Georadar Methods Research Articles

Application of Georadar Method to Investigate shallow Artifacts for Al-Maabid Area in Babylon Archaeological City

Babylon, one of the most influential civilizations in Mesopotamia, significantly contributed to human history with its rich culture, advanced legal systems, and architectural marvels, serving as the capital of the Neo-Babylonian empire. This study aims to discover ancient Babylonian civilizational remains and artifacts, including artifacts and walls from an ancient Babylonian house near the Ishtar temple. A geophysical survey was carried out using ground penetrating radar (GPR), yielding promising preliminary results. It contributed to the Department of Antiquities' excavation campaign for potential antiquities in Babylon Governorate, which was regarded as a preliminary step before beginning extensive excavations. Accurate GPR results were displayed as radargrams, maps, and 3D VI visualization diagrams, providing a precise subsurface view of buried archaeological remains.

3D GPR Model in the Military District of San Giacomo Degli Spagnoli (Palermo)

The georadar method was used to try to find some anthropic structures in a large square inside the Carabinieri barracks in the former military complex of San Giacomo degli Spagnoli in Palermo (Italy). These investigations are part of a broader context of a study of the entire area. The purpose of the investigations is to try to understand if under the ground there are the remains of an ancient horse passage that connected the Royal Palace of Palermo with the sea gate of the city. Furthermore, in the Middle Ages, on the site of the present square, there were most likely two churches, which no longer exist, as evidenced by numerous historical testimonies. One of the two, San Giacomo la Mazara, is known to have was placed right in front of the church of San Paolo, the subject of previous investigations. The investigations carried out on the main square of the military district allowed us to reconstruct a 3D georadar model in which numerous anomalies are highlighted. Some superficial anomalies have been attributed to the presence of sub-services, the deeper ones could be caused by the remains of the medieval underground way or those of the no longer existing medieval churches, but identifying their true nature requires further investigations and archaeological tests.

"FINDING THE WALL FOUNDATIONS OF KONYA ALAADDIN HILL 2nd KILIÇARSLAN PALACE BY USING THE GEORADAR (GPR) METHOD. A REVİEW "

"Alaaddin Hill, which is located in the city center of Konya, Turkey-Konya Province, has been exposed to intense construction and traffic; It forms the historical core of Konya. Alaaddin Hill is a mound that yields finds from the Bronze Age (450–2000 BC). Tepe is the inner castle settlement of the Anatolian Seljuk State and is one of the important natural and archaeological sites located in the center of Konya City today. The mound contains all the settlement levels from the Bronze Age to the end of the Ottoman Period. As a result of the archaeological excavations carried out in 1941, important findings were revealed in the mound. Alaaddin Hill Natural and Archaeological Site, Alaaddin Mosque-i, II Kılıçarslan Tomb and II Kılıçarslan Mansion symbolize the inner castle of Medieval Konya. The 2nd Kılıçarslan Mansion archaeological excavation was carried out with the support of Konya Metropolitan Municipality. As a result of the archaeological excavations on the mound on which the mansion sits, the wall extending in the east-west direction and surrounding the palace ruins was revealed to the west of the mansion. Archeogeophysical studies were carried out in order to fully reveal the wall surrounding the palace ruins, on the east of the 2nd Kılıçarslan Palace on Alaaddin Hill, the state of the western façade of the mansion, the continuation of the inner wall ruins passing in front of the mansion, to the east, and to clarify the integrity of the mansion and the Seljuk palace. Archeogeophysical studies were carried out in order to clarify the integrity of the mansion and the Seljuk palace. With the interpretation of the georadar (GPR) method used in archaeogeophysical studies, the anomalies of the inner city wall remains, which give regular geometric forms, were visualized in two and three dimensions.

ПОЛЬОВІ МЕТОДИ АРХЕОЛОГІЧНОЇ ГЕОФІЗИКИ У СВІТІ ТА В УКРАЇНІ: ВИТОКИ, СТАНОВЛЕННЯ, СУЧАСНІСТЬ

The article describes the history of the development of geophysical methods in archaeological studies in Europe, the USA, the former USSR and Ukraine. In the 1950s the researchers quickly proceeded from the first sampling to the mass magnetic and electric measurements. In the 1980s there was a transition to digital registration during field studies, as well as rapid development of data processing. This led to the introduction of some geophysical methods in archaeology, which require complex calculations when processing the signal and inversion of data, such as georadar method, electrical resistivity tomography, induction method, etc. At the current stage, there is a need to interpret these more and more detailed and largescale geophysical data in the context of the differentiation of more and more weak in contrast physical properties, and small-scale inhomogeneities in the soil cover. Confirmation of the anthropogenic and technogenic occurrence of geophysical anomalies is searched for using direct measurement and modeling of physical parameters of soil and archaeological materials. The work also presents the achievements of domestic geophysicists, as they became the basis for the great modern archeological projects and made the archeological geophysics the fundamental part of the cultural heritage research in Ukraine.

