Geographic Race Research Articles

Do Glycogen Content and Thermal Preference in Worker Bees Vary Depending on Geographical Origin? A Comparison of Carniolan Honeybees, Central European Honeybees and Caucasian Honeybees

Among the honeybee subspecies, Polish beekeepers most commonly rear three of them, i.e., Apis mellifera carnica, A. m. mellifera and A. m. caucasica. They differ in morphological and physiological features. Our goal was to find a linkage between their thermal behaviour and body glycogen content that could be decisive for their wintering perspective. We compared the temperature preference and body glycogen concentration in six honeybee groups of three subspecies obtained from hives in two seasons, on 12 May 2021 (summer bees) and on 20 September 2020 (autumn bees preparing for wintering). In the Carniolan and Central European honeybees, the glycogen content in worker bodies was higher in autumn bees preparing for wintering than in summer bees. The Caucasian honeybee deviated from this pattern. The choice of ambient temperature by a given subspecies depended neither on the season nor the geographical race.

Феногеногеография популяций сосны обыкновенной Якутии и Приамурья

Abstract. To preserve biological diversity, it is necessary to determine the genetic structure of species populations, because this gives the most complete picture of the manifestation of polymorphism and makes it possible to detect genetically and phenotypically distinct subspecies. The information obtained will help determine the optimal habitat and protection conditions for endangered and farmed species. The purpose of research is to conduct an allozyme analysis of 10 populations of P. sylvestris L. 2 of the physiographic countries of Yakutia and the Amur region. Results. An allozyme analysis revealed less polymorphism and the most drastic differentiation of the Amur region populations (at the level of geographic race) from Yakutia populations, subdivided from each other at the level of geographical populations. Significant differences are shown between the populations of Yakutia and Amur Region according to the distances of Mahalanobis, calculated according to 19 signs of cones. A positive linear relationship was obtained between the distances of Mahalanobis (D2) and the genetic distances of Ney (DN78) (R2 = 0.4159). Scientific novelty. A dominant role in the origin of the Yakut populations of P. sylvestris of three Siberian group-gradual fellings (GGF) - Tynda, Romanovka, Irkutsk and a decrease in the genetic similarity of the GGF as they move away from Yakutia were found.

Assessment of diastase levels in different floral honey from Oromia region, Ethiopia

Diastase is an enzyme that is found naturally in honey and degrades over time, especially when exposed to heat. Diastase can be used to indicate the age and exposure of honey to heat. However, they play a very significant role in honey quality. This study aimed to assess the diastase levels of different floral honey in potential areas of the Oromia region. In this study diastase activity, free acidity, and pH contents of different floral kinds of honey of potential areas in the Oromia region of Ethiopia were investigated based on the IHC- 2009- method. The honey pollen spectra were also characterized. When compared to other flora honey collected from the study area, the diastase activity of Erica arborea honey revealed significantly different (p < 0.05). It ranged from 4.61 ± 1.50 to 12.75 ± 4.78 Schade unit. The results of the pH value and free acidity analyses test demonstrated that the honey samples used in this investigation were fresh which ranged from 3.22 ± 0.13 to 4.17 ± 0.97 and 22.43 ± 6.37 to 35.10 ± 10.51 meq/kg honey, respectively. Honey bees’ geographical race, location and harvesting time affected diastase activities. However, it was not possible to identify the real factor influencing its diastase activities which needs further study at different agroecologies for different floral kinds of honey of the country.

Geographies of Dirty Water: Landscape-Scale Inequities in Coastal Access in Rhode Island.

