George W Research Articles

Who, Republican or Democrat CEOs, laughs last? Political cycles in the market for corporate directors

This paper examines the relationship between CEOs' political preferences and their post-retirement directorship opportunities, proposing that political donations may serve as signals of political influence or connections that impact career prospects in the market for corporate directors. Using data on political contributions from 1998 to 2016, we explore whether CEOs' political affiliations create a cyclical pattern in the professional labor market, favoring those aligned with the ruling party. Our analysis reveals that Republican partisan CEOs are more successful in securing directorships under Republican regimes (George Walker Bush, 2003∼2008), while the reverse holds under Democratic regimes (Barack Hussein Obama, Jr. 2009∼2014). These results remain robust after addressing potential endogeneity using presidential election outcomes as an instrumental variable.

US Foreign Policy in the Middle East The new transformations under the administrations of Bush Jr and Barack Obama

This study attempts to diagnose the changes witnessed by the American foreign policy in the Middle East, in both of Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations, this phase witnessed shift at the level of the visions, beliefs and attitudes. which reflected on the nature of the of dealing with the issues of the region , and embodied the most prominent features of change to adopt the U.S. policy toward the countries of the region in a general principle encapsulates policies , texture pressure in order to establish the values of democracy and human rights as a philosophy and a general principle , and inwardly save its interests in the Middle East , the United States sought for six decades in middle east countries to achieve stability on the expense of democracy , and through the support of totalitarian existing regimes , and cracking down on the opposition .but the events of September 11 forced them to change the approach to foreign policy encouraging democracy and claim to impose reforms. the study exposed to the George W. Bush hard doctrine, unilateral, military tool that give superiority to the implementation of the objectives of its foreign policy,

ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC CONDITION IN THE GEORGER WARKER BUSH. ERA AS REFLECTED IN THE NOVEL THE HUSBAND BY DEAN KOONTZ

The analysis of this research is the novel "The husband" written by Dean Koontz. This novel is one of the novels recognized as "the most popular suspense novelist in America" ​​(Rolling stone) and as one of the most well-known and successful writers today, Dean Ray Koontz has received millions of readers worldwide and praise from critics everywhere- where for stories about characters, mysteries, and heartfelt adventures. In the novel the husband by Dean Koontz, which tells the story of George Walker Bush's leadership. The fourth section closes with a brief description of the background conditions against which Mr. Bush's second term was set. In general, the author has found that the Bush administration's reaction to the recession that took place between 2001 and late 2003 was correct, but poorly schemed.

Marketing and Commodification of Fear in Time of US War on Global Terror

The 9/11 vents have left an American people riddled with pain and trauma with deep wounds, both physical and psychic. The days following this attack were marked by a situation of permanent psychosis, marked by fear and uncertainty, because it was an almost apocalyptic situation. The reaction of George Walker Bush’s administration was, first, to consider this attack as an act of war against the United States of America by inventing a motive for war, casus belli, and finally by equipping itself with discursive, political, propagandist means to forge an ultimate conviction of a war case with the full support of the American people. Fear is a form of intrinsic motivation, and, above all, it can be produced by a number of endogenous as well as exogenous factors. Neoconservatives have understood the manifestation of this natural phenomenon and know how to use it to legitimize imperialist agendas. This study aims to revisit this context of production and promotion “Apocalyptic” Discourse to Provoke National Adhesion to a Controversial Conflict.

Entrelinhas

Neste artigo, é analisado como a China foi discutida nos documentos do Representante Comercial dos Estados Unidos (USTR) entre 2001 e 2016. A hipótese é que o USTR deixou de perceber a China como um “Estado normal” e passou a percebê-la como um “Estado adversário”, sendo o ponto de virada o período entre 2003 e 2005, no governo de George W. Bush. Utiliza-se a análise de conteúdo para testar a hipótese em dois documentos: a President’s Trade Policy Agenda e o Special 301 Report. Observa-se que desde o período de 2003-2005 as menções à China passaram de um nível normal para um nível extraordinário e o discurso do USTR começou a caracterizar a China de modo mais negativo, anunciando o uso de “todas as ferramentas disponíveis” para responder às práticas comerciais injustas da China. Conclui-se que há lastro empírico para a hipótese e que a percepção de que a China é uma “adversária comercial” dos Estados Unidos tem forte enraizamento burocrático.

