Geological Survey Work Research Articles

The Application of Digital Mapping Technology in Geological Survey

This paper summarizes the digital mapping technology, analyzes the characteristics of digital technology and the problems existing in the application of geological survey, and puts forward the specific application of numerical mapping technology in geological survey to provide a reliable guarantee for the effectiveness of geological survey work.

Application of OCTEM in The Detection of Hidden Faults in Urban Underground Space Investigation

At present, the geological survey of urban underground space is currently being carried out in many cities across the country. Choosing appropriate survey methods will make this work more effective. OCTEM is a new exploration method that has emerged in engineering geophysical prospecting in recent years. It has the advantages of portable facilities and strong anti-interference ability, and is suitable for urban geological survey work. In this paper, OCTEM is applied to the hidden fault detection work in underground space survey in Chengdu. The results show that this method can effectively identify the fault fracture zone in the strong interference urban environment. At the same time, the OCTEM results are compared with the application results of the other 2 geophysical methods. The analysis further proves the adaptability and superiority of this method. It provides an effective new method for urban underground space survey work.

Chinese Named Entity Recognition of Geological News Based on BERT Model

With the ongoing progress of geological survey work and the continuous accumulation of geological data, extracting accurate information from massive geological data has become increasingly difficult. To fully mine and utilize geological data, this study proposes a geological news named entity recognition (GNNER) method based on the bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) pre-trained language model. This solves the problems of traditional word vectors that are difficult to represent context semantics and the single extraction effect and can also help construct the knowledge graphs of geological news. First, the method uses the BERT pre-training model to embed words in the geological news text, and the dynamically obtained word vector is used as the model’s input. Second, the word vector is sent to a bidirectional long short-term memory model for further training to obtain contextual features. Finally, the corresponding six entity types are extracted using conditional random field sequence decoding. Through experiments on the constructed Chinese geological news dataset, the average F1 score identified by the model is 0.839. The experimental results show that the model can better identify news entities in geological news.

Application of Pseudo-random electrical exploration method in mineral exploration: a case study of skarn-type ore body

Skarn-type ore body containing rich mineral resources, which is a type of deposit with important industrial significance and a wide distribution, is formed by metasomatism of mineral gas-bearing hydrothermal fluids on or near the contact zone between intermediate-acid-medium-basic intrusive rocks and carbonate rocks. It is hard to obtain stable data by using conventional electrical prospecting method because of strong electromagnetic interference. A new pseudo-random method is used to do geological survey work in Northeast China for interference avoidance.

Ural State Mining University

Purpose of the work: elucidation of the geological structure, manifestations of magmatism, geodynamics and metallogeny of one of the largest segments of the paleocontinental sector of the Lyapin megablock in the Urals. The peculiarity of the metallogenic specialization of the latter for uranium, thorium, rare metals, gold, optical quartz caused both increased interest and contradictory ideas about its geology, composition of rock complexes, their age and genesis. Methodology of the work: generalization, analysis and synthesis of materials from long-term studies of the geology and metallogeny of the region, including experimental, methodological, thematic and geological survey work (GDP-200/2 sheets P-40-VI, P-40-XII) with the involvement of extensive literary sources. Results. For the first time, on the basis of the created formation map and the developed author’s legend of the territory, the geological structure is shown, the geological structure, geodynamic conditions of formation, metallogenic features of uneven-aged rock associations are shown. The Lyapinsky megablock, which corresponds to the Lyapinsky mineragenic zone, is a component of the West Ural megazone of the Ural Mineragenic Province, including the Mankhambovsky, Malopatoksky, Nyartinsky and Sаledsky ore nodes. In their history of development, four metallogenic epochs are distinguished: the Pre-Riphean, Riphean-Cambrian, Paleozoic and MesozoicCenozoic, specialized in noble, rare, radioactive, and non-ferrous metals, the largest objects of which include the Yasnoye, Narodnoye, Turman, Chudnoye, Sosnovoye, Telaizskoye, Torgovskoye, Turupinskoye, Kholodnoye, Kozhimskoye, and others. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that along with a certain ore specialization of metallogenic epochs, an important factor affecting the ore content of the territory is the activated suture zones established in the course of research, in the areas where the largest ore objects, including stratiform and porphyry deposits, are localized, as well as unconventional objects of the “structural-stratigraphic disagreement” type.

