Geography Status Research Articles

Personalized and adaptive e-learning systems for semantic Web: a systematic review and roadmap

Purpose The purpose of this study is to present a systematic and comprehensive review of personalized, adaptive and semantic e-learning systems. Design/methodology/approach Preferred reporting items of systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines have been used for a thorough insight into associated aspects of e-learning that complement the e-learning pedagogies and processes. The aspects of e-learning systems have been reviewed comprehensively such as personalization and adaptivity, e-learning and semantics, learner profiling and learner categorization, which are handy in intelligent content recommendations for learners. Findings The adoption of semantic Web based technologies would complement the learner’s performance in terms of learning outcomes. Research limitations/implications The evaluation of the proposed framework depends upon the yearly batch of learners and recording is a cumbersome/tedious process. Social implications E-Learning systems may have diverse and positive impact on society including democratized learning and inclusivity regardless of socio-economic or geographic status. Originality/value A preliminary framework of an ontology-based e-learning system has been proposed at a modular level of granularity for implementation, along with evaluation metrics followed by a future roadmap.

THE INCOMPATIBILITY OFGLOBAL WARMING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Global warming signifies an undesirable geographical status of the planet and highlights the alarming trend of the extinction of the planet due to this unprecedented phenomenon. It is mostly caused by the gradual increase in world temperature, deforestation, emission of greenhouse gases, the melting of ice, glaciers and other adverse climatic conditions. This negative trend carries a portent for the future - a future that looks bleak and alarming. Extreme and harsh weather conditions have become common in India and other Asian countries. India has been the worst hit due to frequent occurrence of floods and heatwaves. This alarming trend should force us to think of better planning and optimum utilisation of resources without their ruthless violation. The miserable conditions of contemporary life can be, in retrospect traced to the beginning of industrialisation and capitalist economy. The evils that plague our lives have been mostly caused by the ruthless exploitation of natural resources.

THE INFLUENCE OF RURALITY AND FRAILTY ON HEALTH OUTCOMES IN OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Background Frailty is a syndrome representing a decline in physical function and an increased vulnerability to stressors. Older adults in rural areas may be at increased risk for frailty and adverse outcomes due to worse overall health. Our aim was to identify how rural/urban residence can influence frailty status. Methods We used National Health and Aging Trend Study (2011-2020) data, a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries. Participants were categorized as robust, pre-frail, and frail (Fried’s frailty phenotype). Rural residence included counties outside of a metropolitan statistical area (Office of Management and Budget). Participants were excluded if frailty components or geographical status were incomplete. We used logistic regression analyses for the relationship between adverse outcomes (death, nursing home placement over 2011-2020), rural/urban, and frailty status. Results Of 7,393 participants (57.2% female), median age range was 75-80 years and 19.4% were rural residents. Rates of robust, pre-frailty, and frailty were 41.4%, 48.4%, and 10.2%, respectively. There was no difference of frailty status by rural status nor was there a frailty x rural interaction. Older adults with pre-frailty (OR=1.18; 1.05-1.34) and frailty (OR=1.01; 0.82-1.24) had higher risk of residing in rural than urban areas. Rural residence (OR=1.75;1.33-2.24), pre-frailty (OR=1.87;1.54-2.28) and frailty (OR=3.62; 2.79-4.71) had higher risk of adverse outcomes. Conclusion Participants with pre-frailty had higher odds of living in a rural area. Similarly, participants in rural areas had higher odds of adverse outcomes. These findings may highlight health care disparities in rural areas and opportunities for system- and individual-level interventions to prevent frailty development.

A comparison between perceived rurality and established geographic rural status among Indiana residents.

