Geological Cartography Research Articles

Pernambuco-Alagoas, Riacho do Pontal, and Sergipano domains of the Borborema Province, Northeastern Brazil: a geological and geochronological synthesis

Abstract In recent years, the number of works seeking to advance the geological and geotectonic knowledge of the Borborema Province has been increasing. However, in the context of the Southern Borborema Province there are few studies aimed at understanding its tectonic evolution in an integrated way. This work presents a review of the lithostratigraphic and geochronological data available for the Pernambuco-Alagoas, Riacho do Pontal and Faixa Sergipana Domains, located in the southern portion of the Borborema Province (Northeast Brazil), in addition to a discussion on the tectonic evolution model. The Southern Borborema Province fully encompasses the state of Alagoas and partially the states of Pernambuco, Sergipe, Bahia and Piauí, and is delimited to the north by the Pernambuco Lineament and to the south by the São Francisco Craton. The methodology involved bibliographical survey, geological cartography, geochronological compilation, creation of detrital zircon histograms for metasedimentary rocks (with unconformity below 10%) and magmatic “barcodes” for ortho-derived rocks and preparation of regional geological profiles. The tectonic evolution of the Southern Borborema Province began with the breakup of the Rodínia Supercontinent (1000 Ma) during the Cariris Velhos Cycle. The processes involved in the interaction of fragments descending from Rodinia are diachronic, in a broad scenario of accretions and collisions that resulted in the merger of Gondwana. The Pernambuco-Alagoas Block is considered a complex tectonic domain, which was affected by the Cariris Velhos (1000 – 950 Ma) and Brasiliana (740 - 570 Ma) orogenies (Caxito & Alkmim 2023), preserving remnants of Archean rocks (Riacho Seco Fragment) and proterozoic. The Riacho do Pontal Domain and the Faixa Sergipana Domain are part of a large folding system formed from the collision of the Pernambuco-Alagoas Domain with the São Francisco Craton, in a tangential deformation, vergent towards the craton, during the Brasiliana Orogeny. From the ages of the syncollisional granites we can infer that the orogenic event that gave rise to the aforementioned folded bands occurred at very close time intervals, presenting a slight diachronism. The article presents an integrated approach to tectonic evolution, however, the need for new studies is quite evident, with an emphasis on isotopic geology, geochronology, geochemistry and geological mapping that can contribute to the understanding of the processes involved in the formation of tectonic domains, their space-time relationships and their implications for the evolution of the Gondwana Continent.

Brief historical review of the geological cartography in Ecuador.

Since 1892, seven versions of the national geological map of the Republic of the Ecuador have been published. In 1892, Dr. Theodor Wolf, of the German Scientific Mission, published the 1st map which included a preliminary geomorphological description. Later, Dr. Walther Sauer with the support of the Universidad Central del Ecuador (Central University of Ecuador), published a 2nd version in 1950, and then an update in 1970, both included oil wells information. In 1969, the Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería del Ecuador (National Service of Geology and Mining of Ecuador), and Institut Français du Pétrole (French Petroleum Institute), published the 3rd version which included a mineralogical index. The 4th version was developed by the Dirección General de Geología y Minas del Ecuador (General Directorate of Geology and Mines of Ecuador) and Institute of Geological Sciences & Natural Environment Research Council, and was published in 1982, it included a geological model from a plate tectonics approach. Later, in 1993, the Corporación de Desarrollo e Investigación Geológico Minero y Metalúrgica del Ecuador (Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Research and Development Corporation of Ecuador) and the British Geological Survey published a 5th version, which included an overview of mineral occurrences on the Ecuadorian Andes. On the 21st. century, in 2001 was published the 6th version, that consisted of a reviewed national geological map, which included data transferring to the geographical information system ArcGis. Ultimately in 2017, the Instituto Nacional de Investigación Geológico Minero Metalúrgico (National Institute of Geological-Mineral-Metallurgical Research), published the 7th version, incorporating the last updated geological results of previous campaigns. Every version contributed to the understanding of the regional geodynamic framework. Nevertheless, in the last two decades, informal coding of units for the geological cartography, thrived, involving a lack of characterization and descriptions of representative outcrops, along with uncertainties on geochronological control for newly mappable defined units, reduce reliability on the national geological cartography, increasing the uncertainties for the understanding the regional geodynamic framework.