China’s geothermal resources development status, problems and suggestions under the background of carbon neutrality

The development and utilization of geothermal resources is of great significance to China’s goal of carbon neutrality. Based on the research results of predecessors, through systematic analysis and summary, this paper shows the current research status of geothermal resources (including the utilization of geothermal energy, output characteristics and distribution rules, and classification of geothermal energy) and existing problems (such as unclear understanding of the geothermal formation mode, low survey accuracy and weak basic geothermal geological survey work). Finally, in response to the above-mentioned problems, some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward for the research of China’s geothermal resources in the context of carbon neutrality, such as further strengthening policy support and geothermal resource management; reinforcing basic geological surveys and expand geothermal reserve resources, promoting the integration of professional and intelligent monitoring station networks.

ГЕОЛОГІЧНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ РАЙОНУ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ АНТАРКТИЧНОЇ СТАНЦІЇ "АКАДЕМІК ВЕРНАДСЬКИЙ" ДО 1996 РОКУ

The author submits a chronological account on the history of geological exploration on the Graham Coast and the Wilhelm Archipelago of West Antarctica within the time interval from 1819 to 1996. The state of geological exploration of this area before the creation of the Ukrainian Antarctic Station (UAS) here is determined. A number of conclusions were made regarding: the temporal sequence of individual studies and the geological specifics of the territories covered by them; conditions for carrying out and features of the organization of field works; the reliability of the results of individual geological surveys; the presence of unexplored territories. It was found out that all reconnaissance and geological survey work in the study area was carried out in the 30–50s of the XXth century. Medium-scale geological surveys of individual parts of the Graham Coast and adjacent islands were carried out under unfavorable conditions. This led to the fragmentariness of the created geological maps and their heterogeneous support by field observations. Due to poor ice conditions and local features of the organization of geological routes, numerous bays on the Graham Coast, as well as its hard-to-reach inland territories, have remained completely unexplored. Also, many of the islands of the Wilhelm Archipelago were not covered by geological survey. In particular, there was no way to explore those islands that are remote from the navigable Lemaire Channel, Penola Strait and Grandidier Channel. The Argentine Islands are the only site where a large-scale geological survey has been carried out. But the available large-scale geological map of the Argentine Islands has a number of significant disadvantages. The map contains only petrographic data. There are no elements of bedding of rocks, tectonic deformations, zones of postmagmatic changes, manifestations of ore mineralization. The spatial distribution of the main petrographic representatives does not always correspond to the true one. The relative ages of individual geological bodies are insufficiently substantiated, and sometimes, in general, are determined incorrectly. All of the above-mentioned explains why the level of geological knowledge about the area at the time of the creation of the UAS here remained much worse than in the adjacent territories.

PROFESSOR ROMAN ROMANOVYCH VYRZHYKIVSKY. To the 130th anniversary of the birthday

Among geologists of the 20—30 years of the twentieth century. the leading place in Ukraine was occupied by the repressed in 1937, professor Roman Romanovych Vyrzhykivsky (1891—1937). At the Kiev University of St. Vladimir, he was a very capable student of N.I. Andrusov and the famous petrographer and mineralogist, professor, later academician V.I. Luchitsky. In the history of geological science, R.R. Vyrzhykivsky entered as a researcher of the Black Sea region, and the south-west of the European part of the USSR (Ukraine, Moldova), as well as a talented organizer of geological work, a brilliant surveyor geologist, tectonist and an outstanding hydrogeologist. The scientist was the head of geological survey work in Transnistria and prepared for printing the first geological map of 10 versts scale — «Transnistria» (Dniester region). Later, this map became the basis for prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits in Transnistria. In the studied region, he first discovered numerous deposits of phosphorites, cement raw materials, kaolin, flint, building sands, sandstones, tripoli, lithographic stone and underground drinking water. At the same time, the young scientist described for the first time a unique ridge of reef limestones of Middle Sarmatian age, which he traced in the meridional direction from the lower reaches of the river Kamenka along its left bank to the north, in Podillia. In the Shargorod region of Transnistria (Dniester region), the scientist found Paleogene marine deposits, and he identified the Podolsk stage in the Miocene layers of Podolia. In a number of scientific works of Roman Romanovich, data are presented in the field of fault-block tectonics and neotectonic movements of Transnistria and the Black Sea region. R.R. Vyrzhykivsky also considered the issue of modern transgressions of the Black Sea in the most complete way. This work of the scientist was one of the first evidence of the manifestation of the latest tectonic movements in the region of the Northern Black Sea region and the Black Sea. R.R. Vyrzhykivsky rightfully belongs to the galaxy of the greatest scientists—hydrogeologists of Ukraine and Moldova. In particular, he laid the foundations for the hydrogeological zoning of the territory of Moldova for the first time. Within Moldova, he identified the Middle Sarmatian, Cretaceous and Silurian water-saturated horizons. Merits of R.R. Vyrzhykivsky in the field of hydrogeological problems of Ukraine can hardly be overestimated. He made a huge practical contribution to the water supply of large industrial cities and agglomerations of the country. In 1932 R.R. Vyrzhykivsky published the monograph «Hydrogeology» in Ukrainian, which played a huge role in the training of national hydrogeologists. In it, he for the first time presented the results of the hydrogeological zoning of the territory of Ukraine. It is important that the hydrogeological zoning scheme, with minor changes, is still being used by the hydrogeologists of our country.