Across the United States, development, gentrification, and water quality degradation have altered our access to the coasts, redistributing the benefits from those spaces. Building on prior coastal and green space access research, we examined different populations' relative travel distances to all public coastal access and to public marine swimming beaches across the state of Rhode Island, by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomics. Next, we assessed relative travel distances to high quality public coastal amenities, i.e., sites with no history of water quality impairment. We used three state-level policy attributes to identify sites with the best water quality: Clean Water Act Section 303(d) impaired waters, shellfishing restrictions, and bacterial beach closure histories. Our analysis revealed statewide disparities in access to Rhode Island's public coastal amenities. With robust socioeconomic and geographic controls, race and ethnicity remained strongly correlated to travel distance. Higher proportions of Black and Latinx populations in census block groups were associated with longer travel distances to public access, in particular to public coastal sites with better water quality and to public swimming beaches. This translates to added costs on each trip for areas with higher Black and Latinx populations.

Revision of Taiwanese and Ryukyuan species of Eleganesia Alencar & Azevedo, 2018 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae)

The pristocerine genus Eleganesia Alencar & Azevedo et al., 2018 consists of a total of 20 valid extant species recorded from the Oriental and Palaearctic regions and one fossil species. Four of them, namely E. chitouensis, E. liukueiensis, E. meifuiae, and E. takasago, have been recorded from Taiwan, and three species, namely E. daikoku, E. elegans, and E. otohime, from the Ryukyus of Japan. In the present study, the species-level classification of Taiwanese and Ryukyuan species of Eleganesia is revised using newly collected specimens, by a combination of examining the external and male genital morphologies and molecular phylogenetic analyses. In conclusion, seven species are recognized from Taiwan and the Ryukyus. A Ryukyuan morphospecies that is previously considered as a geographic race of E. elegans is confirmed to be an independent species, and is described as E. kijimuna sp. nov.. Additionally, a new species, E. paiwan sp. nov. is described from Taiwan. On the other hand, E. daikoku is synonymized under E. chitouensis by external and male genital morphology. Furthermore, the conspecific combination of the male and female was newly confirmed for E. takasago by our field observation (a copulating male and female pair was collected) and molecular phylogenetic analyses.

Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Selected Housekeeping- and Pathogenicity-Related Genes in Venturia inaequalis.

The relationship between housekeeping and pathogenicity-related genes and virulence or avirulence towards the primary Malus resistance genes (R) has not been previously studied for Venturia inaequalis fungus, the causal agent of apple scab. In this study, the sequences of two housekeeping genes encoding elongation factor alpha (EF-1α) and β-tubulin and two previously unstudied effector genes of V. inaequalis from mannosidase and glucosidase families of 100 strains collected from apple cultivars with Rvi6, Rvi1, and Rvi17 and without known scab resistance genes were submitted to the analyses. Based on the phylogenetic and diversity data, as well as recombination analyses of the sequenced regions, we assessed the phylogenetic relationships and genetic structure of the pathogen within the species and the evolutionary forces that are currently acting upon this microorganism. The topology of the obtained phylograms demonstrates the lack of a relationship between the phylogenetic position of the strain and the host cultivar and the geographical origin or race of the strain. The isolates from different hosts were differentiated but did not form diagnosable, distinct phylogenetic groups. These results suggest that the analyzed genes may be too conserved to reflect the adaptation of pathogens to apple genotypes with different R genes; thus, they do not adequately reflect race discrimination. In contrast, based on variation and gene flow estimation, genetic divergence was observed among strains virulent to apple trees containing Rvi6. The results of this study confirmed a lack of free recombination between strains and demonstrated that the analyzed regions are in linkage disequilibrium and contain non-random polymorphisms associated with the strain.