US Foreign Policy towards Pakistan 2001-2018: A Comparative Analysis of George Walker Bush and Barack Obama Administrations

US Foreign Policy towards Pakistan 2001-2018: A Comparative Analysis of George Walker Bush and Barack Obama Administrations

Z. Brzezinski’s Strategic Vision of the U.S. Foreign Policy in Late 20th Century and First Two Decades of the 21st Сentury

The study of the influence of Brzezinski (both - as of scientist and politician) on the formation of directions and principles of foreign policy of the United States presidential administrations for almost 50 years allows us to understand the essence of U.S. world leadership and its dynamics in the context of global security and cooperation architecture. The article considers the issue of practical use of elements of Z. Brzezinski's paradigm in the U.S. foreign policy since 1977 until now, yet it is stressed that the advisory and assistance regarding international policy issues was provided by Z.Brzezinski to the US highest level decision-makers and leaders since 1956. The impact of his consultations and recommendations on the foreign policy decisions of the presidential administrations of J. Carter, R. Reagan, G. H. W. Bush, B. Clinton and B. Obama has been analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the incorporation of Z. Brzezinski's concepts during his work on the position of National Security Adviser to President J. Carter (1977-1981) into the field of the U.S. foreign policy of that time. Special focus is made on his role in supporting of anti-communist underground movements, human rights and independence supporters and political dissidents inside the Warsaw Pact countries and USSR itself, including Poland, Baltic countries and Ukraine during the presidencies of J.Carter and R.Reagan. Some international political problems that occurred in the process of implementing the U.S. foreign policy under the presidencies of G. W. Bush Jr and D. Trump in the context of deviations from the concepts proposed by Z. Brzezinski are emphasized especially those that led to the attempts of restoring the Russian neo-empire and violation of the international laws and rules of coexistence. The potential use of the ideas and approaches from Z.Brzezinski’s scientific and political heritage by President J. Biden are considered.

Pemaknaan Islam Moderat Sebagai Sebuah Terminologi

This article aims to find out the meaning of the term moderate Islam as a terminology. The problem is focused on reviewing the language and its history, as well as from the context of the political interests that lie behind it. In order to approach the problem, this article uses a reference to the theory of terminology. The data were collected through a literature review of various similar studies that have been conducted. Furthermore, the data obtained were analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that there is a bias in understanding the terminology of moderate Islam which lies in equating the word "Islam" with the word "ummah", so that the term "ummatan wasatan" is then equated with "moderate Islam". This interpretation bias is strongly influenced by the global political context related to the emergence of the term terrorism and the concept of the global war on terrorism (GWOT) which was coined by the United States during the George W. Bush Junior administration.

Analysis of the Biased Language Based on Two Selected Editorial Reports in Light of the Appraisal Theory

The current research scrutinizes controversial topics that have not been widely discussed before. It is concerned with controversial issues in the Middle East and the West and how these events are related to famous politicians as represented in the western media. Through reviewing different editorial articles about the Middle East and the West, the researcher noticed that the editors handled the controversial events related to famous politicians in a different way. They handle the issues according to their ideologies and cultures. That was obviously noticed when the researcher reviewed various articles in different newspapers related to two politicians: the Iranian General Qassem Soleimani and the former President of the United States of America George Walker Bush. Thus, the aim of the research is to explore the biased language from the linguistic point of view and offers systematic categorization of particular types of evaluation. As for the method of analysis, this research adopts the Appraisal Theory focusing on the attitude resource with its three sub-systems. The deduction of the research is that news is a representation of editor’s ideologies and it portrays their political, personal and national inclination in spite of their claim to be unbiased and neutral in their approach.

