German Physicist Research Articles

Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen in the Reflection of Commemorative Medals and Coins

Аnnotation In this research article, its author presents the results and analysis of his research devoted to the study of the issue of representing the memory of the famous German scientist, Nobel Prize winner, Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen, in the reflection of such a collecting tool as numismatics - on 45 commemorative medals and coins, issued for circulation and timed to coincide with various events, by a number of countries around the world, in different years. Aim of studyThe purpose of this article is to present the results of the research conducted by the author, thematically dedicated to the issue of reflecting the memory of the German scientist, Nobel Prize (1901) winner in physics, Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen, in such a collecting medium as numismatics, on commemorative medals and commemorative coins, accompanied by their image (obverse and reverse), with accompanying comments. Research objectives 1. Find any sources of information regarding the reflection of the memory of Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen in various collecting media. 2. Select and systematize all found numismatic materials, both commemorative medals and commemorative coins dedicated to this scientist. 3. Convert all found numismatic materials into color and black and white screenshot copies. 4. Conduct an analysis of all the results obtained as a result of the scientific research carried out by the author of the article. with their help, form the text part of this research article. 5. From all the data obtained, both textual and illustrative, form a solid body of this research and author’s article. Hypothesis of the study In the process of starting to prepare for this study, its author came up with the following working hypothesis - there is a fairly large amount of a wide variety of collection materials, not only philatelic and phaleristic, but, first of all, numismatic - on commemorative medals and coins dedicated to the memory, about the life and scientific activities of the famous German physicist and inventor, Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen, in the reflection of numismatic materials, different years of issue and many countries of the world, in the form of commemorative medals and coins dedicated to him.

Harmonic analysis approach to the proof of Heisenberg inequality

the Heisenberg uncertainty Principle is a fundamental principle in quantum mechanics, which was developed by the German physicist Werner Heisenberg and was proposed by him in 1927. This principle states that for a pair of physical quantities that share phase space, such as position and momentum, it is impossible to accurately measure their values at the same time. There are several variants of it in harmonic analysis studies, and the article will introduce some of them in R^1 space and L^2 space. In the process of providing the Heisenberg inequality, the article proved the Plancherel identity and Schwartz inequality by using Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform. Finally, author solved the equation of the wave function (x) . The famous physicists Heisenberg proposed one of the more novel ideas in quantum mechanics the existence of unobservable orbits cannot be assumed, which did bring great influence in quantum mechanics. The article will introduce the conception of Heisenberg inequality and try to finish the proof.

Analysis of The Crystalline Phases of The Mineral Rutan By Means of The X-Ray Diffraction Technique

Objective: This work aims to analyze a sample of the mineral Rutana, composed of two crystalline phases of titanium dioxide (TiO2): rutile and anatase, using the X-ray diffraction technique. Theoretical reference: In 1914, the German physicist Max von Laue, using a CaSO4 crystal, successfully achieved the diffraction of X-rays. Crystalline solids, such as CaSO4, consist of regular arrangements of atoms with interatomic spacings of the order of 0.1 -1.0Å, that is, with the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of X-rays. Due to the periodic nature of the internal structure of the crystals, it was possible for them to act as a three-dimensional diffraction grating, providing science with a new method for indirect investigation of the internal structure of materials: the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Methodology: In this technique, a finely ground crystalline powder of a material is placed in the path of a monochromatic x-ray beam. This material, composed of a large number of small crystallites, are randomly oriented. Diffraction occurs from planes of the crystallites that are oriented at the correct angle to fulfill the Bragg condition, in such a way that localized peaks of the same intensity as the diffracted beams are formed. Results and discussion: Based on the intensity, angles and width of the diffraction peaks, the mass percentages of each of the mineral's crystalline phases were obtained: rutile (62.08%) and anatase (37.92%). Research Implications: This work presents a contribution to future research related to the chemical characterization of initially unknown samples, by providing a comprehensive and representative theoretical framework related to the XRD technique. Originality/value: This study presents practical contributions to the literature related to the application of the XRD technique in the characterization of materials.