Sedimentology, stratigraphy and glacial genetic model of the coromandel phosphate deposit, Vazante group, central Minas Gerais state, Brazil

The Coromandel sedimentary phosphate deposit is inserted at the external zone of the Brasília Fold Belt geological context, more specifically in the Retiro Formation, basal unit of the Vazante Group. Compared to the world-class Rocinha Formation deposits, widely studied due to high economic interest, the Coromandel Deposit is the one that most lacks studies focused on the main rocks description, faciological characterization and proposal of a plausible metallogenetic model according to the depositional environments. Thus, from the detailed field description of outcrops, geological cartography, microscopic petrography and X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis, it was possible to contribute to a better understanding of the deposit. The Retiro Formation is characterized by a glaciogenic facies association that comprises polymictic diamictite, conglomeratic sandstone, fine whitish arkosean, massive and laminated siltstone, besides phosphate facies, including phosphate siltstone, laminated phosphorite and brecciated phosphorite. The phosphatic facies occur in straight relation to the glaciogenic sediments and not rare directly over diamictite, which matrix can be phosphated as well. These rocks P2O5 contents range from 2% to 34% and the succession suggest an establishment of a glaciotransitional environment responsible to constrain favorable alkalinity, temperature and oxi-reduction conditions to directly chemical precipitation of fluorapatite in a mechanism analogue as the cap dolomites, supporting an idea of “cap phosphorites”. The phosphate source is related to the glacial sedimentary supply of continental origin (granite, carbonatite and other alkaline bearing rocks). In addition, the input of cold water, as result of ice melting episodes, became a limiting development factor for phosphorus metabolizing organism which improves the P2O5 system enrichment. For the unique genetic conditions, this phosphatic deposit has been called as the Coromandel Deposit Type.

A review of the CARG Project of the Campania Region (marine counterpart; southern Tyrrhenian Sea): New perspectives in marine geology and cartography

A review of the CARG Project of the Campania Region (marine counterpart) up to water depths of 200 m is herein proposed referring to the Gulf of Naples (southern Tyrrhenian Sea) aimed at focusing on the main scientific results obtained in the frame of this important project of marine geological cartography. The Gulf of Naples includes several geological sheets, namely n. 464 “Island of Ischia” both at the 1:25,000 and 1:10,000 scale, n. 465 “Island of Procida” at the 1:50,000 scale, n. 466–485 “Sorrento–Termini” at the 1:50,000 scale, n. 446–447 Naples at the 1:50,000 scale, and n. 484 “Island of Capri” at the 1:25,000 scale. The detailed revision of both the marine geological and geophysical data and of the literature data has allowed us to outline new perspectives in marine geology and cartography of Campania Region, including monitoring of coastal zone and individuation of coastal and volcano-tectonic and marine hazards.

Geological map of Antony Karol Giedroyc of the territory of Lithuania in the context of geological cartography of the 19th century

The history of geological cartography of the present territory of Lithuania starts with a map published by Jean Etienne Guettard in 1764 and followed by maps by Stanisław Staszic in 1806, Ignacy Domeyko in 1837, and Frederic Dubois de Montpereaux in 1830. A new period of investigations and compilation of geological maps starts about 1840 and is closely related with the development of stratigraphic knowledge; therefore, this period marks the beginning of mapping using the stratigraphic concept (Helmersen 1841). The Geological Committee in St. Petersburg, founded in 1882, at the very beginning of its activities started the compilation of a geological map including the present territory of Lithuania. The works of Antony Karol Giedroyc (Antanas Karolis Giedraitis) were published in 1895 (Giedroyc 1895), and the volume included a map which displays the occurrences of Quaternary and Pre-Quaternary (Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Jurassic) sediments and rocks. The map is constructed on the basis of direct observations and descriptions of outcrops and exposures of Quaternary sediments and Pre-Quaternary rocks carried out by the author, also based on evidence by local people. The main occurrences (provinces) of Pre-Quaternary rocks mapped by Giedroyc are confirmed by the modern geological mapping of the 20th century; therefore, the map of Giedroyc (1895) is regarded as a pioneering work of modern geological mapping using international stratigraphic standards.