Transformation of the U. S. National Strategy for Counterterrorism during the presidency of Barack Obama

Tracing the evolution of Barack Obama's National Strategy for Counterterrorism is relevant for a variety of reasons. First and foremost, foreign policy and globalist trends were the reason for coming to power of the next president-isolationist Donald Trump. Secondly, many experts believe that the current administration of the White House pursues a successive foreign policy course namely in relation to the concept of B. Obama. And ultimately, consideration of the factors that affect the transformation of foreign policy strategy, and its counterterrorism component in particular, may contribute to forecasting similar processes under other administrations. The conclusion is made that Barack Obama preferred multilateral cooperation over unilateral coercive course; and the vector towards harmonization of relations with the Muslim world triggered the revision of the “struggle against terrorism” paradigm of George Bush Jr. B. Obama’s administration declared the transition from the concept of preventive strikes towards the concept of “smart power” and “leading from behind”, which manifested in the course of anti-terrorist operation in Syria. The author notes that the activity of Barack Obama in countering international terrorism is characterized by the departure from the tactics of conducting large-scale and costly wars of George Bush Jr. to joint targeted counterterrorism operations.

TRUMAN dOCTRINE (1946); Defense Planning Guidance (1991) & The National Security Strategy (2002): The Mackinder & Spyman Dialetics Revisited

The aim of this article is to test the hypothesis that Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman’s geopolitical theories, which sustained the grand strategy of the United States with the implementation of 1946 Truman Doctrine, are still relevant today after their termination. The results indicate that the intellectual matrixes were found in documents of the grand strategy of the United States in two moments. First, in 1992, in the George Herbert Walker Bush’s government’s Defense Planning Guidance document, formulated by the Pentagon, in February 1992. Second, they were found replicated 10 years after in the first term of President George Walker Bush, inaugurated in 2001. In the latter, the theoretical formulations repercussions were depicted in the official documents Quadrennial Defense Review (2001) and the National Security Strategy (2002). The article concluded that the authors’ ideas remain valid to explain and interpret the actions of the United States’ grand strategy in the international scenario.

TRUMAN DOCTRINE (1946); DEFENSE PLANNING GUIDANCE (1991) & THE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY (2002): THE MACKINDER & SPYKMAN DIALECTICS REVISITED

The aim of this article is to test the hypothesis that Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman’s geopolitical theories, which sustained the grand strategy of the United States with the implementation of 1946 Truman Doctrine, are still relevant today after their termination. The results indicate that the intellectual matrixes were found in documents of the grand strategy of the United States in two moments. First, in 1992, in the George Herbert Walker Bush’s government’s Defense Planning Guidance document, formulated by the Pentagon, in February 1992. Second, they were found replicated 10 years after in the first term of President George Walker Bush, inaugurated in 2001. In the latter, the theoretical formulations repercussions were depicted in the official documents Quadrennial Defense Review (2001) and the National Security Strategy (2002). The article concluded that the authors’ ideas remain valid to explain and interpret the actions of the United States’ grand strategy in the international scenario.

Truman Doctrine (1946); Defense Planning Guidance (1991) & The National Security Strategy (2002) the Mackinder & Spykman Dialects revisited

The aim of this article is to test the hypothesis that Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman’s geopolitical theories, which sustained the grand strategy of the United States with the implementation of 1946 Truman Doctrine, are still relevant today after their termination. The results indicate that the intellectual matrixes were found in documents of the grand strategy of the United States in two moments. First, in 1992, in the George Herbert Walker Bush’s government’s Defense Planning Guidance document, formulated by the Pentagon, in February 1992. Second, they were found replicated 10 years after in the first term of President George Walker Bush, inaugurated in 2001. In the latter, the theoretical formulations repercussions were depicted in the official documents Quadrennial Defense Review (2001) and the National Security Strategy (2002). The article concluded that the authors’ ideas remain valid to explain and interpret the actions of the United States’ grand strategy in the international scenario.

ТОРГОВЕЛЬНА ПОЛІТИКА США ЩОДО КРАЇН ЛАТИНСЬКОЇ АМЕРИКИ ЗА АДМІНІСТРАЦІЙ ДЖ. ВОКЕРА БУША (2001 – 2009 рр.)