Accelerate fine-scale geological mapping with UAV and convolutional neural networks

We propose a new fine-scale mapping process, which UAV and CNNs to distinguish the rock mass. Studies have shown that with UAV high-resolution images, comparing with traditional classification methods (52.92%~67.11%), the CNNs method has a much higher classification accuracy rate (86.54%). Although they can’t completely replace ground work, UAV and CNNs, together with appropriate field geological survey work, can quickly fill fine-scale geological maps. This is significant for harsh areas.

Arkhangelsky Andrei Dmitrievich (to the 140th anniversary of birth)

The material in the article contains biographical information from the life and scientific activity of the doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences, professor, academician Academy of Sciences of the USSR A.D. Arkhangelsky. A wide range of the scientist is shown and a description of the main directions of research in the field of regional geology, fauna and stratigraphy of the Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Volga and Central Asia, lithology and paleography, issues of tectonics and the relationship of gravitational and magnetic anomalies with the geological structure of the territory of the USSR is given. The main attention is paid to his work in the study of the geology of oceans and seas. The main contribution of the scientist to the study of Mesozoic bauxites, their structure and mineral composition is described. On this basis, the scientist developed and substantiated a new sedimentary theory of their formation. This theory opened the possibility for geologists to approach the study of bauxite as sedimentary rocks; this played an important role in the search for new deposits of this valuable mineral. The complex of geological and geophysical work carried out by him on expeditions along the East European Plain provided an answer to important questions about the distribution of oil, coal and iron ores on the territory of the Russian Platform. Much attention was paid to the study of the geology of the Black Sea. Processing materials collected by a hydrographic expedition and a comparative study of the columns of the Black Sea silt and oil-bearing sediments of the Crimean-Caucasian region led the scientist to important conclusions about the conditions of accumulation of oil-producing suites. Long-year research A.D. Arkhangelsk sediments of the Black Sea, their lithology, geochemistry, structure, subsequent changes and deformations were summarized in a number of works, among which are “Conditions for the formation of oil in the North Caucasus” (1927), “Geological history of the Black Sea” (1932), “Geological structure and the history of the development of the Black Sea“ (1938), written together with N.M. Strakhov. In 1926—1928 Arkhangelsky lead the field geological survey work on the Kerch Peninsula for the study of oil fields.

Recognizing Multiple Types of Rocks Quickly and Accurately Based on Lightweight CNNs Model

The recognition and classification of rock lithology is an extremely important task of geological surveys. This paper proposes a new method for quickly identifying multiple types of rocks suitable for geological survey work field. Based on the two lightweight convolutional neural networks (CNNs), SqueezeNet and MobileNets, and combined with the transfer learning method, a rock lithology recognition model was established. The model was embedded into a smart phone for testing. This method was used to identify and classify the images of 28 kinds of rocks. Through a comprehensive comparison of the two models, the accuracy of SqueezeNet and MobileNets in the test dataset is 94.55% and 93.27%, respectively. Via the two models, the average recognition time of a single rock image is 557 and 836 milliseconds, and rock images with a recognition accuracy of over 96% accounted for 95% and 93% of the entire test dataset. Compared with the classification method based on rock thin section images, this method does not need to make rock thin sections. This paper meets the requirements of workers to quickly and accurately identify rocks in the work field, which improves the work efficiency and limits identification costs.

