Geographical Indication Products Research Articles

The impact of Nutri-Score on consumers’ preferences for Geographical Indications. Evidence from a non-hypothetical experiment

The EU Farm to Fork strategy (F2F) promotes the compulsory adoption of a nutritional front of pack label to improve the diets of the citizens, supporting healthier food choices. In the public debate, Nutri-Score (NS) is the most favored candidate. Although being widely supported, oppositions on the political and producer levels are raised against the NS, due to the economic impact it could have on specific food sector, and specifically on Geographical Indications (GIs). Recent literature has stressed the need to explore it in more detail. The current study contributes to fill this gap by analyzing consumers' monetary preferences for GI products labeled with different NS levels. An incentivized non-hypothetical experiment was conducted on 188 Italian consumers. Different products representing different levels of NS were used. Specifically, a conventional pasta and the Pasta di Gragnano PGI (NS =A), a conventional flatbread (piadina) and the Piadina Romagnola PGI (NS =C), and a conventional hard cheese and the Parmigiano Reggiano PDO (NS =D) were considered in the survey. Results reveal that the NS elicits favorable responses and unfavorable reactions in consumers' preferences, aligning with expectations for A and D scores, respectively. The perceived healthiness of the product significantly affects consumers’ WTP, increasing it. Results stress the need to have effective communication strategies within the EU to reach the F2F goals. NS diminishes the premium in prices associated with GIs independently from its level, when considering those consumers who value more the GIs. However, the most well-known GIs does not suffer from this negative effect of the NS, as the positive value associated to the GI offset the negative effect of the NS .

Differences in Soil Microflora between the Two Chinese Geographical Indication Products of “Tricholoma matsutake Shangri-la” and “T. matsutake Nanhua”

Tricholoma matsutake is a kind of ectomycorrhizal fungus. In addition to its vital influence on symbiotic plants, the impact of the soil microbial community on the growth and development of T. matsutake has been garnering attention. To clarify the differences in soil microflora between “T. matsutake Shangri-la” and “T. matsutake Nanhua”, and the effects of soil bacteria and fungi on the growth and development of T. matsutake, this study took the soil of “T. matsutake Shangri-la” and “T. matsutake Nanhua” at different developmental stages. A total of 7694 bacterial OTUs and 2170 fungal OTUs were obtained through microbial omics based on amplicon sequencing. The results indicate that the α diversity and composition of the soil microorganisms in the T. matsutake Shangri-la shiro were higher than those of the T. matsutake Nanhua. It is affected by species, geographical locations, and the growth period of matsutake. Matsutake mycelia also recruit certain types of bacteria and fungi in the stage of fruiting body development. Both bacteria and fungi positively and negatively regulate the fruiting body development of matsutake mushrooms. This study will provide a basis for the semi-artificial cultivation of matsutake.

Factors affecting decisions of farmers to produce geographical indication dry beans: a case from Turkey

Geographical indications (GIs) are defined as labels that show the relationship of a product with a certain region. They are of great importance in terms of distinguishing these products from the similar ones in terms of the quality that the characteristic features of the region bring to the product, making them stand out commercially, contributing to the rural development and preserving the cultural heritage. Dry beans cultivated by the farmers in the Gümüşhane province is newly recognized as a GI product that is unique in both taste and quality. This study is intended to identify the factors affecting the farmers’ decision to produce GI-labelled dry beans. The survey was conducted in January–March 2021. A sampling size of the participants consisted of 50 farmers who cultivated GI-labelled dry beans and 50 non-GI dry beans. A binary logistic regression analysis approach was employed to identify the factors affecting the likelihood of the farmers cultivating the GI dry beans. The results of the model indicate that the young farmers with the low educational level, the low property land size, the low yield per decare, and the large farmland, the high annual agricultural income and specializing in the dry beans production are more likely to engage in the production of GI dry beans. For the farms involving the GI product, agricultural associations can be advised with the farmers with the wider agricultural acreage and the high annual agricultural income, and that specialize in the production of such products. The participation of the farmers in the agriculture enterprises involving the GI dry beans will depend on them seeing positive widespread effects, which requires a long-term commitment.