We create the Universe: artists and scientists take on the Big Bang

Between October 2021 and January 2022 an ambitious combined art and science exhibition presented a unique object-rich cosmological story at the University Library of Leuven, Belgium, as part of the Kunst Leuven KNAL! City Festival 2021 (English: BANG! Big Bang City Festival). To the Edge of Time was a transdisciplinary[1] introduction for general audiences to one of the most famous and complex developments in science, the Big Bang theory. The exhibition presented artworks and science objects as equal partners that through curatorial placement and interpretation could fluidly convey key theoretical moments, materials, philosophical perspectives and ideas. The scientific story focused on how the groundbreaking work of the Belgian priest-astronomer Georges Lemaître bridged the insights of two of the twentieth century’s other leading European scientists, German physicist Albert Einstein and the British cosmologist Stephen Hawking. Objects from their lives and archives revealed their specific ideas and processes of thinking and discovery. Artworks from leading international artists brought new material, critical and conceptual dimensions and multisensory encounters. The exhibition was the result of a curatorial collaboration between the author, British contemporary art and transdisciplinary curator Hannah Redler-Hawes, and Belgian cosmologist and former collaborator of Stephen Hawking, Professor Thomas Hertog, of KU Leuven. As guest curators, they worked with Annelies Vogels, Exhibition Coordinator of the university and Wouter Daenen of KU Leuven Libraries, and others to form a closely collaborating curatorial team. To the Edge of Time was not only the first exhibition worldwide to explore Lemaître’s work through a transdisciplinary narrative, but also to place Stephen Hawking’s work in a broader historical context. In the trans- and interdisciplinary exhibition field, where new commissions and collaborations between living artists and scientists have been increasing, it was somewhat unusual for a cosmology exhibition in its reliance on material culture, concentration on historical art and science objects and its combining of these with presentations of recent contemporary art and advanced theoretical physics concepts. These combinations helped to convey parallel movements of thought where neither the art nor the science were presented as derivative to each other, a key curatorial ambition. This practice-based paper, offering Redler-Hawes’s personal reflections, discusses how the narrative evolved to define a shared language between the contributors. It considers, through a narrated walk-through of key object-artwork ‘constellations’, how the presentation generated new insights into different methods of enquiry, knowledge acquisition and making sense of our place in the cosmos, by bringing major themes in twentieth century science into dialogue with international artists working independently and in collaboration with science during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.[2] Note: Where images belong to the Science Museum Group this Journal shares them under a fully open access CC-BY licence (see our Open Access statement here https://journal.sciencemuseum.ac.uk/about-the-journal/). Where the image or work belong to a third party, this is indicated in the credit in the caption and full rights belong to the indicated party.

Audio and Data Transmission using LIFI

Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity. LIFI technology is very new and was proposed by the German physicist Harald Haas in 2011. Light based communication system is the backbone of the future of the communication system. Li-Fi is a wireless technology that uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) for transmission of data. The development of the wireless communication leads to advance research in Li-Fi technology. The term Li-Fi states to visible light communication (VLC) technology that uses as medium to deliver high-speed communication in a fashion similar to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi comprises a wide range of frequencies and wavelengths, from the Infrared through visible and down to the Ultraviolet spectrum. The immense use of Li-Fi may solve some bottleneck of data transmission in Wi-Fi technology. With the innovation in technology and the number of users, the existing radio-wave spectrum fails to accommodate this need. To resolve the issues of scalability, availability and security, we have come up with the concept of transmitting data wirelessly through light using visible light communication (VLC) technology. The objective is to study and describe the Li-Fi technology. The improvement of the wireless communication leads to advance research in Li-Fi technology through Visible Light Communications (VLC) Technology.

Helmholtz and the Conservation of Energy: Contexts of Creation and Reception

Helmholtz and the Conservation of Energy: Contexts of Creation and Reception

Helmholtz and the Conservation of Energy: Contexts of Creation and Reception

Helmholtz and the Conservation of Energy: Contexts of Creation and Reception

From internment in Trial Bay to exile in Berkeley: the German physicist Peter Pringsheim and his connection with Australia

From internment in Trial Bay to exile in Berkeley: the German physicist Peter Pringsheim and his connection with Australia