Investigation of structural problems on the ground and walls of Diyarbakir Historical Behram Pasha Mosque by the georadar (GPR) method

Behram Pasha Mosque is one of the historical mosques, which is the work of Mimar Sinan [1], located in the southwest of Diyarbakır’s Suriçi Region. Georadar (GPR) method is one of the geophysical applications in which possible gaps, fractures, collapses, etc. damages are determined non-destructively on the walls and floors of historical buildings. Therefore, in one of the historic mosques in Diyarbakir Behram Pasha Mosque, expert geophysical engineers carried out the GPR scanning of the grounds and walls without damaging the mosque’s physical structure. In GPR surveys, the depth of investigation (penetration) was chosen as 20 m on the ground and 4 m on the wall. It is aimed to show the anomaly structures in the study area and its immediate surroundings due to the determination of the underground void structures and the continuity of the surface fractures at the research depth. In GPR studies, it has been determined that there are cracks and fractures on the walls of the mosque, of which the smallest was 12 cm and the largest was 40 cm, water leakage on the ground, deterioration due to corrosion, and partial collapses. The regions with the detected deformations are marked on the radar sections. The study was completed with the thought that the determined structural problems will contribute to the restoration and strengthening works to be done in the future in the mosque as an up-to-date guide.

Взрывное разрушение массивов горной породы с неоднородной структурой

A method to optimize drilling and blasting parameters with account of the physical and technical properties of rocks within the blasted block is proposed to improve the quality of blasting in open pit mines characterized by complex geological settings. The results of laboratory tests are provided that confirm improvement in the quality of rock sample crushing by blasting charges with variable delays and locations, depending on the strength properties of the samples, relative to blasting charges with unchanged parameters. The proposed method can be used in combination with GPR surveys of the rock mass. Explosive fragmentation of the rock masses with complex structures is characterized with a number of features caused by changes in the strength properties within the blasted block. In order to optimize the fragmentation efficiency of rock masses with complex geological structure, it is required to assess physical and technical properties of rocks and to determine their location and variations of the strength properties within the blasted block. It is possible to quickly assess the physical and technical properties of the blasted rocks using the surface georadar method. The outcome of this method is georeferencing of the reoradar data to the location and properties of the rocks to be blasted, along with the methodology of applying the georadar surveys, selection of the areal assembly type depending on the size and properties of detected jointing, and economic justification of applying this method. The novelty consists in linking the georadar data on the rocks to be blasted with drilling and blasting parameters.

Development of a model of a ground-penetrating radar section of a frozen rock massif with a crack

Revelance of the work. The presence of cracks significantly affects the physical and mechanical properties of rocks, which should be taken into account when planning mining operations and building mining facilities. In the conditions of the spread of permafrost rocks, characteristic of northeastern Russia, the study of fracturing is possible by the GPR method, which is used to assess the structure of rock massifs in placer deposits. The criteria for detecting cracks based on the features of wave georadar fields are currently known, and the main problem that prevents the full use of the georadar method for studying cracks in subsurface layers of rocks is the labour-consuming nature of processing and interpreting data from georadar measurements. Purpose of the work – to determine the patterns of cracks occurrence in frozen rocks in GPR wave fields. Methodology of the work. Based on the results of longstanding field work at the developed areas of alluvial diamond deposits in the Anabar region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the main elements of the radarogram structure were determined and presented in the form of a single formula. The developed formula is implemented in programs in the SCM Matlab and the results of its execution are compared with the results of modeling in the gprMax system. Results of the work and the scope of their application. The resultant formula describes the main elements of GPR radarograms quite correctly, which confirmed their comparison with the obtained model data. The correlation coefficient between the obtained matrices (Matlab and gprMax) without the low-amplitude values of multiple reflections was 0.91, which shows the identity of the structure of GPR wave fields. Conclusions. The studies carried out have confirmed the possibility of a mathematical description of the ground penetrating radar wave field obtained by sounding a mass of frozen rocks with a crack. The high correlation coefficient showed the adequacy of the developed radarogram model, which will be finalized taking into account the directional diagrams of existing georadars.

Georadar method for detecting underground septic tank

The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method commonly known as Georadar, a nondestructive geophysical method that uses electromagnetic waves. This method is widely used to determine conditions under the surface such as mapping structures and subsurface lithology or buried objects. In this study, the GPR measurement using Geoscanners AKULA A9000 + Antenna GCB3070 is conducted to detect the presence or capacity of a septic tank. The GPR data were initially processed using matGPR based on MATLAB. GPR data on each measuring line is processed first, a series of filters and gaining have been conducted such as Adjust Signal Position, Remove DC, Dewow, Inverse Amplitude Decay, Remove Global Background, Karhunen-Loeve Filter, then time to depth conversion with adjusted parameters. From the result of parameter analysis in processing data, found that the GPR data can be interpreted which show the underground septic tank in the study area with the presence of diffraction signatures.