THE URGENCY OF PROTECTING COMMUNAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF KAMASAN KLUNGKUNG WAYANG PAINTINGS THROUGH GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS TO IMPROVE COMMUNITY WELFARE

Background: Geographical Indication is a sign that indicates the area of origin of goods and/or products which, due to geographical environmental factors including natural factors, human factors or a combination of these two factors, gives a certain reputation, quality and characteristics to the goods and/or products produced. Meanwhile, traditional cultural expression is the result of intellectual creativity of a group of indigenous peoples which has potential commercial value. Intellectual creativity of a group of indigenous peoples which has (potential) commercial value and its natural wealth has enormous potential to increase its value through the protection of communal intellectual property which can further improve the welfare of the Balinese people. This potential, if managed well, will be of benefit to the region as a characteristic of a region and can be used as a trade asset which is ultimately expected to improve the economy of the region where the product originates. One of them is the potential geographical indication of Kamasan wayang paintings which only exist in Kamasan Village, Klungkung Regency, Bali Province. Methods: This legal study analyses uses normative legal research methods, as a characteristic of legal science is its normative nature. The nature of this research uses analytical descriptive, and To obtain research results that reach the target, analysis of legal materials is carried out qualitatively. Result: Good management of intellectual property is a necessity and the key to success in developing and protecting superior regional products with the ultimate aim of increasing local revenue. These steps can take the form of identifying all existing regional potential, implementing a priority scale in developing superior products, providing a conducive business climate, supporting strategic and realistic policies, providing adequate facilities and infrastructure, and guaranteeing security and legal certainty. Conclusions: Following up on the letter from the Directorate of Brands and Geographical Indications Number HKI.4-KI.07.01.01-380, as well as in order to encourage the growth of One Village One Brand (OVOB) Brand registration and inventory of Geographical Indication (IG) products in the Klungkung district area. The potential for advancing the welfare of the Balinese people through Geographical Indications able to carry out an inventory of the potential for Geographical Indications which is aspect of Intellectual Property in Klungkung Regency by cultural diversity of the Wayang Kamasan Klungkung Paintings tradition.

Economic impact of local geographical indication products on farmers: a case of Kelkit sugar (dry) beans

Economic impact of local geographical indication products on farmers: a case of Kelkit sugar (dry) beans

Characterization of Codonopsis Radix with Agro-product Geographical Indication products ‘‘Tanchang Dangshen’’ according to the analyses of elements and bioactive compounds combined with ecological factors

‘‘Tanchang Dangshen” codonopsis radix is a high-quality protected agro-product geographical indication (AGI), mainly grown in Gansu Province, China. In this study, combining multivariate analysis techniques with bioactive constituents and mineral elements, the differences between AGI-labeled “Tanchang Dangshen” codonopsis radix and adulterations from other geographical origins were investigated. Furthermore, the relationship between the chemical or mineral element characteristics of “Tanchang Dangshen” and its soil and climatic factors of geographical origin area was also explored. Using partial least square discriminant analysis, “Tanchang Dangshen” and the other codonopsis radix, with a similar botanical origin, were grouped according to mineral elements, especially the contents of potassium, selenium, and nickel. The environment with low temperatures was more conducive to the accumulation of potassium, which is the most abundant element of codonopsis radix. Soil factors, such as soil pH, soil organic matter, and soil nutrients, had an impact on the contents of trace elements it contains, i.e., nickel and selenium, which helped elucidate the relationship between the characteristics of high-quality AGI-labeled “Tangchang Danshen” and its geographical origin.

Research on the Co-Creation Mechanism of Geographical Indication Industry Value Based on Evolutionary Game Analysis

The success of the geographical indication industry relies on the collaborative value creation among its stakeholders. This article presents an evolutionary game model for the triad of associations, firms, and peasant households in the geographical indication industry. The model examines their strategic choices and analyzes the impact of profitability, scale factors, and premium factors across different developmental stages. The study uncovers that while all parties may display collective behavior, there are variations specific to each stage. In periods of low profitability, firms tend to adopt a more cautious approach, while peasant households prioritize overall benefits. Both scale factors and premium factors guide the game towards positive strategies. Consequently, it is recommended to strengthen associations’ leadership role by fostering firm accountability in quality governance, reducing costs and risks associated with peasant household participation, safeguarding their rights and interests, enhancing economies of scale for geographical indication products, and bolstering competitiveness and sustainability.