The author considers the trade policy of George Walker Bush – its basis and ways of implementation. That is why the article presents a brief digression in the 1990’s, as the origins of George W. Bush’s trade policy go back to those times. In particular, the project such as the «Enterprises for Americas», which provided for the creation of a free trade zone in the Western Hemisphere, which later became known as the FTAA. It is the FTAA that has received considerable attention in the article, as it was the basis of George W. Bush’s Latin American strategy, the reasons for the failure of which are also presented. The creation of the Central American Free Trade Area – CAFTA, to which the Republic of the Dominican Republic was added, is also being considered and its place in US trade policy. And the last component of the trade policy discussed in the article is the free trade agreements that have been concluded with countries such as Chile, Colombia, Peru and Panama. Particular attention is paid to the Chilean trade agreement, which has shown its effectiveness since its entry into force in 2004. The trade agreements in the article are also seen as levers of Washington’s influence in Latin America. The aim of the article is to study of US trade policy to Latin America under the administrations of George W. Bush. The research methodology involves the application of a critical approach in the study of US trade policy. The historical-genetic method is used to consider the trade strategy (its origins, transformations) for its most perfect reproduction. The comparative method is also used to compare the perception of Washington’s trade initiatives with Latin American countries. The scientific novelty of the study is to consider of trade policy as the main area of cooperation between the United States and Latin America under the administration of George W. Bush, which helps to reveal unexplained aspects of this topic. Conclusions US trade policy pursued the realization of not only trade and economic goals in the region, but also political. The origins of George W. Bush’s trading strategy date back to the late 1980’s and early 1990s. In order to facilitate the implementation of the FTAA, a project was launched – «CAFTA-DR», which was to be the first step in its implementation. Assessing George W. Bush’s trade policy, it should be noted that it was promising and well thought out, but its practical implementation was incomplete, as the FTAA project failed, but the policy of bilateral free trade agreements was more successful.

Recently Discovered Stations of Carex bushii (Cyperaceae) in New England

Recently Discovered Stations of Carex bushii (Cyperaceae) in New England

The Language of Propaganda in President Bush Jr. Political Speech

The study of this article was set out to identify the use of the language of propaganda in Bush’s political speech. It was purposed to clarify the propaganda techniques applied by Bush in order to have one point of view among the audiences. The study focused on how the techniques of propaganda occurred within Bush Jr.’s speech in which he attempted to explain the different sides of who is combating terrorism and who is performing terror. The material of analysis was the speech delivered by Bush Jr. in front of the Military Officers Association of America Meeting in 2006. This article then found that the propagandist tries to control the relationship between information and audiences’ mind through the usage of language in their political speech. It was argued that propaganda can also effectively work toward almost all types of audiences, whereas the strategy of propaganda was mostly creating a fallacious reasoning connection concerning the topics being discussed.

Practical Theology in Church and Society. By Joseph E. Bush Jr.

Practical Theology in Church and Society. By Joseph E. Bush Jr.

FOREIGN POLICY OF AZERBAIJAN AND THE USA IN CASPIAN REGION

The foreign policy role of the USA in the Caspian region is investigated. The US-Azerbaijan relations are analyzed in the conditions of modern geopolitical situation. The main goals and strategy of the United States in the region are defined. The foreign policy priorities and the course of the Azerbaijan Republic towards the US in the Caspian region are substantiated. The relations between Azerbaijan and the US in the Caspian region have a long history. After 1994, one of the main subjects of political and economic interaction was the transportation and extraction of oil and gas. The United States has always supported the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan project. In the foreign policy of Azerbaijan, cooperation with the US in the field of energy is a priority. Interest in the US in the Caspian region was evident already during the reign of B. Clinton and J. Bush Jr. After 2001, an important stage of bilateral relations begins. Azerbaijan becomes a member of NATO counter-terrorism operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Azerbaijan's significant contribution made it possible to expand bilateral cooperation, which today can be assessed as a strategic partnership. However, the problematic aspects of bilateral relations between Azerbaijan and the United States are the policy of double standards directed against the government of Azerbaijan, the requirements under the slogans of democratic change, and so on. American companies continue to operate in the Caspian Sea, but after the accession of D.Tramp, significant changes in relations between these states are not observed. Thus, US-Azerbaijani relations in the Caspian region are stable, mutually beneficial and have a positive tendency for future development. The purpose of this analysis, which is based on primary sources, specialized literature and media reports, is to present the most important aspects of the implementation of US foreign policy in the Caspian region in the context of relations with the Republic of Azerbaijan Key words : Azerbaijan, USA, Caspian region, foreign policy, geopolitics.