Lithology mapping with satellite images, fieldwork-based spectral data, and machine learning algorithms: The case study of Beiras Group (Central Portugal)

Geological remote sensing has been an invaluable means to obtain data to perform geological mapping objectively and with high accuracy. However, there is a significant gap in geological cartography information at 1:50 000 scale throughout the territory in mainland Portugal. The lack of geological mapping is reflected in the geological resources and land management information. This investigation’s main objective was to assess the viability of using remote sensing, machine learning and geochemical techniques as proof of concept for the Portuguese context using the Beiras Group (mainland Portugal) as a case study area of 341 km2. Multispectral analysis was carried out in two Landsat-8 images of 2015, one in the winter and the other in the summer. Hyperspectral data were obtained using a 400–1000 nm spectroradiometer applied to 23 rock samples collected in two field campaigns – the first in January and the second in April 2019. Spectral differences were found distinguishing the two main lithological units, where the granites (Granito de Coentral and Granito de Vila Nova) had an increasing wavelength spectra shape throughout the whole VNIR measurements. Geochemical data was carried out using X-ray Fluorescence, where the average quantity of major elements such as Na2O [2.15 %] and CaO [0.41 %] was higher in granites than metasediments: 0.38 % and 0.11 %, respectively. The J48 machine learning algorithm was performed using as input Landsat-8 reflectance data which showed a high success rate in both confusion matrixes (83,72 % and 94,08 %).

Integration of geophysical information with geological cartography for mineral resources research and other applications in Colombia: examples from the Serranía de San Lucas, Antioquia Batholith and eastern Amazonia

La información geofísica aerotransportada es una herramienta para la interpretación de características geológicas. Las variaciones que se observan en los datos magnéticos y gamma espectrométricos aerotransportados son utilizados, principalmente, como apoyo para diferenciar unidades geológicas, delimitar estructuras y limitar cambios composicionales. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio es dar soporte al mapeo geológico a partir de los datos de geofísica aerotransportada de magnetometría y gamma espectrometría en dos regiones del territorio colombiano: a) serranía de San Lucas-Batolito Antioqueño, y b) oriente colombiano. El procesamiento de los datos gamma espectrométricos consiste en generar imágenes de los canales de K, U y Th, además de una composición ternaria en falso color RGB de estos tres canales, con la finalidad de delimitar dominios geológicos-geofísicos. De otro lado, la información de magnetometría se procesa para resaltar características magnéticas anómalas y proveer información acerca del marco estructural de cada una de las áreas de interés. En la zona comprendida en la serranía de San Lucas-Batolito Antioqueño se delimitaron 27 dominios gamma espectrométricos, interpretados especialmente a partir de las imágenes de composición ternaria; en ellos se observa una buena correlación con la composición de cada una de las unidades litoestratigráficas, lo que permite identificar y delimitar zonas con altas o bajas concentraciones de radioelementos. Además, la correlación de dominios magnéticos con altas y bajas intensidades y texturas magnéticas muestra contrastes entre rocas ígneas, rocas metamórficas y rocas sedimentarias. Por su parte, en la zona oriental, por tener una geología bastante generalizada, la información geofísica, tanto de gamma espectrometría como de magnetometría, sirve de apoyo para depurar y delimitar con mayor exactitud temática las unidades geológicas presentes, así como su marco estructural.