Abstract or concrete? The impact of regional typicality and advertising appeal types on consumption intention toward geographical indication products.

The essential characteristic of geographical indication products is the association of the products with their region of origin. However, consumers have different associations between products and their region of origin (i.e., different regional typicality) according to different geographical indication products. In this regard, this research aims to explore how to adopt supporting advertising appeal types to improve consumers' attitudes and intentions toward geographical indication products with different regional typicality. To this end, this article proposes and tests the interaction between regional typicality and advertising appeal types on consumption intention toward products and the underlying mechanism and boundary conditions of this effect. Using three studies, this research finds that the adoption of abstract (vs. concrete) appeal is more likely to enhance consumption intention toward products when the geographical indication products have high regional typicality. Moreover, the reverse is true when the geographical indication products have low regional typicality. Furthermore, the results show that processing fluency mediates the interaction effect. In addition, the high (low) regional typicality and abstract (concrete) appeal on consumption intention toward products are more significant in the distant (close) spatial distance condition. In this way, this research provides a new perspective for studying consumer behavior with respect to geographical indication products and has implications for promoting the sales of geographical indication products and enhancing the brand value of geographical indication.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Prunus salicina cultivar ‘Zuili’ (Rosaceae)

‘Zuili’ is a distinguished plum (Prunus salicina Lindley 1830) originating from Tongxiang City, Zhejiang Province, China, and a nationally recognized geographical indication product. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of P. salicina cultivar ‘Zuili’. The genome has a circular structure of 157,935 bp containing a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,133 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,028 bp, and two inverted repeats (IRs) of 26,387 by each. It harbors 130 genes (111 unique genes), including 85 protein-coding genes (78 are unique), eight ribosomal RNA genes (four are unique), and 37 transfer genes (29 are unique). The phylogenetic analysis based on whole chloroplast genomes showed ‘Zuili’ was clustered with Prunus salicina cultivar ‘Wuyuecui’ (MW406461.1) and ‘No. 2 Guofeng’ (MW406472.1). This study provides valuable information that can contribute to the identification and further evolutionary analysis of Prunus salicina cultivar ‘Zuili’.

Research on digital finance empowering geographical indication product brand value enhancement—Taking Pizhou Ginkgo as an example

Research on digital finance empowering geographical indication product brand value enhancement—Taking Pizhou Ginkgo as an example

Effects of sampling time and location on the geographical origin traceability of protected geographical indication (PGI) Hongyuan yak milk: Based on stable isotope ratios

Hongyuan yak milk is a protected geographical indication (PGI) product of rich nutritional value, which is popular among consumers. Stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) is an effective way to protect the authenticity of the geographical origin of PGI products, and it is crucial to study the factors affecting stable isotopes. Firstly, we proved that the SIRA could be used to identify the geographical origin of Hongyuan yak milk, and that the identification accuracy in combination with δ13C and δ18O was 100 %. Secondly, we analyzed the effect of sampling selection on the stable isotopes of Hongyuan yak milk in practical applications, which showed that sampling time influenced the δ13C, δ2H, and δ18O, while the sampling locations did not. There were interactions between the effect of sampling time and location on δ2H and δ18O. These results provide a reliable method for identifying PGI products and also provide new guidance on sampling models.

Origin traceability of Cordyceps sinensis based on trace elements and stable isotope fingerprints

Cordyceps sinensis is a kind of valuable Chinese herbal medicine, and its quality and price depend on the place of origin. Building a traceability system for Cordyceps sinensis products is an effective way to protect Cordyceps sinensis geographical indication products and consumers. In this study, concentrations of 45 trace elements and stable C, N, and Pb isotopes were used to distinguish Cordyceps sinensis samples from different habitats and different varieties (natural and artificial). The results showed that there were significant differences in the isotope compositions of N and Pb and trace elements contents in the Cordyceps sinensis samples from different sources. Stepwise discriminant analysis was used to select effective traceability indicators, and three discriminant models were successfully established. A combination of Co, Sr, Cu, Tl, and Zr indexes was selected to distinguish the naturally grown samples from the artificially cultivated ones, with an overall cross-validation correctness rate of 90.0 %; while a combination of As, Cu, Rb, Tl, W, and Zr indexes was adopted to distinguish the naturally grown samples from different regions, with a corresponding 100.0 % overall cross-validation correctness rate. To simultaneously distinguish samples between natural and artificial and between different regions, a combination of As, Cu, Rb, Tl, U, W, and δ15N indexes was employed, with an overall cross-validation correctness rate of 89.3 %.