A Call for the Conceptual Integration of Opportunity Structures Within School Safety Research

Few studies explicitly examine how opportunity structures impact school safety, school climate, or bullying. This article applies school-centered ecological theory as a heuristic conceptual framework that links opportunity structures and school safety. Historically, opportunity structures identified how institutional characteristics such as labor conditions, combined with factors such as geographic location, gender, race, religion, nationality, ethnicity, and family background, influence the opportunities open to individuals and shape patterns of entering the labor market. In education, the concept has been used when describing systemic racism in educational inequality. Examples are drawn from several bodies of research that have strong implications for future study of these issues. These areas include research on communities and families, creating positive school cultures and climates, and different types of educator bias that restrict opportunities and result in less safe environments. The authors suggest new research that combines school safety, opportunity, and social justice-oriented school reform. Impact Statement Opportunity gaps based on social injustice often overlap with school safety concerns. Yet most school safety studies and interventions focus on individuals or interpersonal relationships and not on structurally changing opportunity or safety gaps. This article calls for new research, intervention, and policy approaches that jointly address opportunity and school safety gaps. Examples include research on (a) school-community opportunity and safety gaps, (b) low resourced schools’ opportunity and safety gaps, and (c) racially biased classroom interactions that decrease opportunity and increase safety gaps.

Abstract PO-023: The Virginia Living Well Research and Registry: A community registry to assess cancer screening and lifestyle behaviors among rural Virginia residents

Abstract Background: Rural counties in Virginia have significantly higher overall cancer mortality compared to the state. Virginia is one of a few states that has both breast and colorectal cancer hotspots, driven primarily by mortality rates among African Americans. The Virginia Living Well Research and Registry (VALW), a community registry, was developed in collaboration with community partners to collect critical patient reported outcomes, including cancer protective and risk behaviors that can be tracked longitudinally. We assessed participation in cancer screening and five cancer protective behaviors, with comparison by geographical residence and race. Method: In-person and electronic recruitment by community-based staff enrolled adults (18+ years) living in Virginia, focusing on predominantly rural counties. Surveys were completed in-person, by phone or online. Questions included cancer screening (breast, cervical, colorectal), five cancer protective behaviors (physical activity, sleep, alcohol, BMI, smoking status) and demographics. Rural residence was defined using RUCC codes and calculated from mailing addresses. Results: To date, 586 participants are enrolled; 74% are rural (RUCC 4-9), 47% are Black/African American and 70% identify as female. Rural residents reported significantly lower household income (Χ2=25[1]:p< .000), greater use of Medicare (Χ2=4.5[1]:p=.034) and lower (pre-COVID) unemployment (Χ2=7.1[1]:p=.008) compared to urban participants. White participants reported significantly more alcohol use (Χ2=5.6[1]:p=.003), greater sleep disturbance (Χ2=5.6[1]:p=.018) and lower BMI(Χ2=33.4[1]:p<.000) compared to Black participants. Screening rates among those eligible were 82% biennial mammography, 72.3% pap (every 3yr.), 11% annual FIT tests and 77% colonoscopy. 18% reported current tobacco use. No differences in cancer screening, smoking or physical activity were identified by race or rural residence. Only 26% engaged in 4/5 or 5/5 of the assessed cancer protective behaviors. Conclusion: In this geographically and racially diverse sample, engagement in cancer screening was high with no identified racial or geographical disparities, reflecting in part, our long-term community engagement and strong community partnerships. Overall engagement in multiple cancer protective behaviors was low, while tobacco use was higher than the national rate. In addition to screening promotion, cancer prevention efforts in rural communities could leverage successful approaches used to promote screening to also address modifiable lifestyle factors. Finally, the geographical and racial diversity of this sample is strength. Citation Format: Maria D. Thomson, A. Williams, M.A. Preston, A.L. Sutton, V.B. Sheppard. The Virginia Living Well Research and Registry: A community registry to assess cancer screening and lifestyle behaviors among rural Virginia residents [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-023.

