subtilases in germination of barley grains and describes the positive association of eight subtilase genes to this process.

Isolation of tissues and preservation of RNA from intact, germinated barley grain.

Isolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) aleurone layers have been widely used as a model system for studying gene expression and hormonal regulation in germinating cereal grains. A serious technological limitation of this approach has been the inability to confidently extrapolate conclusions obtained from isolated tissues back to the whole grain, where the co-location of several living and non-living tissues results in complex tissue-tissue interactions and regulatory pathways coordinated across the multiple tissues. Here we have developed methods for isolating fragments of aleurone, starchy endosperm, embryo, scutellum, pericarp-testa, husk and crushed cell layers from germinated grain. An important step in the procedure involves the rapid fixation of the intact grain to freeze the transcriptional activity of individual tissues while dissection is effected for subsequent transcriptomic analyses. The developmental profiles of 19611 gene transcripts were precisely defined in the purified tissues and in whole grain during the first 24h of germination by RNA sequencing. Spatial and temporal patterns of transcription were validated against well-defined data on enzyme activities in both whole grain and isolated tissues. Transcript profiles of genes involved in mitochondrial assembly and function were used to validate the very early stages of germination, while the profiles of genes involved in starch and cell wall mobilisation matched existing data on activities of corresponding enzymes. The data will be broadly applicable for the interrogation of co-expression and differential expression patterns and for the identification of transcription factors that are important in the early stages of grain and seed germination.