GEORGE BELLAS GREENOUGH’S GENERAL SKETCH OF THE PHYSICAL AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BRITISH INDIA (1854, 1855): ITS PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, VARIANTS AND SURVIVORSHIP

ABSTRACT Greenough’s large-scale geological map of India (1854) represents a significant landmark in the history of geological cartography in India, it being the first geological map of the entire Indian sub-continent. This paper attempts to provide an account of the production, distribution, variants and survivorship of this pioneering map. The geological information contained on the map is based almost entirely on published data sources, Greenough never having visited India, yet the map is far more than a mere compilation. Its construction required the preparation of a topographic base map, geological interpolation over large swathes of unmapped territory, the organizing of mainly lithological descriptions into a unified chronostratigraphic order, and the integration of palaeontological information. By modern standards the delineation of strata on the map is imprecise, stratigraphic resolution is poor, and structural data are entirely lacking, yet it remained unrivalled as the only available geological map of all-India until the Geological Survey of India produced a smaller-scale map some twenty-four years later. In terms of areal coverage and paucity of reliable information, Greenough’s India map represents a far more ambitious and pioneering undertaking than his more famous geological map of England and Wales. 202 copies of the map were produced, sixty of which were purchased by the East India Company, while a further forty or so were gifted by Greenough to various public institutions and distinguished geologists. Edward Stanford acquired publishing rights to the map in 1855 and continued to offer copies for sale until at least 1898. A recent survey has identified three variant states of the map and has confidently located thirty-four surviving copies. For reasons outlined here, Greenough’s India map has languished in obscurity since its publication. It deserves to be better known.

Digital geologic map, petrography and U-Pb geochronology of the Río Santiago Shear Zone, southernmost Sierra Madre Occidental, western Mexico

The boundary between the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) is well exposed along the Santiago River, on the border of the states of Nayarit and Jalisco. This region includes a polydeformed belt produced by the relative motion between the Jalisco Block and the SMO, here defined as the “Rio Santiago Shear Zone” (RSSZ). In this work, we present detailed geological cartography, petrographic descriptions, and new zircon U-Pb ages that allow us to establish the stratigraphy of the region surrounding the RSSZ, providing temporal constraints to its tectonic evolution. In the mapped area, the base of the SMO stratigraphic column consists of a succession of massive andesitic lava flows intruded by felsic dikes and a felsic subvolcanic body of 27.5 and 27.2 Ma, and it is covered by a series of ignimbrites of 26.8 and 25.3 Ma. A red beds succession separates a second package of ignimbrites of ∼20-19 Ma, in turn capped by rhyolitic lava domes of 19.7 and 18.6 Ma and a rhyodacitic lava flows of 15.6 Ma, this Miocene succession is also intruded by a felsic body of 18.3 Ma west of the La Yesca dam. The SMO succession is covered by rocks belonging to the bimodal volcanism of the TMVB, emplaced between the end of the Miocene and the Pleistocene. The RSSZ developed through several deformation phases that occurred since the end of the Oligocene. The Oligocene succession of the SMO is affected by NE-SW and WNW-ESE trending lateral faults, NW-SE open folds and WNW-ESE and E-W trending reverse oblique faults. Some of the reverse oblique faults were later reactivated as normal faults. WNW-ESE trending normal faults associated with the Tepic-Zacoalco Rift affected the area south of the Santiago River during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Normal faulting produced an accumulated vertical offset up to 700 m between the northern and southern regions of the Santiago River.

ОПЫТ СОЗДАНИЯ ПРОГНОЗНО-МИНЕРАГЕНИЧЕСКИХ КАРТ ПО ОТКРЫТЫМ ГЕОЛОГО-ГЕОФИЗИЧЕСКИМ ДАННЫМ В ГИС-СРЕДЕ

The issues of using GIS tools for the preparation and design of predictive-metallogenic maps in ac-cordance with the current normative documents and the experience of domestic geological cartography are considered. Predictive and mineralogical maps of scale 1 : 1 000 000 and 1 : 200 000 for the Baikal-Amur group of metallogenic provinces were made in the ArcGIS environment. Open and stock geological and geophysical data were used as the main sources of information – unified digital models of the State Geological Maps at a scale of 1 : 1 000 000 (third generation) and 1 : 200 000 (second generation), digital maps of the anomalous magnetic field and the field of gravity in the Bouguer re-duction at a scale of 1 : 2 500 000, objects of geological and geophysical study and others. The fea-tures of these data use in the formation of mathematical, topographic and thematic basis of maps are noted. Recommendations on application of ArcGIS tools for cartographic works are given, examples of prepared predictive-metallogenic maps sheets are presented.