Validating the relationships: which species of Myotis “nattereri” group (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) actually inhabits the Caucasus

Abstract Due to their conservative morphology, the complexity of the taxonomic composition of the Myotis “nattereri” species complex was highly underestimated until recently. In recent studies, the form inhabiting the Caucasus region was allocated to the species Myotis tschuliensis. However, no molecular data was available from its type territory in Turkmenistan. We successfully isolated DNA from two paratypes of M. tschuliensis stored in the Zoological museum of Moscow State University and obtained partial sequences of the mitochondrial gene ND1. The analysis of the DNA showed that the specimens from the Caucasus and Turkmenistan undoubtedly belong to the same genetic lineage. However, morphometric analysis of cranial and dental features showed that the Caucasus and Turkmenistan populations differ from each other approximately to the same extent as M. tschuliensis from M. nattereri. It is possible that there is a still undescribed geographical race in the Caucasus. However, final clarification of the taxonomic status of this population requires more extensive studies, both genetic and morphological.

Contexts for Family Talk about Racism: Historical, Dyadic, and Geographic

ABSTRACT Scholars studying ethnic-racial socialization often call for research with larger and more representative samples to permit comparison of the behaviors of members of various ethnic-racial subgroups. Moreover, research has highlighted the value of examining contextual variables that may influence ethnic-racial socialization behaviors. With a backdrop of the racially charged 2016 United States (U.S.) presidential election campaign, national survey data from White, Black, and Hispanic parents of children ages 6 to 17 were merged with geographic race data. Findings reveal that characteristics of parents (including partisanship) and children (especially age), as well as dyadic characteristics of the parent–child (e.g., general talk frequency and campaign-related talk) and of the geographic context (i.e., county racial composition) affect the frequency of parent–child racism talk. Many predictors vary in their importance by parent ethnicity-race. For instance, White parents talk about racism less, and Black parents more, when Whites numerically dominate the county in which they reside.

P0141KIDNEY BIOPSY INDICATIONS AND OUTCOMES: SEVEN YEARS EXPERIENCE OF A SINGLE CENTRE IN SRI LANKA

Abstract Background and Aims Histopathological analysis of renal biopsy is the cornerstone of diagnosis in renal disease and guides treatment and prognosis. The prevalence of various renal diseases varies according to the geographical area, socioeconomic condition, race, age, demography and indication of renal biopsy. Method A retrospective study of all native and transplant kidney biopsies performed at the renal unit of Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Sri Lanka, between 1st October 2012 and 30th September 2019. Samples were processed for light microscopy in all cases, with immunofluorescence in most cases. Results 771 biopsies were analyzed. Majority of biopsies 514 (67%) were male patients. Most biopsies (n= 345, 45%) were in 40 – 59yr age group, followed by 267 (35%) 20–39yr, 117 (15%) 60–69yr, 12 (1%) >70yrs, 30 (4%) 12–19yr age groups. Maximum age was 84 years. In 35 cases, tissue were inadequate. 547 (71%) were native biopsies and 224 (29%) were graft biopsies. Among transplants, majority was for an indication (n=146, 66%) followed by time-zeroes (n=59, 26%) and protocols (n=19, 9%). Rising creatinine (81%) was the strongest reason for transplant biopsies, next proteinuria (10%) and delayed graft function (7%). Time zeroes: majority were normal, few ATN, 1 chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, and 1 hypertensive glomerulosclerosis. Grafts revealed, acute antibody-mediated rejection 41 (18%) with acute cell-mediated rejection 27 (12%), (total rejections n=68, 30%) followed by normal histology 48 (21%), acute tubular necrosis 43 (19%), chronic allograft nephropathy 23 (10%), BKV nephropathy 5 (2%), and 18% other etiologies: CNI-toxicity (n=4), hypertensive glomerulosclerosis (n=3), diabetic nephropathy (n=2), thrombotic microangiopathy (n=2), FSGS (n=2), MPGN (n=1), vasculitis (n=2), PTLD (n=1), cast nephropathy (n=1), and granulomatous interstitial nephritis (n=1). The most common indication for native biopsy was nephrotic syndrome 209 (38%), followed by non-proteinuric CKD 105 (19%), unexplained renal failure 77 (14%), sub-nephrotic proteinuria 102 (18%), nephritic syndrome 54 (9%). Primary glomerulonephritis (GN) was the commonest 291 (53%). Commonest lesion amidst primary GN was IgA nephropathy 90 (16%), followed by FSGS 63 (12%), CGN 27 (4%), minimal change 36 (6%), MPGN 32 (5%), membranous 6 (1%), DPGN 22 (4%), mesangiocapillary GN 3 (0.5%) and post-streptococcal GN 11 (2%). In the secondary forms of GN, SLE was the commonest 39 (7%), next diabetic nephropathy 29 (5%), amyloidosis 2 (0.3%). Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis 92 (16%) was the second common, with 42 (7%) CINAC – chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities. Other etiologies: acute tubulointerstitial nephritis 14 (2.5%), hypertensive glomerulosclerosis 12 (2%), thrombotic microangiopathy 6 (1%), ischemic nephropathy 9 (1%), end stage disease 6 (1%), inconclusive 13 (2%). 5 cast nephropathy due to multiple myeloma, 1 monoclonal deposition disease due to lambda chain deposition, 1 sarcoidosis, 1 cholesterol embolism. Conclusion Female: male ratio 1:2 with commonest age group being 40 – 59yrs. Strongest indication for transplant biopsy was rising creatinine. Acute rejection was the most frequent finding in grafts, with normal histology being the next, probably due to high number of time zeroes and protocols performed in our centre. Biopsy proven BKV nephropathy was 2% (n=5). Nephrotic range proteinuria was the commonest native biopsy indication, with non-proteinuric CKD being the second. Primary GN was the commonest finding with IgA nephropathy scoring the highest. This does not coincide with global data, which shows FSGS to be the leading cause. The second common histology was FSGS, and primary CTIN was third. The prevalence of biopsy-proven GN varies due to a wide array of factors and different studies have shown different leading patterns.