The study assessed the association and concordance of the traditional geography-based Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes to individuals' self-reported rural status per a survey scale. The study included residents from rural and urban Indiana, seen at least once in a statewide health system in the past 12 months. Surveyed self-reported rural status of individuals obtained was measured using 6 items with a 7-point Likert scale. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the internal consistency between the 6 survey response items, along with exploratory factor analysis to evaluate their construct validity. Perceived rurality was compared with RUCA categorization, which was mapped to residential zip codes. Association and concordance between the 2 measures were calculated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Gwet's Agreement Coefficient (Gwet's AC), respectively. Primary self-reported data were obtained through a cross-sectional, statewide, mail-based survey, administered from January 2018 through February 2018, among a random sample of 7979 individuals aged 18 to 75, stratified by rural status and race. All 970 patients who completed the survey answered questions regarding their perceived rurality. Cronbach's alpha value of 0.907 was obtained indicating high internal consistency among the 6 self-perceived rurality items. Association of RUCA categorization and self-reported geographic status was moderate, ranging from 0.28 to 0.41. Gwet's AC ranged from -0.11 to 0.26, indicating poor to fair agreement between the 2 measures based on the benchmark scale of reliability. Geography-based and self-report methods are complementary in assessing rurality. Individuals living in areas of relatively high population density may still self-identify as rural, or individuals with long commutes may self-identify as urban.

Estuary Accent of English

For several decades ‗Estuary English‘ has always been presented as an argumentative issue. Un ignorable number of linguists, researchers besides the lay public brought this issue into discussion. This research paper provides an overview of what ‗Estuary English‘ actually is, what its functions are or whether it really exists, the social and geographical status of the new variety among other varieties of English used in Britain, the salient features of this variety, its nature, its origins and its speakers. Also this paper looks at how standard RP was influenced by the lowest working class - Cockney accent - and the result was the emergence of the so-called ‗Estuary English‘ on one hand. On the other hand, the paper touches on a number of views that tend to prove it as an independent variety in its own right. The linguists and researchers interested in issues mentioned above were two parties: Supporters and opponents, so it may replace the current RP and be the new Standard English in the future.

Resilient Maintenance System to Avoid System Disruptions Due to External Shock: Application to Drainage System in Qatar

Many negative occurrences in any system cannot be linked to a single failure cause or system malfunction. They usually occur as a result of unforeseen combinations of typical performance variability. Disasters that human civilization has had to deal with in the past have highlighted the need of being ready and having the ability to quickly recover from a sudden and unexpected change in technological, organizational, social, and economic status of the community. Continuous emergences of business continuity disruptions lead to the global orientation towards resilience management application replacing the conventional risk assessment. The research studies risk assessment data prior to and after the emergence of resilience affecting shocks, and conducts a set of questions that will formulate resilience evaluation. The study proposed an evaluation framework of the current drainage system that will subsequently institutes a framework for a resilient system complimenting the main resilience attributes into three main models, and continuously improve its vulnerability status. The originality of this study lies on the unique demographical, geographical status of Qatar, the relative newness of drainage authority in Qatar and recent formation of its risk team.

Hebrew Gomel: Space, Genre, Modernity

Abstract: This article explores the understudied role of Gomel as an important center of literary production during the emergence of Hebrew modernism at the turn of the twentieth century. Prominent writers such as Gershon Shofman, Yosef Haim Brenner, and Uri Nissan Gnessin fostered personal and literary dialogues in and with the city. By combining various methodological approaches—New Historicism, literary cartography, and regional history—we analyze the unique spatial dynamics that sparked Gomel's transformation into a laboratory of Hebrew modernism. While grounding our readings of Shofman, Brenner, and Gnessin in the spatial turn in literary theory, we argue that these three canonical Hebrew writers created literary texts that captured the urban experience of this eastern European Jewish metropolis. We trace the evolution of Hebrew texts written in Gomel from a synchronic perspective and construct a detailed description of the town's literary-cum-cultural history. At the same time, we focus on Gomel's broader historical and geographical status within the Pale of Settlement and demonstrate how each of the three writers used a different literary genre—the urban miniature, the novel, and the novella—to create a unique representation of Gomel's urban space. Furthermore, by focusing on the chronotope of Gomel, our readings of Shofman, Brenner, and Gnessin underscore that these texts are grounded in Gomel's urban fabric through particular forms of local belonging, rather than an abstract notion of "uprooted" existence.