Comparison and analysis of different methods for structural planes measuring in underground roadways

ABSTRACT In rock engineering such as mine engineering and tunnel engineering, the rock mass structure plays a key role in the strength, seepage and stability of the rock mass. Therefore, the geometric parameter statistics of structural planes in rock mass engineering is an important geological survey work. Traditional rock mass structural plane measurement methods are limited by various on-site conditions. With the application of advanced measurement technologies in underground mines, the measurement methods of rock mass structural planes have also been updated. Among them, photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning measurement are new methods suitable for measuring the structural planes of underground rock mass. Through the detailed comparison and analysis of three typical structural plane measurement methods, the 3D laser scanning technology has proven to have an incomparable advantage in the collection of rock mass structure measurement. It has explored a new way for the rapid collection of rock mass structure plane occurrence in areas with harsh geological conditions.

3D geological modeling and visualization of above-ground and underground integration ——taking the Unicorn Island in Tianfu new area as an example

Since the development of underground space has the characteristics of “difficult to recover, one-off, and difficult to budget”, the planning of underground space is particularly important. Traditional two-dimensional planning technology is difficult to describe three-dimensional spatial information such as underground complex geological environment, and three-dimensional GIS technology can solve this problem better, which can greatly enrich the urban planning, construction, and management control methods. This paper uses a combination of GIS software to carry out the three-dimensional geological modeling of above-ground and underground integration in the study area, and puts forward application suggestions for the underground space planning of the area, providing support for decision-making support for the government and relevant departments. and provide a demonstration for other cities to carry out urban geological survey work.

Investigation of soil and groundwater environment in urban area during post-industrial era: A case study of brownfield in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China

ABSTRACT With the adjustment of industrial structure, many high pollution enterprises will gradually shut down. This process will produce a large number of high-risk pollution plots and cause a series of environmental problems. In this study, geophysical detection and direct push technology were applied to investigate soil and groundwater pollution in a typical brownfield in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province, China. The results showed that Chlorotoluene and its ramification were the main pollutants for the brownfield. Pollution decreased with depth and was quite uneven in the brownfield. Production and wastewater treatment areas were heavily polluted, where volatile organic compounds contaminated and semi-volatile organic compounds were found 12 m and 15 m below the land surface, respectively. About 18880 m3 groundwater was contaminated. This study is significant to develop a geological survey work mode for the postindustrial era.

New advances in oil and gas survey of the Qianjin depression in Sanjiang basin, north china

With more difficult of the development of oil and gas exploration in the large oil and gas bearing basins in Northeast China, the development level of old oil field has entered the late stage, and new oil and gas area is an urgent need to find. As one of the seven primary prospective basins in the periphery of the Songliao Basin, Sanjiang Basin has a great potential for oil and gas exploration. Through a series of oil and gas geological survey work carried out in Sanjiang Basin recently, we made some new progress in biogas resources, Late Paleozoic strata dark mudstone and the hydrocarbon potential of silica rock. These advances are significant to evaluate oil and gas potential resource in Northeast China.

Christopher John Wood (18 August 1939–27 January 2016): Palaeontologist and ‘owl’ of the Cretaceous

Chris Wood enhanced the world of Cretaceous research for more than 50 years. His British Geological Survey work helped develop the lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy used to build the framework for investigating and then remapping the Chalk in England and Northern Ireland. In recognition of his work on the English Northern Province Chalk of the Lincolnshire and Yorkshire Wolds, the Yorkshire Geological Society presented him their most prestigious award, the John Phillips Medal, in 2015. His knowledge of the Chalk was also sought and applied to many engineering projects including the Channel Tunnel. In the international arena his palaeontological studies, in conjunction with the many European colleagues he corresponded with, contributed greatly to defining Cretaceous Stage and Substage concepts using a wide range of faunal indices which he also applied to the British successions. Having taught himself German he developed a lifelong working relationship with German colleagues, especially Gundolf Ernst and his research students in Berlin. Latterly, his special focus was on inoceramid bivalve fossils, working closely with Polish colleagues, in recognition of their abundance in the Upper Cretaceous and potential use as substage indices. His final years were marked by reviewing and editing papers for the journals Acta Geologica Polonica and Cretaceous Research.