Abstract 470: Understanding the Distribution of CPR Training in Pennsylvania High Schools

Introduction: Bystander CPR may increase out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates. Incorporating CPR education into high school curricula is an efficient way to teach a large number of individuals CPR. Pennsylvania, unlike most states, does not require CPR training prior to graduation, and the prevalence of school training programs is not known. Objective: The goal of this study was to describe the distribution and characteristics of CPR training practices in high schools across Pennsylvania. Methods: As part of an ongoing public health project, we developed and administered a 7-question survey designed to determine if school districts offer CPR training programs, and if so, query key details about those programs. Using the Pennsylvania Education Names and Addresses database, we compiled contact information for all Pennsylvania school districts. Student researchers then contacted district personnel by telephone or email to administered the survey. Survey results were tabulated and summarized, and basic comparative statistics were calculated using Stata (ver. 15). Geographic patterns were assessed using QGIS (ver. 3.0.1) To understand the role of race and economics in availability of CPR training, our analyses incorporated census data on median income, race and ethnicity. Results: Between July 2018 and May 2019, we attempted to contact all 500 school districts in Pennsylvania, 494 of which were determined to have high schools within the district. We received survey responses from 446 (90%) school districts. Of those, 255 (57%) offered some form of CPR education and 141 (32%) of those programs were mandatory. Of the 255 districts that offered programs, 157 (62%) programs certified students as CPR providers. School districts that have CPR training have a median household income on average $4906 higher than school districts without CPR training. Clusters of districts with and without training were observed, however these clusters did not correlate with state geographic divisions, white race or Hispanic ethnicity. Conclusion: In Pennsylvania, where CPR training is not mandatory in high schools, at least half of all schools have training programs. Factors determining program adoption are unclear.