Impact of Tourism Satisfaction and Service Quality on Destination Loyalty: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach concerning China Resort Hotels

Since China holds a critical geographical status, it harbors an immense tourist attraction. This research aims to investigate service quality, which determines electronic word of mouth, tourist satisfaction, and loyalty to visiting China’s tourist places. This study collected 443 questionnaires comprising tentative sampling from sightseers in China. This research examined how electronic word of mouth affects how far tourists are satisfied with their trip and how much loyalty they demonstrate toward the destination places. The SPSS, AMOS, and structural equation modeling techniques were used for analysis. Our findings illustrate the connection between electronic word of mouth, service quality, tourist satisfaction, and destination loyalty. This study also demonstrated that both tourist satisfaction and electronic word of mouth exercise an intermediary impact on service quality and the destination loyalty relationship. In this way, service quality may be attributed to tourist satisfaction (TS) and electronic word of mouth (eWOM), which explicitly influences destination loyalty (DL) when visiting China. These findings have practical implications for the tourism sector of China.

Phylogeography of Solomon Islands blossom bats reflects oceanic divides and Pleistocene connections

AbstractAimPeriodic lowering of sea levels and formation of land bridges can reshape phylogeographic patterns of insular biotas. Using archipelago‐wide sampling, we aimed to test if phylogeography of an old‐endemic bat lineage reflected Pleistocene land bridges.LocationSolomon Islands and Papua New Guinea.TaxonMelonycterisandNesonycterisbats (Pteropodidae).MethodsWe sequenced genome‐wide RADseq data for 49 specimens from 15 islands. We assessed phylogenetic relationships using maximum likelihood inRAxMLand quartet‐based methods inSVDquartets, population structure usingStructure, and admixture using maximum likelihood methods inTreeMix. We tested for genetic and geographic distance correlations using distance‐based redundancy analyses (dbRDA), identifying best‐fit models using stepwise model selection.ResultsPhylogenetic analyses identified fiveNesonycterisclades corresponding to Greater Bukida, Guadalcanal, Makira, Malaita and New Georgia group. Makira samples were sister to remainingNesonycteris.Structureidentified four populations: New IrelandMelonycteris melanops; andNesonycterisfrom Greater Bukida (including Guadalcanal); Malaita and Makira; and New Georgia group. Genetic backgrounds of Mono, Ngella and Guadalcanal separated from remaining Greater Bukida islands. Makira and Malaita separated into two populations. New Georgia group lacked structure, and genetic and geographic distances were not correlated. The best‐fit geographic distance models forNesonycterisand a Greater Bukida subset were least shore‐to‐shore distance; and Euclidean and least‐cost distances respectively.Main ConclusionsInfluences of modern and Pleistocene island isolation and connectivity were evident in the overall Phylogeography ofNesonycteris. The lack of structure or geographic distance correlations within the New Georgia group indicated all islands were interconnected during the Last Glacial Maximum or contemporary oceanic divides are ineffective barriers. Conversely, genetic divergence across Greater Bukida islands reflected land‐bridge constrained dispersal. A Makira clade sister to allNesonycterispossibly indicates an origin on Makira. Alternately it reflects Makira's long‐isolated geographic status, as similar results exist for a range of taxa.