Grasping the nettle : the Tasmanian geological survey's work on landslides, 1971-1988

The state of Tasmania had suffered from its foundation from landslides. A policy of limited compensation for property loss had been established in the 1960s as insurance was not available but landslide damage had continued and the compensatory policy had to be abandoned. The Tasmanian Geological Survey worked on this problem mainly in Northern Tasmania and devised a system of advisory zone maps to control building development, followed by legislative controls. Some comments are made on the social impact of these measures. The period from 1971 to 1988 is described as being the main period of innovation. A selection of the originating reports is referenced, and a site for the whole corpus is given.

Microstructures and crystal fabrics of the Moine Thrust zone and Moine Nappe: history of research and changing tectonic interpretations

Abstract In this paper we review microstructural and petrofabric work carried out on the Moine Thrust zone and overlying thrust nappes. Our review is primarily historical, and starts with contributions made by both ‘amateur’ and ‘professional’ geologists from the 1880s through to the early 1920s during, and immediately following, the original field-mapping of the Moine Thrust zone by the Geological Survey. From the 1920s to the early 1950s contributions were first dominated by Geological Survey work on the microstructural and metamorphic transition between the thrust zone mylonites and the overlying Moine metasedimentary rocks. Subsequent university-based quartz petrofabric work, primarily focused on the Moines, would ultimately lead to the ‘Moine Petrofabric Controversy’ that ran from the late 1940s to the early 1960s. The later stages of this controversy overlapped, from the early 1950s–mid 1960s, with a phase of microstructural and quartz petrofabric work that concentrated on the thrust zone mylonites and immediately overlying Moine Schists. Our review concludes with an overview of microstructural, petrofabric and related strain analyses undertaken since the early 1970s, both within the Moine Thrust zone and its immediate foreland and in the overlying higher grade thrust sheets. Throughout our review we emphasize and track the changing tectonic interpretations that have been placed on available microstructural and petrofabric data.

Gouge marks on deep-sea mud volcanoes in the eastern Mediterranean: Caused by Cuvier's beaked whales?

Enigmatic seafloor gouge marks at depths of 1700–2100 m have been observed from submersible during geological survey work studying mud volcanoes in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The marks consist of a central groove (about 10 cm deep and 1–2 m long), superimposed on a broader bowl-shaped depression (1–2 m long by about 50 cm wide) with raised rims (up to 10 cm high) to either side of the central groove. We discuss the potential biological causes of these marks, and conclude that they are probably created by Cuvier's beaked whales ( Ziphius cavirostris) during foraging dives to these depths. The mud volcanoes have a comparatively rich and diverse benthic ecology associated with methane-rich fluid seeps and thus could be the base of food chains that reach top predators like the deep-diving whales. The characteristic high acoustic backscatter of the mud volcanoes would facilitate their detection by the echolocation system of these whales.

Palaeozoic to Mesozoic polyphase deformation of the Patuxent Range, Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica

The Patuxent Range forms the most southerly third of the Pensacola Mountains, East Antarctica. Largely unstudied since the original geological survey work of the 1960s, the Patuxent Range was thought to expose metasediments deformed by a single Precambrian event. However, new structural data collected from two geographically separate areas in the central Patuxent Range reveal the presence of three distinct generations of structures. A synthesis of the regional geology together with new data suggests that the Patuxent Formation was mildly deformed during end Cambrian times as part of the late stage Ross Orogeny. However, the most intense deformation, although poorly constrained in age, probably occurred during the Permo-Triassic Gondwanian Orogeny. A third phase of deformation predates the intrusion of 183 Ma lamprophyre dykes and involved an inferred vertical axis rotation of the pre-existing D1 and D2 structures and the localized development of a spaced foliation and mesoscale folding. These D3 structures may be the first evidence of an Early Jurassic deformation event in the Transantarctic Mountains, which correlates with the Peninsula and Rangitata I orogenies of the Antarctic Peninsula and New Zealand, respectively.