Селекционно-генетический анализ лиственниц сибирской и Сукачева, интродуцированных в Москву и Подмосковье

The question of taxonomic status of Sukachev’s larch is still not understood to a full degree. There are arguments both in favor of separation of Siberian and Sukachev’s larches into individual species, and in favor of association them into the one. The issues of great importance are the works on the introduction of larch trees in the center of the European part of Russia in order to increase the resource potential of forests in this region. The study of variability of Siberian and Sukachev’s larches in the new climatic conditions, which take place during the introduction, can give interesting results important not only for discussion of their taxonomic rank, but for practical purposes of introduction. The paper presents comparative analysis of Siberian and Sukachev’s larches according to their individual variability of morphological characteristics and molecular genetic analysis. The studies were carried out in the conditions of introduction in Moscow (Main Botanical Garden named after N.V. Tsitsin) and Moscow region (Ivanteevskiy Arboretum). The morphological features of cones, needles and seeds were studied: length and width of cones, number of scales in them, length of needles, length and width of seeds. The arithmetic mean values of characters, the error of the arithmetic mean values of characters and the coefficient of variation were counted. On the basis of the obtained results, significant differences in morphological characteristics of cones, seeds and needles are established, which gives reasons to distinguish Sukachev’s larch as a geographical race; a subspecies of Siberian larch.For citation: Bryntsev V.A., Lavrenov M.A. Genetic Selection Analysis of Siberian and Sukachev’s Larches Introduced in Moscow and Moscow Region. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 4, pp. 9–21. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.4.9

DETECTION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS GENOME IN ORAL CAVITY SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA SAMPLES OF RUSSIAN PATIENTS

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OC-SCC) is the most common and aggressive malignancy of the oral cavity. Recent studies have revealed infections with human papilloma virus (HPV) as an additional risk factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma development, while distinguished role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) remains still uncertain. However, the evidence for association between virus infection and risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma is controversially and varies significantly by geographic regions and race. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the prevalence of HPV and EBV in OC-SCC samples of Russian patients from Moscow region. We investigated fresh-frozen tumor tissue fragments obtained from 11 patients with OC-SCC. DNA was extracted and the viral genome was examined by quantitative PCR assays with highrisk type-specific HPV and EBV specific markers followed by sequencing-based analysis. No HPV infection in analyzed OC-SCC samples was observed, while EBV was identified in 70.0% (7/10) of patients. Further based on Q-PCR amplification of the EBV targets including BamHI-W, EBNA1 and C-terminal fragment of LMP1 gene, EBV infection and measurement of virus load in the tumor samples was assessed. Sequencing LMP1-positive products revealed that the most samples (5/6) contained variants LMP1 with Cao deletion characterized by an increased transforming potential. These data suggest that prevalence of EBV infections is common and may influence cancer development, although detected LMP1 variants of EBV are not necessarily associated with the pathogenesis of OC-SCC. Further studies are necessary to determine the potential role of EBV and its possible importance as an infection factor in OC-SCC.

A Motivational Profile of Nurses Pursuing Doctoral Education

Background: Presently, less than 1% of the nursing workforce possesses a doctoral degree. Characteristics of nurses who seek doctoral education are poorly understood. This research describes the motivational orientation and factors of Registered Nurses (RN’s) pursuing doctoral education. Methods: A descriptive correlational design was utilized to examine concepts relating to the motivational orientation of Registered Nurses (RN’s) pursuing doctoral education. Participants included (1) RN’s seeking the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD); and (2) RN’s pursuing the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP). A total of 178 RN’s comprised the final sample. Results: Results of the study indicated that participants self-identified with the motivational orientation of intrinsic motivation-to know, a self-determined motivational orientation. Positive correlates included geographical locale, age and race. Conclusion: The innate benefits perceived by RN’s as reflected in the intrinsically motivated orientation provides insight into potential innovative strategies to recruit and retain RN’s seeking doctoral degrees.

State Border vs Culture: International Legal Examination

This essay examines whether or not foreign cultural practices in one particular country, can be considered as an infringement of state border. Legal arguments, is certainly not sufficient to explore this issue. Various reasons to be employed in order to reach the conclusion; cultural practices are not incompatible with the principle of state sovereignty. Cultural practices cannot be limited in certain or fixed space. Culture always follows who advocates and practices it. Globalization makes culture no more bound to geographical area, race and religion.