The historical geological cartography: from digital archive to WebGIS environment

The historical geological cartography: from digital archive to WebGIS environment

Polish Geological Cartography Platform: one access point to all geological maps

Polish Geological Cartography Platform: one access point to all geological maps

The Phlegrean Fields volcanological evolution

ABSTRACT A volcanological map merging continental and marine areas of the Phlegrean Fields and Procida Island (Southern Italy) is presented at the 1:25,000 scale. The map is based on 1:5,000 field mapping, and marine geology survey carried out during the Italian CAR.G (Geological CARtography, Servizio Geologico d’Italia) project and on bathymetric and seismic data. Geological data are represented on a digital terrain model of the volcano. This allows better visualization of the main morphological, volcanic, and geological features. The legend is organized in seven activity phases identified based on updated absolute ages of eruptions defining periods of high volcanicity and stasis. The geological map highlights the evolutive history of the Phlegrean Fields volcanic field both in the marine and continental portions, and the reconstructed structural framework and evolution of the caldera formed 39.3 Ky ago in its continental and submerged portions.

Evaluation of site effects at Amatrice (central Italy) after the August 24th, 2016, Mw 6.0 earthquake

This work presents results obtained from numerical site response analyses in the area of Amatrice (central Italy) with a main focus on the town's historical centre, where a more significant differential damage was observed after the August 24th, 2016, Mw 6.0 earthquake and the following aftershocks. Geological field investigations were performed and used to define a series of detailed geological cross-sections across the hill, which is the distinctive morphological feature of the town. Following insights from geological cartography, four continuous coring boreholes were drilled to obtain a new refined subsoil model of the area at depth; three of these boreholes were used to perform down-hole tests to constrain the shear-wave velocity (Vs) of the geological units. The subsoil model also included the results of the available seismic arrays and 80 single station ambient vibration stations, which allowed the calibration of the dynamic model, enhancing its robustness. The analyses allowed for a comparison of available empirical amplification functions and the simulated transfer functions of this study. Empirical transfer functions are represented in this case through the available Standard Spectral Ratio curves computed from recorded earthquakes of the 2016–2017 seismic sequence. They show a broad peak centred between 2 and 3 Hz, corresponding to the predominant frequencies of the hill, and a flat response outside the hill, in good agreement with the modelled transfer functions determined following two-dimensional (2D) approach. Conversely, one-dimensional (1D) transfer functions could not describe the amplification in the same range, confirming the evidence of overlapping topographic and stratigraphic effects. In the historical part of the town, only ambient vibration data were available. Notwithstanding that only a comparison of numerical resonance frequencies with the experimental frequencies highlighted using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method on ambient vibration data is possible in this case, reasonable agreements were found in the considered frequency range 1–10 Hz. In-depth characterisation of the subsoil of the historical centre of Amatrice provided a useful tool for challenging the problem of the realistic ground motion estimates, by evaluating possible local effects which could enhance or modify the input motion.

Geochemical anomalies from a survey of stream sediments in the Maquelab area (Oecusse, Timor-Leste) and their bearing on the identification of mafic-ultramafic chromite rich complex

Timor-Leste and Oecusse in particular have very little geological data coverage due to the many conflicts generated mainly by Portuguese colonization and Indonesian occupation. The main work that has been done was aimed at oil prospecting on the south coast. A regional stream sediment campaign was started from the Maquelab area in the Oecusse enclave, west of Timor-Leste, where no mineralization had been reported before. The geochemical characteristics of stream sediments in Maquelab area drainage basins, located in NW of Oecusse enclave, Timor-Leste, were investigated in order to establish the geochemical baseline conditions prior to any type of new mineral occurrences. Stream sediments demonstrated a different chemical composition with elevated values mainly for Cr (49–12,520 mg kg−1), Ni (11.6–863 mg kg−1) and Co (19.8–77.1 mg kg−1) which was not expected going by the present geological cartography of the area where the existence of ultramafic rocks is not supported. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used after centered log-ratio (CLR) transformation of data that allowed for the observance of different compositional groupings and the identification of the drainage basins they represented. Aided by the stream sediments geochemical results, a geological recognition of the area was then made, which allowed for the discovery of a new ultramafic complex, consisting of dunites, peridotites and serpentinites, containing metamorphic rocks, predominantly calc-silicate, basalts and gabbros. This complex is named the Maquelab Complex due to its proximity to this village. Inside the peridotitic rocks, small boulders of massive chromite with about 56% Cr2O3 were also found.