CORRESPONDENCE OF HEISENBERG’S VIEWS WITH THE MULTIMODULAR CONCEPT OF A.V. AND L.A. BUROV

This article is devoted to a brief analysis of the views of the German physicist in their comparison with the concept of the metaphysical foundations of the universe of modern physicists Alexei Vladimirovich and Lev Alekseevich Burov. The object of the study is the main philosophical work of Heisenberg - the treatise “The Order of Reality” - and the work of the Drillers called “Metaphysical Status of physical Laws”. The metaphysical concepts of the multimodular reality of the mentioned authors are compared, and a brief historical basis for the emergence of these concepts is given. The substantiation of the importance of philosophical research in the field of physics and mathematics, and quantum physics is given - in particular. The necessity of further research of the issue is postulated considering the latest concepts in natural science within the framework of binary geometrophysics of Yu.S. Vladimirov. In conclusion, the importance of the modal (or multimodular) nature of reality is argued for the construction of a new, comprehensive picture of the world, within which it would be possible, finally, to understand the essence of quantum processes that determine reality, and to reach a fundamentally new level of philosophy of natural science.

Die Lücke als Fund: Über eine Fehlstelle zur Familiengeschichte im Nachlass von Walther Gerlach (1889–1979)**

AbstractThe career of the German physicist Walther Gerlach (1889–1979) spanned two world wars and the changing political systems in Germany in the twentieth century. As a physicist involved in the rapid development of atomic physics and the management of scientific research in Germany during World War II as well as in post‐war West Germany, several attempts have been made in the past by historians of science to write his full biography. These projects have, among other foci, asked about Gerlach's role and his position with respect to National Socialism. However, based on his extensive papers preserved in the Deutsches Museum Archive in Munich, none of these projects has so far been conclusive. In this article, we identify evidence for the selective deletion of personal files relating to his first wife and daughter. We argue that reconstructing this lacuna sheds new light on the influence of National Socialist ideology on Gerlach's personal life, making him both a profiteer and a victim of eugenics jurisdiction.

Planck Formula for Black-body Radiation: Derivation and Applications

At the end of the 19th century, German physicist Victor Brooks first proposed black hole radiation. He found that objects emit electromagnetic waves when they are heated. Brooks found that the spectral density of electromagnetic waves is proportional to the temperature of the body, which is called blackbody radiation. The research of blackbody radiation began in the middle of the 19th century, studying radiator and radiation standards to meet the needs of industrial applications. The experimental results show that, especially by interpreting the spectral distribution of Planck's formula, many new physics and concepts have emerged, and many important material concepts, quantum mechanics, quantum theory of solid conductors, induction emission, quantum statistics, etc. have been developed. This study enriches thermodynamics and provides insights into the nature of light. The first aim of this paper is to derive the Planck’s Law using two different methods: one is by following the Planck’s derivation, while the other is by using Planck’s interpretation of his formula. The second aim of this paper is to use the Planck’s Law to derive Wien’s Law and Stefan’s Law.

How can we turn heat into useful energy using nanotechnology?

In 1821, the German physicist Thomas Seebeck made a groundbreaking discovery that revealed the direct conversion of heat energy into electricity. He did so by bringing two different metals together and holding one end heated and the other end cooled. This process is famously known as the Seebeck effect. William Thomson, a British physicist later known as Lord Kelvin, further developed the concept of thermoelectric circuits and introduced the idea of a temperature-dependent voltage in a circuit made of two dissimilar metals. Lord Kelvin’s contribution to the field of thermoelectricity paved the way for various applications in temperature sensors, power generators, refrigeration, and cooling systems.

Fundoscopy in the smartphone age: current ophthalmoscopy methods in neurology.

The observation of the human retina in vivo began in 1851 after the invention of the first ophthalmoscope by the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz. In the following decades, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, with the use of ophthalmoscopes and condensing lenses, respectively, became part of the clinical examination, especially in ophthalmology and neurology. Today, over 170 years later, many ophthalmoscopes and condensing lenses exist on the market. Nevertheless, ophthalmoscopy is still not widely adopted as part of the physical exam of general practitioners, and the teaching of ophthalmoscopy in medical school remains challenging. Studies have shown that students prefer using newer ophthalmoscope models or condensing lenses during training, but most do not feel confident in performing ophthalmoscopy afterwards, regardless of the models used. Also, few students acquire ophthalmoscopes for their future practice, and clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated superiority of newer ophthalmoscope models over the conventional ones in diagnostic accuracy. The technological improvement of smartphone cameras in recent years has made it feasible to photograph the fundus of the eye using ophthalmoscopes or condensing lenses, reducing the need for retinographs and similar equipment. Smartphone assisted indirect fundoscopy is becoming increasingly popular. This approach allows adequate identification of the structures of the fundus, is cost-efficient, easy to implement, and permits easy recording and sharing of the images obtained, which is useful for case discussions and medical teaching. However, controlled clinical trials validating this method in the evaluation of optic nerve pathologies are needed.