P082Rural-urban differences in post-abortion contraception use and past contraceptive access: A cohort study of abortion patients in utah

<h3>Objectives</h3> To evaluate the role of geography in post-abortion contraception choice and prior contraceptive barriers. <h3>Methods</h3> We recruited English- and Spanish-speaking abortion clients, aged 18–45, at a single facility in Salt Lake City, Utah. Participants enrolled between June 2021 and January 2022, and completed a baseline survey on the day of the abortion and a follow-up survey at three months. Rural-urban residence was determined using the Rural Urban Community Area (RUCA) classification system. We assessed demographic variables, method choice, and prior access barriers relative to geographic status. No-cost contraception was available for uninsured clients. <h3>Results</h3> We approached 779 clients and 527 (68%) completed the baseline survey (9.3% were rural). Rural clients were more likely to be multiparous and not in a committed relationship. Most participants (86.9%) planned to start a method after the abortion. Method choice was similar between groups, and long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods were most frequently selected (45.2% vs. 44.2%; p=0.62). Rural and urban clients reported similar rates of contraceptive access barriers in the past year (10.2% vs. 14.2%; p=0.52). Rural clients were more likely to report a >30-minute drive for contraception (15.4% vs. 9.2%; p=0.04), and higher rates of discomfort discussing contraception with local providers (30.4% vs. 10.9%; p=0.001). Regardless of residence, clients reporting prior difficulty accessing contraception (n=69) were more likely to select a LARC method (68.1% vs. 41.1%; p<0.01). <h3>Conclusions</h3> The contraceptive needs of rural and urban clients are similar; however, rural clients face unique barriers. The abortion visit is an important opportunity for care provision for clients with limited local access.

Associations between recreational cannabis legalization and cannabis-related emergency department visits by age, gender, and geographic status in Ontario, Canada: An interrupted time series study.

Legalization of recreational cannabis in Ontario included the legalization of flower and herbs (Phase 1, October 2018), and was followed by the deregulation of cannabis retailers and sales of edibles (Phase 2, February 2020). Research on the impact of cannabis legalization on acute care utilization is nascet; no research has investigated potential age, gender, and geographically vulnerable subgroup effects. Residents living in Northern Ontario not only have higher levels of substance use problems, but also have inadequate access to primary healthcare. Our study investigated the impact of Ontario's recreational cannabis policy (including Phase 1 and 2) on cannabis-attributable emergency department (ED) visits, and estimated the impact separately for different age and gender groups, with additional analyses focused on Northern Ontarians. We created a cohort of adults (18 and over) eligible for provincial universal health insurance with continuous coverage from 2015-2021 (n = 14,900,820). An interrupted time series was used to examine the immediate impact and month-to-month changes in cannabis-related ED visits associated with Phase 1 & 2 for each subgroup. While Northern Ontario has higher rates of cannabis-related ED visits, both Northern and Southern Ontario show similar patterns of changes. Phase 1 was associated with significant increases in adults 25-64, with the strongest increases seen in women 45-64. Month-to-month trends were flattened in most groups compared to pre-legalization. Phase 2 was associated with significant immediate increases for adults aged 18-44 in both genders, but the increases were larger in women than men. No significant month-to-month changes were detected in this period. While current preventive efforts are largely focused on reducing cannabis-related harms in youths and younger adults, our results show that adults 25-64, particularly women, have been significantly impacted by cannabis policies. Further research on gender-specific cannabis dosage and targeted interventions for adult women should be investigated. Legalization did not appear to have a differential impact on Northern versus Southern Ontario, but higher rates of ED visits in the North should be addressed.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КАТИОННОГО СОСТАВА КРЫМСКИХ ВИН С ЦЕЛЬЮ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ ИХ ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ

An important direction of the long-term plan for the development of viticulture and wine-making in the Crimea is the production of products with a geographical status. One of the signs that determine the origin of wines is their mineral composition, which depends on soil and climatic conditions and agrotechnical methods of cultivation. The aim of the study was to use the ratios of mass concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium cati-ons to assess the geographical position of wines made from grapevine varieties growing in different regions of the Crimea and Ukraine. A comparative analysis of the ratios of К+/Na+, K+/Ca2+, K+/Mg2+, Ca2+/Mg2+ cati-ons and tartaric acid to the sum of cations was carried out. A significant difference in the mass concentration of the sodium cation and К+/Na+ ratios in these regions has been estab-lished. The ranges of ratio of К+/Na+ cations for some Crimean enterprises have been speci-fied.