ГЕОДИНАМІКА

Purpose. The purpose of the paper is the reconstruction of the geodynamic development of the shear dislocation zone (shear stress fields) of the Krasnoarmiiska monocline (KM) of Donbas (Eastern Ukraine) and determining the relationships of their impact on the emergence of gas-dynamic phenomena (GDP) in coal sediments. Methodology. Methods of digital geological cartography, mining-geometric simulation, geological-structural analysis, and structural-geomorphological reconstruction are used for the analysis of structural-geological information. A complex of methods for statistical processing of data on the tectonic disturbance is used – estimation of the frequency of azimuth orientations by the roses-diagram method. Techniques of morphotectonic analysis of the coal bed (a mathematical technique for identifying the gradient structures) are applied. Results. A tectonic model of formation of pull-aparts in the mode of transtension on the territory of KM (on the example of “Dobropilska” mine) is proposed, which results in manifestations of GDP (in particular “wet blowers”) in the form of a small kettle of subsidence in zones of en echelon overlapping of shears. The latter ones are formed under the action of the shear field of tectonic stresses (the axis of space shortening is (σ1) due to the horizontal shear is oriented in azimuth 160-170° (340-350°), the axis of elongation is (σ3) – 70-80° (250-260°). At this, the combination of fringing Y and T faultings in the conditions of transtension, most likely, provides gas permeability and water permeability of the zone. Structure-kinematic relationships of formation and development of shear dislocations of KM at Donbas are researched. Originality. The structural-kinematic relationships in the formation and development of shear dislocations of the Krasnoarmiiskyi district of Donbas and their impact on the formation of GDP zones were studied firstly. They based on the developed digital model of the actual tectonic disturbance of the rock massif on the example of the mining allotments group of KM. It is established for the first time: a) subparallel disjunctives of the NE orientation (15-30°), regardless of morphology, are as the boundaries of parallelogram-like blocks, forming either scaly packets or packets of fault scarps (depending on the morphology of the faultings), limited in the strike by the fault planes of N-NE and SW fall; in the case of scaly packets in the orientation of the fall of the fault plane it is dominated by the E-SE direction, the faultings limiting the fault scarps are characterized by the opposite WN direction of the fall; b) faultings of SE orientation are morphologically represented by shear-thrusts, and with depth change not only the angle of incidence from 35° to 85°, but also the azimuth of strike (from 20-25° to 50°), forming a fanlike feathering of the main faulting in the plan; c) faultings of different morphology are represented not by a single fault plane, but by a series of disturbances on all stratigraphic horizons, which form a zone of faulting formation – a vertical "tectonic strip"; d) in the SE part of the mine "Pioner" a duplex of compression (transpression mode) was found, it is expressed by a folded system (F), up to 287 m wide and fragments of sloping, changing the strike of the Novoiverskyi thrusts; e) the zone of tension duplexes located in the chain, which have a characteristic broken-step configuration at the "Dobropilska" mine, to which “wet blowers” are connected with, develops due to local strike (transtension); f) paragenesis of deformations in the study area corresponds to the shear field of tectonic stresses with north-northwest direction of compression and east-northeast tension, in which fault-shear displacement occurs along with the disjunctive breaks. Practical significance. The established relationships of the impact of shear tectonics on the formation of GDP in coal beds are important both by clarifying the mechanism of tectonogenesis and the nature of pull-aparts formation (en echelon zones of tension), and by the possibility of using additional prognostic criteria for searching for accumulations of free methane and its sudden manifestations (GDP) in coal beds. The application of knowledge of these relationships at mining enterprises will allow reducing the costs for the struggle against dangerous GDP manifestations and predicting them reliably.