Tracing the geographical origin of endangered fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, especially from Nagqu, using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (OS), known as “soft gold”, played an important role in local economic development. OS from different producing areas was difficult to be discriminated by the appearance. Nagqu OS, a distinguished and safeguarded geographical indication product, commands a premium price in market. The real claim of OS geographical origins is urgently required. Here, 81 OS samples were collected from Tibetan Plateau in China to explore markers for tracing origins. OS from Xigazê can be distinguished by dark color of head of caterpillar. Then 57 samples, a fully representative training-sample set, were used to set up OPLS-DA models by nontargeted metabolomics from UPLC-QTOF-MS. Certain markers were successfully identified and validation using 21 blind test samples confirmed that the markers can trace the geographical origin of OS, especially Nagqu samples. It was affirmed that UPLC-QTOF-MS-based untargeted metabolomics coupled with OPLS-DA was a reliable strategy to trace the geographical origins of OS.

Enhancing Geographical Indications Product Protection: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and India

Indonesia boasts abundant natural resources, yet its registered Geographical Indication products remain limited compared to India. Despite its strategic geographical location and diverse offerings, many Indonesian Geographical Indication products lack registration and protection. This research conducts a legal comparison of Geographical Indication product protection between Indonesia and India. Utilizing a normative juridical approach and qualitative analysis of secondary legal materials, the study examines Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications in Indonesia and The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 in India. The findings reveal that Indonesia lacks a time limit for protection, unlike India, which grants ten renewable years of protection with more stringent sanctions. Considering India's approach, Indonesia should tailor its protection timeframe and penalties to its unique context for optimal results.

Geographical Indications and Sustainable Viticulture: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives

Wine production faces numerous sustainability challenges. The backbone of European wine regulations is the framework for Geographical Indications (GIs), which is currently being reformed as part of the EU’s Farm-to-Fork Agenda. An important aspect of the reform is to strengthen the sustainability performance of GIs by allowing the integration of “sustainability undertakings” in GI product specifications. Our paper evaluates this policy approach based on the assessments of stakeholders from the German wine region Franconia and the Italian region of South Tyrol. We use a mixed-methods approach, combining semi-structured interviews and a quantitative survey among wine producers. We interpret our findings through the analytical lens of Elinor Ostrom’s Design Principles for the sustainable governance of common-pool resources. Our results show that localized “bottom—up” regulation in the framework of GIs corresponds to many practical and theoretical demands regarding sustainability governance. However, GIs seem to address certain sustainability aspects better than others. Sustainability undertakings in GIs should also avoid adding administrative burden to the already quite rigid GI regime and must be sufficiently inclusive and gradual. Overall, sustainability undertakings in GIs can only be considered as part of a broader policy mix.

Marketing of Muntok White Pepper as a Certified Geographical Indication Product (Legal, Economic and Business Perspective)

Abundant and diverse natural resources are an extraordinary gift for the Indonesian people. From the perspective of intellectual property rights, the product in question can be legally protected as a geographical indication, such as pepper in the Bangka Belitung Islands under the name Muntok White Pepper. One of the purposes of using a product as a geographical indication is for the price of the product to be high, or at least stable, and controlled by the manufacturer. In fact, this was not the case with Muntok White Pepper. This research was conducted empirically with an economic and business approach, aiming to study the marketing of Muntok White Pepper after being certified or registered as a geographical indication. Based on the results of the research, there are obligations that must be carried out by applicants as rights holders after a product is registered as a geographical indication, namely maintaining a reputation so that the product remains of high value. It's just that, the marketing that has been done so far has not been enough to control prices. Based on marketing management science, it can be done using several marketing strategies that are commonly used in marketing management. One strategy that can be used is market segmentation, namely dividing the market into smaller groups based on the same characteristics, such as age, gender, or product preference.