Quantum tunneling and exceptional human capacities: Illustrating different skepticisms in physics and psychology

Quantum tunneling is a phenomenon where a particle appears on the other side of an energy barrier that it does not have enough energy to pass through, according to classical physics. This notion, first proposed by a German physicist in 1927, runs improbably counter to common sense and to rules thought for hundreds of years to govern physics. Acceptance of this and other quantum phenomena has required the reconceptualization of subatomic particles from solid bits of matter to probability clouds that extend infinitely in every direction. As such, quantum physics has required a skepticism driven by the need for sound evidence, rather than based on whether a given idea conformed to culturally common notions of reality. This form of well-tempered skepticism would serve the project of building a psychology of the whole person, and of all persons, in place of versions that reject phenomena based on cultural notions of what is or is not plausible, even in the face of substantive preliminary evidence. Such a skepticism is counterproductive in a way that dismissal of a patient's unexpected healing response could negatively impact the body's self-healing capacities.

Thematic Exordium for Special Issue “Density Functional Theory Application on Chemical Calculation”

The history of quantum chemistry dates back to 1926, when the German physicist Erwin Schrödinger, in his classical works [...].

HF02-12 WATT'S IN A NAME? - THE PEOPLE THAT FOCUSED LASER LITHOTRIPSY

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023HF02-12 WATT'S IN A NAME? - THE PEOPLE THAT FOCUSED LASER LITHOTRIPSY Sami E Majdalany, David Leavitt, and Naveen Kachroo Sami E MajdalanySami E Majdalany More articles by this author , David LeavittDavid Leavitt More articles by this author , and Naveen KachrooNaveen Kachroo More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003242.12AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Laser applications have been a significant development in urology, revolutionizing urinary stone disease treatment. We sought to examine the pivotal figures associated with laser lithotripsy and understand their contributions to the evolution of this technology. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed database, Google Scholar, and texts regarding the discovery, initial trials and advancements in laser lithotripsy. RESULTS: In 1957, Gordon Gould debuted an optical device, Light Amplification for the Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER). Theodore Maiman laid the cornerstone for laser lithotripsy in 1960, in a pivotal Nature publication utilizing a ruby crystal medium, the foundation for the first in vitro destruction of urinary calculi by William Mulvaney and Carl Beck, using 50-300J of energy. In 1962, FJ McClung and Robert Hellwarth used ‘Q-switching’ where an attenuator stores energy in a medium until a maximum level was reached. This insight allowed J.E. Geusic in 1964 to develop the first commercially available solid-state laser medium and laser – Neodymium-doped-YAG (Nd: YAG). In 1983, Graham Watson, applied a laser pulse technique demonstrating fragmentation capability of Nd:YAG. Q-switching did not generate adequate energy, so Watson used a flashlamp to pump laser energy in short pulses highlighting calculi fragmentation with minimal energy, whilst using small laser fiber sizes – leading to the creation of the ubiquitous 200μm laser fiber. The lack of power from Nd:YAG to fragment all stone types, propagated the development of holmium (Ho:YAG) laser by the Wellman Center for Photo Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital – providing a range of laser settings for frequency (Hertz), energy (Joule), and ultimately power (Watt). Although not associated with the invention of laser lithotripsy, these eponyms are the fundamental units of laser. James Prescott Joule, an English physicist, determined the first law of thermodynamics; the conservation of energy. In 1852, he collaboratively created the ‘Joule-Thompson effect’, significantly contributing to the refrigeration industry. Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist, proved the existence of electromagnetic waves. James Watt. a Scottish engineer, invented horsepower in the 18th century and his modification of the steam engine transformed the Industrial revolution. CONCLUSIONS: Laser lithotripsy is constantly improving our management of urinary calculi, fundamentally built upon decades of innovative and collaborative minds. No matter the ‘Watts’ in our arsenal, we must remember the ‘who’ behind them. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e254 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Sami E Majdalany More articles by this author David Leavitt More articles by this author Naveen Kachroo More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Woe to a Nation That Does Not Have a Hero