Египетская политика первой администрации Дж. Буша-мл.: формирование и эволюция

Египетская политика первой администрации Дж. Буша-мл.: формирование и эволюция

Presidential Evangelist for War

Presidential Evangelist for War Francis X. Kroncke America, land of the evil ones “America, Land of the Evil Ones.” Sounds like a bin Laden rant. Yet, it should be a common image for national self‐reflection. That it is not is a prophetic charge laid against America's presidents. “America, Land of the Good Ones” marks their bully‐pulpit evangelism. It is a homiletic theme oft orated by American presidents when drumming for wars, domestic and foreign. The striking spiritual characteristic of Americans is that we claim to have no dark Shadow side, no demonic traits, that evil is something which non‐Americans do. This characteristic is not trivial. It is not superficial. Truly, we believe that Americans can never be Evil Ones. As Bush‐43, “The Appointee,” (George Walker Bush, 43rd President of the United States) claimed, we Americans are the Light to the world. Heed his homily. During the Vietnam War, the image of Good Ones was tarnished. However, broad cultural acceptance of America's evilness is always kept in check by recalling the World War II generation who still remain convinced that their Good War was morally unsullied. This has become a dogma of Cold War theology. Such is held notwithstanding The Atomic Bomb which—for the first time ever—vaporized humans, “Poof!”…yet to come, again? The Appointee represents those who aggressively proclaimed the rightness of the Vietnam War—as an extension of the Good War, fought against godless Communism. Yet, few Americans, then or now, grasp why all presidents must go to war. Why it is their commanding spiritual as well as political altar call. Why warring is the bedrock American ritual, part of our cultural and spiritual DNA. For all presidents, “America, Land of the Good Ones,” has been a self‐conscious prophetic charge, in that the President believes he is authoritatively foretelling the future of his People. He continually reasserts that as Good Ones we Americans are moral models, and ours, the framework for every other culture's development. Civil religion The President is a prophet of a religion about which most Americans are not formally educated. It is a hybrid, theologically secular “Civil Religion”—and it is the mightiest, most evangelical, conquering creed of all times. Yet, its lack of clerical ceremony and classical religious imagery leads most to the conclusion that it is more a loose collection of patriotic, nationalistic, and holiday hoopla than a religion: the Flag, “one nation under God,” “in God we trust,” the Declaration of Independence, and holidays such as July 4 and Memorial Day. Nevertheless, it is a religion because it defines and determines how the individual and the group understand and value sacrificial bloodshed. The fundament of this Civil Religion is that America is a Chosen People—a covenanted People journeying through a Frontier land of promise. On this Frontier horizon Good slays and conquers Evil. This story of origin reveals a People set upon a Manifest Destiny. One set apart from “the Old World”—in parallel to St. Paul's Old Man/New Man imagery. All other cultures are judged fallen, lost, depraved. America, in contrast, is “exceptional” and seen as “A nation with the soul of a Church.” Ritual and liturgized bloodshed is a core religious belief and practice. Animals for the Hebrews. Jesus for the Christians. Although its ceremonial garb is solely militaristic and no longer clerical, Civil Religion sheds the blood of the “un‐American Other.” Denial of biblical fundamentals Civil Religion has clear Biblical roots. Yet, it is the denial of Biblical fundamentals which defines its essential beliefs and doctrines. Doctrinally, Original Sin gives way to a belief in the Perfectibility of Man. Americans are no longer judged unfaithful and in need of prophets to call them back to Righteousness. Rather, Divine Providence has granted them a Manifest Destiny—a companion to the British “White Man's Burden.” This denial differentiates the Civil Religion from mainstream Christianity. It is a splinter sect of the broader Protestant movement—for whom faithfulness to God is fully expressed through faithfulness to civil authority, here, the Democratic State. There is a transfer of power from the clerical, sacral realm to the civil realm of...