Do Geographical Indication Products Promote the Growth of the Agricultural Economy? An Empirical Study Based on Meta-Analysis

Do geographical indication products help facilitate the development of the agricultural economy? This problem is a point of controversy in the field of global agricultural intellectual property. For a long time, there have been different viewpoints on this problem; that is, there is a positive correlation, negative correlation, U-shape correlation, or no correlation between the geographical indication products and the development of the agricultural economy in the context of different studies. To clarify the influence mechanism between the two and explain why there are these disputes, this study used the meta-analysis method to statistically reanalyze 405 observation values provided in 64 independent research samples from the context of different regions around the world. The study results show that geographical indications not only generate more economic benefits than ordinary products but also contribute to the growth of the agricultural economy by effectively promoting the development of agricultural product trade and the enhancement of agricultural product price. There exists a low positive correlation between the geographical indication products and the agricultural economy (r = 0.176, 95% CI = [0.126, 0.225]). In addition, the promotion effect of geographical indication products on the agricultural economy is regulated by the country of origin of the samples, sample level, publication journal, data type, data acquisition approach, and research method. Our research findings further revealed the internal relationship mechanism between the geographical indication products and the agricultural economy and lay a foundation for better protecting and developing geographical indication products.

Rhizoactinobacteria Enhance Growth and Antioxidant Activity in Thai Jasmine Rice (Oryza sativa) KDML105 Seedlings under Salt Stress.

Salinity is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses hampering the growth and production of rice. Nine indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing salt-tolerant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (ST-PGPR) were inoculated into Thai jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) seedlings grown under different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM). The ST-PGPR strains significantly promoted the growth parameters, chlorophyll content, nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), antioxidant activity, and proline accumulation in the seedlings under both normal and saline conditions compared to the respective controls. The K+/Na+ ratio of the inoculated seedlings was much higher than that of the controls, indicating greater salt tolerance. The most salt-tolerant and IAA-producing strain, Sinomonas sp. ORF15-23, yielded the highest values for all the parameters, particularly at 50 mM NaCl. The percentage increases in these parameters relative to the controls ranged from >90% to 306%. Therefore, Sinomonas sp. ORF15-23 was considered a promising ST-PGPR to be developed as a bioinoculant for enhancing the growth, salt tolerance, and aroma of KDML105 rice in salt-affected areas. Environmentally friendly technologies such as ST-PGPR bioinoculants could also support the sustainability of KDML105 geographical indication (GI) products. However, the efficiency of Sinomonas sp. ORF15-23 should be evaluated under field conditions for its effect on rice nutrient uptake and growth, including the 2AP level.

Identification of geographical indication protected Huangjiu by metabonomics combined with flavor reconstruction

With the increasing globalization of food trade, it is essential to determine the geographical origin of products quickly and effectively. In this study, we developed the identification methods for Shaoxing Huangjiu (yellow rice wine), a protected geographical indication product of Chinese Huangjiu. A method to identify the geographical origin of such products is proposed. The identification models of Huangjiu from different origins were constructed based on untargeted metabolomics combined with stoichiometry, and the similarities and differences of Huangjiu from different origins were evaluated. The results showed that 53 flavor substances were the origin markers of Shaoxing Huangjiu. There are significant differences among 19 flavor substances in Huangjiu from different sources. Heptanoic acid, guaiacol, phenol and 2-acetylpyrrole are the unique volatile substances in Shaoxing Huangjiu. The application of the research results will be of great significance to maintain the stability of Huangjiu geographical indication protection product market.

Application of GC-IMS coupled with chemometric analysis for the classification and authentication of geographical indication agricultural products and food.

Geographical indications (GI) are used to protect the brand value of agricultural products, foodstuffs, and wine and promote the sustainable development of the agricultural and food industries. Despite the necessity for the traceability and recognition of GI product characteristics, no rapid, non-destructive approaches currently exist to identify, classify, and predict these properties. The application of gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) has increased exponentially due to instrument robustness and simplicity. This paper provided a detailed overview of recent GC-IMS applications in China for the quality evaluation of GI products and food, including agricultural products, as well as traditional Chinese food and liquor. The general workflow of GC-IMS coupled with chemometric analysis is presented, including sample collection, model construction and interpretation, and data acquisition, processing, and fusion. Several conclusions are drawn to increase partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model precision, a chemometric technique frequently combined with GC-IMS.