Perspectives of Meat Eaters on the Consumption of Cultured Beef (in vitro Production) From the Eastern Cape of South Africa

The creation and growing popularity of cultured meat has raised mixed reactions among consumers about its originality, acceptability, edibility, and nutritional quality across the world. The perception and reaction of consumers to novel meat are influenced by a variety of factors, such as geographical location, media coverage, educational status, culture, and religion. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the perceptions of consumers on the consumption of natural vs. cultured beef in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A total of 255 respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaires, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and X2 tests. Interviewees included representatives from University (educated), urban (literate), and rural (semi-literate) communities. The results revealed the majority (63%) of the respondents had not heard about the concept of cultured beef production, of which 27% of them were men and 36% were women. More than half (53%) of the respondents indicated their willingness to eat cultured beef if offered to them after explaining the concept and process of making cultured beef to them. Among all factors that were analyzed, the participant level of education was found to significantly influence their willingness to eat cultured beef when available commercially. It is therefore concluded that the majority of consumers in this study supported the concept of cultured meat as an alternative way to complement conventional meat production and would be willing to eat it when provided.

Trends and Disparities in the Incidence of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 1990-2019: A Global Analysis.

ObjectivesThis study aims to provide trends and disparities in the incidence of intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries by region, country, socio-demographic index (SDI), age, and sex.MethodsThe global, regional and national number of incident cases as well as age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of IOFBs were attained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). To estimate the trend of ASIR of IOFBs, the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated from 1990 to 2019.ResultsGlobally, although ASIR of IOFBs decreased with an EAPC of −0.93% [95% uncertainty interval (UI) −1.1 to −0.76] from 1990 to 2019, ASIR of IOFBs increased from 2008 to 2019. From 35.79 million (95% UI 23.62–50.89) in 1990 to 46.63 million (95% UI 32.45–64.45) in 2019, the number of IOFB incident cases worldwide increased by 30.29% (95% UI 19.63–43.55). The incidence of IOFBs varied by region and country, and it was closely related to socio-economic development. Furthermore, while ASIR of IOFBs was high in the young population aged 15–49 years, we observed a significant increase in the number of IOFB incident cases in older adults when compared to other age groups. In terms of sex, males accounted for the vast majority of IOFB incident cases.ConclusionsThe global ASIR of IOFBs is on the rise, with an increase in incident cases, designating IOFBs as a global health challenge. The incidence of IOFBs cases is directly related to geographic location, socio-economic status, age, sex, and other factors. Our findings could be useful for the control and prevention of IOFBs.

Characteristics of children with IgA nephropathy.

We analyzed the demographic and clinical characteristics of children with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy using data in the first pages of electronic health records of 22 hospitals from 2016 to 2018. Information collected included gender, age, infection site, etiological infection, acute kidney injury (AKI), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 2-5. We analyzed the gender and age distribution of children with IgA nephropathy, the characteristics of children complicated with AKI and CKD, and the influence of geographical distribution and economic status on the incidence of IgA nephropathy. We included a total of 4006 patients with IgA nephropathy. Incidence in males gradually increased with age. Seventy-nine cases (1.97%) had AKI. We found no significant difference in gender (P = 0.19) or age (P = 0.07) between the AKI and non-AKI groups. Twenty-nine patients had CKD (0.72%), who were significantly older than those in the non-CKD group (P < 0.0001). The incidence of IgA nephropathy in less-developed areas was significantly lower than that in developed areas (P = 0.0002). The incidence of IgA nephropathy was high mainly in males. Age was an important factor affecting CKD. The disease was related to environment and economic status. We analyze the demographic and clinical characteristics of children with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy using data in the first pages of electronic health records. This is a large sample, multi-center study. The incidence of IgA nephropathy in males increased gradually with age. Age was an important factor affecting CKD. The disease was related to environment and economic status.