Towards Urban Archaeo-Geophysics in Peru. The Case Study of Plaza de Armas in Cusco.

One of the most complex challenges of heritage sciences is the identification and protection of buried archaeological heritage in urban areas and the need to manage, maintain and inspect underground services. Archaeology and geophysics, used in an integrated way, provide an important contribution to open new perspectives in understanding both the history of cities and in helping the decision makers in planning and governing the urban development and management. The problems of identification and interpretation of geophysical features in urban subsoil make it necessary to develop ad hoc procedures to be implemented and validated in significant case studies. This paper deals with the results of an interdisciplinary project in Cusco (Peru), the capital of Inca Empire, where the georadar method was applied for the first time in the main square. The georadar method was successfully employed based on knowledge of the historical evolution of Cusco and the availability of archaeological records provided by some excavations nearby the study area. Starting from a model for the electromagnetic wave reflection from archaeological structures and pipes, georadar results were interpreted by means of comparative morphological analysis of high amplitude values observed from time slices with reflectors visualized in the radargrams.

The Influence of the Type of Pulse on the Possibility of Logging Radiosounding

Abstract ––The successive application of the georadar method to a surface study of media pushes for the creation of a logging georadar. The tool operation conditions in a deep-seated medium with high absorption of electromagnetic waves (in a borehole) require optimization of the georadar technology for logging. Two possible approaches to GPR logging are discussed by the example of various georadars. We analyze the experimental data obtained with differently constructed MALA (Sweden) and GROT 12 (Russia) georadars under the same conditions during an international expedition. Conclusions are drawn that video pulses can be used for GPR logging.

Application of geophysical methods for the subsurface treatment of the Piekary highway junction in shallow mining terrain

The study presents the application of geophysical methods in the subsurface treatment of the A-1 highway in the area of the Piekary junction in the terrain of historic zinc and lead ore mining, in the northern part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland (USCB). The study area was under threat of discontinuous deformations, mainly sinkholes. This threat resulted from the shallow exploitation of zinc and lead ores, as well as contemporary exploitation of coal seams at greater depths. An original methodology of subsurface treatment has been developed as an adaptation to the geophysical measurement results. The methodology uses the gravimetric method at the initial and final control stages, as well as the seismic and borehole georadar methods during the detailed evaluation stage. The results of the study allowed different categories of sinkhole hazard to be determined in the area of the Piekary junction. The scope of the liquidation works was selected to match the hazard levels. Blasting of varying intensities and the borehole injection of the filling material were performed. The combination of substrate treatment methodologies and highway construction protection systems have proved to be effective.

Investigation Geological structural morphology of Quaternary sediment on coastal Bac Lieu

Georadar is a high-resolution near-surface geophysical method which employ radio waves, typically in the 1 to 1000 MHz frequency range tomap structure and features buried in the ground (or in man-made structures). Georadar method with Pulse EKKO 1 OOA instrument offers the highest resolution and rapidly provides continuous graphicformat which permits rapid semi-quantitative interpretation for in-field analysis. VLF method with Wadi instrument records the ratio of the strengths of the vertical and horizontal fields at the ground surface. Then this method can be used to reveal steeply dipping structures with large cross-sections and low resistivities as fructure/ conductivity zones.This paper is presented the result of using Georadar, VLF and electrical profiling methods for geological structural morphology of quaternarysediment investigation on coastal Baclieu. The structural cross-section of morphology of quaternary sediment is established by nine layers of georadar data for shallow structure and several interfaces of conductivity for deeper structure.

USING A GEORADAR TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL SOURCES OF GAS RISKS AND TO RECOGNIZE THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ZECHSTEIN OLDEST HALITE ROCK SALT DEPOSIT (NA1) AT THE POLKOWICE-SIEROSZOWICE MINE

The Polkowice-Sieroszowice Mine the KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. uses the georadar method to recognize the geological structure of the Zechstein (Upper Permian) Oldest Halite rock salt deposits (Na1). The incentive to use the georadar was the occurrence of a gas risk in mining excavations. This method is ideal for locating anhydrite blocks, that are potential sites of hydrogen sulphide accumulation, and is helpful in determining the top and base of the salt deposits. In the tests, 100 MHz and 30 MHz antennas were used, which reached the ranges of 40 m and 60 m and resolutions of 0.25 m and 1.0 m, respectively. The profiling with use of a georadar was performed in research boreholes and along the floors of excavation drifts.