Salt tectonics and controls on halokinetic-sequence development of an exposed deepwater diapir: The Bakio Diapir, Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Pyrenees

This work evaluates growth strata adjacent to the Bakio Diapir in the Basque Pyrenees, aiming to discuss the application of halokinetic-sequence concepts, mainly developed in shallow-water to subaerial environments, to deepwater depositional settings. This is one of the few exposed passive diapirs developed in deepwater environments, with both synkinematic carbonate and siliciclastic strata. Thus, considering that large hydrocarbon producing areas are located in salt provinces developed in deepwater environments, this study is of interest not only to researchers in salt tectonics, but also to industry geoscientists focusing on hydrocarbon exploration and production. We present a 3D analysis of this outstanding salt structure by integrating detailed geological cartography, high-resolution bathymetry, seismic, and well data. The resulting reconstruction enables us to trace the extent of the diapir offshore and decipher its evolution from its formation as a salt wall developed above the overlap of two basement-involved faults until its squeezing during the Pyrenean compression. But more significantly, it allows us to discern the roles played by bathymetry, subsidence, and sedimentation type in the configuration of halokinetic sequences developed in deepwater environments. Thus, our study shows that: 1) the geometry of halokinetic sequences is defined by the thickness of the roof edges, the dip of the salt-sediment interface in the limbs of the active drape fold, and the onlap angle of the synkinematic sediments over the salt; 2) the roof thickness is controlled not only by the ratio between salt-rise and regional sediment-accumulation rate, but also by the water depth of the diapir roof and the depositional environment that can promote vertical aggradation of a supra-diapir carbonate buildup; and 3) high surface slopes and consequent debrites are not exclusive to, and characteristic of, hook halokinetic sequences and tabular composite halokinetic sequences.

Correction to: High-resolution geological cartography and coastal evolution assessment at Armação de Pêra – Galé sector: a prototype for a national coastal mapping

The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes.

Petrographic and SEM‐EDX characterization of Mousterian white/beige chert tools from the Navalmaíllo rock shelter (Madrid, Spain)

AbstractStudying lithic raw material sourcing, processing and distribution is helpful when trying to reconstruct the territory, ecology, and cultural practices of Neanderthal groups. The use of multiple methods in such analyses allows for more refined characterizations to be made, helping to distinguish between materials better than any single method. Although 85% of the raw materials making up the Mousterian assemblage at the Navalmaíllo Rock Shelter (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid Region of Spain) correspond to the available local geological resources, 10% is made of white/beige chert, which is not registered in regional geological cartography. Petrographic and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analyses were performed to determine the origin of this white/beige chert and thus shed light on the procurement strategies of the Neanderthal groups that occupied the rock shelter. The results show this chert to correspond to three different types of rock: quartz–kaolinite rocks from dykes, cretaceous marine cherts, and quartz fillings of cavities/fractures. These findings are in accordance with the geological features and formations present in the Lozoya valley, as recorded during a geoarchaeological survey, and indicate that the Neanderthals occupying the center of the Iberian Peninsula possessed a detailed knowledge of the landscape that allowed them to exploit its resources during MIS5a–early MIS4.

An Integrated Approach to Analyze Sedimentary Stock and Coastal Erosion in Vulnerable Areas: Resilience Assessment of San Vicenzo’s Coast (Italy)

The assessment of coastal erosion risk is a major challenge, since environmental and geomorphic features, together with sea state parameters, can seriously change the configuration of coastal areas. In addition, the anthropic actions of the coastal communities may also drastically modify the configuration of the coast in vulnerable areas. In this study, a linkage between regional mapping guidelines and national geological cartography procedures is presented as a meaningful tool in the geomorphic trends analysis for the integrated mapping of the main morphological patterns of San Vincenzo’s coastal area, in the region of Tuscany (Italy). Comparing and joining different procedures—which have different scales and topics—requires adapting the fields and the information provided in maps and databases. In this case study, a GIS morpho-sedimentological approach is developed. This GIS approach enables us to cover several issues simultaneously, such as the representation of coastal active processes, the adaptation of regional and national cartography to coastal erosion assessment, and lastly the calculation of the sedimentary stock analysis, since it represents the first attribute of coasts to be preserved in a resilience-oriented integrated assessment.