The resource potential of fruit and ornamental plants of the order Lamiales in the collection of the Botanical Garden

The multi-vector positioning of the Oles Honchar Dnipro National University Botanical Garden (Dnipro, Ukraine) as an ecological resource, the main functions of which are aimed at preserving, studying, acclimatizing plants, researching the effective use of rare and typical species of local and world flora by creating, replenishing and preserving botanical collections, conducting scientific, educational and tutorial work is reviewed. The resource potential study of the fruit and ornamental plants which are promising for various fields of application is a component of bioeconomy. Such plants include species of the order Lamiales Bromhead. In the Oles Honchar Dnipro National University Botanical Garden (Dnipro, Ukraine) the stock collection of Lamiales order plants on condition of sheltered ground was studied. The paradigm of the modern botanical garden positioned as an ecological resource combining research activities, environmental function, and providing society with cultural ecosystem services is highlighted. An inventory and clarification of the taxonomic composition of Lamiales order representatives was carried out for the stock plant collection. The taxa systematic position was determined according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV) classification. It was determined the geographical status of the species (origin) and its life forms. The data of species' endurance of the Lamiales order to low temperatures in the sheltered ground of the Botanical Garden is given. It is shown that the Botanical Garden has a collection of more than 3,500 species of plants, including 900 taxa in the greenhouse fund, and 63 species, 230 species and cultivars belonging to the order Lamiales. It is demonstrated that Lamiales fruit and ornamental crops, which are available in the collection of the stock greenhouse, have antioxidant properties, and extracts from their parts are characterized by antifungal, antibacterial, and antimutagenic effects. Three collection species of the family Gesneriaceae (Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. velutinus (B. L. Burtt) Christenh., Streptocarpus intermedia (B. L. Burtt) comb. ined., and Kohleria amabilis (Planch. &amp; Linden) Fritsch) belong to the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species. Most members of this order can be considered well-adapted to greenhouse growing conditions (88.9 % of plants in the Lamiales collection bloom). Seven species of the family Acanthaceae are fully adapted and give viable self-seeding. Determining the resource potential of the order Lamiales in the sheltered ground of the National University Botanical Garden showed the presence of plants not only with high decorative qualities, but also species containing an increased amount of biologically active substances with a wide range of antioxidant properties.

Detection of specific antibodies against Leishmania infantum in canine serum and oral transudate using an in-house ELISA

BackgroundCanine leishmaniosis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum is a complex infection due to its variable clinical signs and laboratory findings. Therefore, a broad range of techniques is available for diagnosis. Testing for specific antibodies in serum is the most commonly used technique, although the testing of other body fluids, such as oral transudate (OT), can be an alternative as its collection is non-invasive and testing can be performed by untrained personnel. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the detection of L. infantum-specific antibodies in paired samples of serum and OT collected from apparently healthy dogs and dogs with clinical leishmaniosis using an in-house enyzme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).MethodsSerum and OT were collected from 407 dogs, which varied in breed, sex, age, lifestyle and clinical status, by many practicing veterinarians in Spain. The main geographical areas of sampling included Barcelona (n = 110), Mallorca (n = 94), Cadiz (n = 54) and Asturias (n = 47). The majority of infected dogs were apparently healthy (89.9%) while 41 presented clinical signs and/or clinicopathological abnormalities compatible with L. infantum infection and subsequently diagnosed with leishmaniosis (10.1%). An in-house ELISA was performed to quantify the anti-Leishmania antibodies in serum and OT.ResultsThe L. infantum infection rate determined by the in-house ELISA was 37.1% in serum samples and 32.7% in OT samples. Serum and OT ELISA results showed a positive correlation (Spearman's correlation coefficient rs = 0.6687, P < 0.0001). The percent agreement between the serum and OT ELISA results was 84%, while agreement according to Cohen's kappa statistic (κ) was substantial (0.66) when all samples were analyzed. The highest percent agreement (92.1%) between both tests was found in dogs from low endemicity regions and from sick dogs, with both groups presenting almost perfect agreement according to Cohen’s κ agreement test (0.84). Few seronegative dogs (n = 23) tested positive by the OT ELISA. The agreement between serum and OT went from almost perfect to moderate when the geographical distribution and clinical status were analyzed.ConclusionsThe results of this study demonstrated an almost perfect to moderate agreement between OT and serum samples tested using the in-house ELISA. These results are particularly promising in sick dogs with high antibody levels while the results seem less optimal in apparently healthy dogs with low antibody levels.Graphical

Bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator use after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Uncovering disparities in care and survival across the urban–rural spectrum

AimTo evaluate the association between bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), automated external defibrillator (AED) use, and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) across the urban–rural spectrum. MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of 325,477 adult OHCAs within the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival from 2013 to 2019. Bystander interventions were categorized into no bystander intervention, bystander CPR alone, and bystander AED use (with or without CPR). The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge with good neurological outcome. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between bystander interventions and survival by geographical status (urban, suburban, large rural, small town, or rural). ResultsBystander CPR alone occurred most often in rural areas (50.8%), and least often in urban areas (35.4%). Bystander AED use in public settings was similar across the urban–rural spectrum (10.5–13.1%). Survival with good neurological outcome varied for urban (8.1%), suburban (7.7%), large rural (9.1%), small town (7.1%), and rural areas (6.1%). In comparison to no bystander intervention, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for bystander AED use and survival were 2.57 (2.37–2.79) in urban areas, 2.58 (1.81–3.67) in suburban areas, 1.99 (1.44–2.76) in large rural areas, 1.90 (1.27–2.86) in small towns, and 3.05 (1.99–4.68) in rural areas. Bystander CPR alone was also associated with survival in all areas (adjusted odds ratio range: 1.29–1.45). There was no strong evidence of interaction between bystander interventions and geographical status on the primary outcome (p = 0.63). ConclusionBystander CPR and AED use are associated with positive clinical outcomes after OHCA in all areas along the urban–rural spectrum.

Judima the Traditional Rice Wine and Dimasa Community: a Geographical Review of Dima Hasao

Judima is a traditional rice beer/wine prepared by the Dimasa tribe especially the women of the Dima Hasao district of Assam. The consumption of rice beer/wine brewed from different varieties of rice is a routine practice among different tribal communities of Assam including Dimasa. The making of Judima wine has become an integral part of their cultural and social life for generations. Though the drink fulfills the criteria for the Geographical Indications (GI) tag, it is still waiting for its GI status. The main objective of the study is to identify and analyse the challenges faced in achieving GI for the Judima traditional rice wine of Dima Hasao and its cultural uniqueness. A household survey was conducted through snowball sampling in 2019 in the Dima Hasao district of Assam, India. After the analysis, it was concluded that if Judima can achieve Geographical Indications status, the Dimasa tribe will get a new identity.

DarkCideS 1.0, a global database for bats in karsts and caves

Understanding biodiversity patterns as well as drivers of population declines, and range losses provides crucial baselines for monitoring and conservation. However, the information needed to evaluate such trends remains unstandardised and sparsely available for many taxonomic groups and habitats, including the cave-dwelling bats and cave ecosystems. We developed the DarkCideS 1.0 (https://darkcides.org/), a global database of bat caves and species synthesised from publicly available information and datasets. The DarkCideS 1.0 is by far the largest database for cave-dwelling bats, which contains information for geographical location, ecological status, species traits, and parasites and hyperparasites for 679 bat species are known to occur in caves or use caves in part of their life histories. The database currently contains 6746 georeferenced occurrences for 402 cave-dwelling bat species from 2002 cave sites in 46 countries and 12 terrestrial biomes. The database has been developed to be collaborative and open-access, allowing continuous data-sharing among the community of bat researchers and conservation biologists to advance bat research and comparative monitoring and prioritisation for conservation.