Studying the possibilities of georadar tomography in searching for air cavities in engineering constructions

Possibilities of a tomographic version of the georadar method of searching for air cavities in engineering constructions and estimating cavity sizes are considered. Cavity sizes vary from 10 to 70 cm. Results of mathematical modeling and in-situ measurements for a pillar with a known structure are provided in order to verify the results of calculations. It is shown that the problem of searching for and outlining cavities in engineering constructions can be successfully solved with georadar tomography. Despite high labor expenditures that are involved in the method of tomographic raying, the results are of a higher quality and reliability than the results of traditional georadiolocation with a combined source–receiver.

Integrated assessment of monumental structures through ambient vibrations and ND tests: The case of Rialto Bridge

Abstract This research demonstrates an integrated non-invasive assessment method of monumental structures based on dynamic monitoring through ambient vibrations as well as non destructive and microdestructive testing. The investigation involves the analysis of a very complex and extraordinary case study, i.e., the Rialto Bridge in Venice. Dynamic monitoring based on natural vibration sources as inputs from pedestrian traffic, wind and the waves of the Canal Grande – was exploited by dynamic identification process to determine damping coefficient, frequency and modal shapes. The non-destructive and microdestructive tests included sonic and georadar methods and the extraction of very small samples of masonry for destructive tests in laboratory. The experimental investigation on the whole was conceived to avoid any type of invasive action on the prestigious monument. The aim of this research is to propose a new integrated protocol potentially suitable and generalizable for the assessment of monumental structures. The new features in the combined method include two types of results – qualitative and quantitative types – through a flow chart to explain the methodology and generalize the different phases of the approach for historical constructions.

Three-dimensional Fréchet sensitivity kernels for electromagnetic wave propagation

Electromagnetic (EM) imaging methods are useful tools for monitoring subsurface changes in pore-fluid content and the associated changes in electrical permittivity and conductivity. The most common method for georadar tomography uses a high frequency ray-theoretic approximation that is valid when material variations are sufficiently small relative to the wavelength of the propagating wave. Georadar methods, however, often utilize EM waves that propagate within heterogeneous media at frequencies where ray theory may not be applicable. In this paper we describe EM wave propagation 3-D Fréchet sensitivity kernels that capture the data sensitivity to material perturbations for a given source–receiver combination. Various data functional types are formulated that consider all three components of the electric wavefield and incorporate near-, intermediate- and far-field contributions. We show that EM waves exhibit substantial variations for different relative source–receiver component orientations. The 3-D sensitivities also illustrate out of plane effects that are not captured in 2-D sensitivity kernels and can influence results obtained using 2-D inversion methods to image structures that are in reality 3-D.

Geo-radar method of revealing water-saturated ground layers with evaluation of their three-dimensional humidity

Geo-radar method of revealing ground water local zones in upper ground layers (up to 20-30 m) with evaluation of their three-dimensional humidity concerning the sounding signal with stepwise alteration of its carrier frequency has been considered. The method is based on phase structure of reflected signals which characteristics are determined to essential degree by three-dimensional humidity of ground rocks. Effectiveness of the method was evaluated by practical example of re-vealing water-saturated ground layers at the depths up to 20 m and was confirmed by the data of drilling and laboratory tests.

Peculiarities of distribution and transformation of water in the Keret’ River tidal estuary

Presented are the results of the study of the processes of interaction between the river and sea water in the estuary of the Keret’ River flowing into the White Sea. The studies were carried out using the georadar method which enables one to register the boundary between fresh and salt water with the high spatial and temporal resolution. The use of this method helped to determine the boundaries of the area of distribution of fresh water in the estuary during different phases of the tidal cycle and to reveal the typical fluctuations of the boundary between fresh and salt water manifested at different values of river runoff and weather conditions.

Tunnel Karst Disease Risk Estimation by Advance Geological Forecast

The concept of "tunnel karst disease risk estimation" is put forward for the first time, which is applied in advance geological forecast of Shajinjie tunnel. This method can help us recognizing the main hole advanced prediction work to improve the forecast work pertinence. In the forecast method, it takes the head in integrating the surface high-density electrical method with the georadar method, which improves the forecast accuracy of serious karst disease. The actual excavation results show that the advance geological forecast results meet the actual situation highly.

Feasibility analysis of using GPR method for the examination of post-glacial deposits in mountainous geological environment

The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurements presented in this paper had two main objectives. The first was to analize the possibility of using GPR method in examination of sediments in a mountainous geological environment and the second objective was to assess the special distribution of post-glacial sediments and their thickness at a selected site. The experimental measurements were carried out on in the alp of Ornak in the western part of Tatra Mountains This article provides a brief theoretical analysis of possible use of the georadar method in post-glacial sediment examination. The results of GPR surveys done in the reflection profiling mode enable the distinction of zones with different amount of till, clay, sand, gravel and rock debris in the post-glacial sediments.