Brecht wrote his famous play, "The Life of Galileo," in 1938. His apparent motivation in this work was the news of the splitting of the atom by German physicists, but in this piece, he wanted to answer two essential questions of the 20th century. Firstly, is it possible to violate all human principles for the advancement of science, and secondly, in a society where an inhuman government rules it, how can one tell the truth? The Islamic regime ruling Iranian society nowadays is in the same state of mind as Galileo's time, the 16 and 17th centuries. In dictatorial societies, intellectuals and athletes are praised as long as they can be helpful regarding material benefits. The religious clergy will lose power and their businesses if society has heroes. Therefore, during the recent protests and executions, athletes have been targeted. Actors and producers were arrested. This article seeks to answer the central question of what is the responsibility of the intellectual class and the international community in the era of tyranny and an authoritarian regime.

The political ecology of the entropy principle: 19th century physics and the electrification of Germany

The formalisation of the entropy law by Rudolf Clausius in 1865 marks a shift in 19th century physics. By defining energy as a process, German physicists were able to shape the necessary epistemological instruments for the second industrial revolution. The Berlin School of Thermodynamics applied physics for industrialising the recently unified Prussian state, making energy an important site of state governance. The entropy principle, an economic abstraction of the entropy law, called for a stronger interconnection of science and economics. Facilitated by a pessimistic anthropocentrism of Hermann von Helmholtz, German physics pushed for the application of statistical thermodynamics to the real world. Thus, nature's chaotic energy flows were rationalised for them to be legible to the state. Based on archival research in Berlin and Munich, this paper tells the story of such development, by highlighting how the entropy principle became institutionalised for industrialisation. Next to Clausius paradigm shift in 1865, it focusses on the foundation of the Physical Technical Reich Institute in 1887 and the International Electricity Exhibition in Frankfurt in 1891. The latter introduced the centralised production and grid-like distribution of electricity, revolutionising modes of production in urban as well as rural spaces. The analysis of such socio-technical development of the energy system in the fin de siècle enables the necessary thrust to make wider claims about how environmentalism, changing modes of production and the craft of the state are intertwined. This has great relevance for the historicization of current modes of transition towards a low-carbon economy in Germany and beyond. Physical knowledges and institutional arrangements of the energy system were shaped in conjunction, establishing a certain path dependency to such developments.

The Icarus flight of speculation: Philosophers' vices as perceived by nineteenth‐century historians and physicists

AbstractWhy did nineteenth‐century German historians and physicists habitually warn against vices that they believed philosophers in particular embodied: speculation, absence of common sense, and excessive systematizing? Drawing on a rich array of sources, this article interprets this vice‐charging as a rhetorical practice aimed at delineating empirical research from Naturphilosophie and Geschichtsphilosophie as practiced in the heyday of German Idealism. The strawman of “the philosopher” as invoked by historians and physicists served as a negative model for strongly empiricist scholars committed to virtues like precision, thoroughness, and conscientiousness. In their historical narratives, historians and physicists consistently depicted philosophy either as a relic from the past or as a phase that they had virtuously left behind. This boundary work was central to the self‐positioning of both history and physics, which makes clear that the persona of the philosopher mattered not only to philosophers but also to scholars in adjacent disciplines.

Ritter’s Musical Esthetics, Der Freischütz, and the Certainty of Nature in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany1

Johann Wilhelm Ritter was a German physicist, philosopher, and chemist, who researched “invisible light” or the area beyond the visible light spectrum. Equal to his scientific interest in invisible light, Ritter was also fascinated with music, most especially the visualization of sound via the vibration plates of Ernst Chladni. This article presents Ritter’s musical esthetics in relation to the sound of nature in Carl Maria von Weber’s romantic opera Der Freischütz, which premiered in 1821 at the newly-built Königliches Schauspielhaus in Berlin. By connecting Ritter’s musical esthetics with that found in Der Freischütz, the opera can be seen as something more than a simple light work for entertainment or even a mere German nationalist text: an imaginative way of perceiving the inner workings of nature as a space of renewal and life-affirming certainty.