Genogeography of Pinus sylvestris L. populations in the Greater Caucasus and Crimea

Allozyme analysis of 18 Pinus sylvestris L. populations from seven landscape-geographic groups has been performed in the Greater Caucasus, Crimea, and Russian Plain. The results show that populations of the Mt. Elbrus region (isolated by high mountain ridges) are characterized by lower polymorphism and most distinct differentiation (at the level of geographic race) from other populations, which are differentiated from each other at the level of geographic groups. Genetic gradients (boundaries) between populations reach a maximum on transects across the Greater Caucasus Range, and Transcaucasian populations are more similar to populations of the Russian Plain, compared to North Caucasian populations, which confirms the hypothesis of ancestral connections between their gene pools.

Phylogeography and demographic history of Siberian rubythroat Luscinia calliope

Phylogeographic analysis on the basis of individual marker variability provides insight into the history and mechanisms of the range formation of widely distributed species. A preliminary study of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene in Siberian rubythroat Luscinia calliope revealed the existence of three well-differentiated haplogroups, including one western and two eastern haplogroups. Continuing the study of the genetic markers of the species, we found that, in western part of the range, represented by the nominative geographic race, there were almost exclusively haplotypes of western group. In eastern populations of Khabarovsk krai, Chukotka, Kamchatka, and Sakhalin, haplotypes of all groups are mixed in different proportions. At the same time, the populations of Hokkaido and Iturup islands are exclusively represented by individuals with eastern haplotypes. Comparison of the identified nuclear copies of mitochondrial genes and construction of the phylogenetic network of haplotypes on the basis of cloned and initial sequences showed that two groups of eastern haplotypes (one of which geographically corresponded to L. c. anadyrensis and L. c. camtschatkensis and the second corresponded to L. c. sachalinensis) originated from nuclear pseudogenes of L. c. calliope through intergenomic recombination. In this regard, we propose a new hypothesis for the establishment of the modern range of this species, according to which the Siberian rubythroat dispersal from South Siberia occurred in two stages. At first, the species expanded its range to the northeast in the direction of the Kolyma and Koryak uplands. During the settling of these areas of northeastern Asia, a recombination between the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA took place, which led to the forming of a new haplotype, which was widespread in the emerging breeding populations. Birds with recombinant haplotypes populated the territories of Chukotka and Kamchatka, and then gradually occupied the Kuril Islands and, eventually, reached Hokkaido. At the next stage, Siberian rubythroat, probably, appeared in Sakhalin Island during spring migration, where some individuals stopped for breeding. Settling of the island was accompanied by similar intergenomic recombination and rapid fixation of a new recombinant haplotype with its subsequent spread across Sakhalin. The insular way of dispersal is completely repeated by modern migrants.

Enzyme activity, amino acid profiles and hydroxymethylfurfural content in Ethiopian monofloral honey.

The enzymes activity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and amino acids in honeys are relatively low. However, they play very significant role for honey quality. In this study, enzymes, amino acids and HMF contents of Ethiopian monofloral honeys were investigated. Diastase, invertase and HMF were analyzed based on the Harmonized International Honey Commission method and amino acids using amino acids analyzer (HPLC). Diastase activity ranged from 3.91±0.730 (Schefflera abyssinica) to 13.6±2.30 [Becium grandiflorum (L: Lalibella)]; invertase 36.5±1.93 (Leucas abyssinica) to 4.85±2.36 (Schefflera abyssinica); and HMF 0±0 (Hypoestes and Leucas abyssinica) to 3.37±1.73 (Croton macrostachyus). Significant variations were observed among Schefflera abyssinica honeys in diastase content, despite being from the same botanical origin. Significant variations were also observed among Becium grandiflorum honeys in invertase and diastase contents. Bees' geographical race and location affected enzymes activities. Lower level of enzymes could be an intrinsic characteristic of Ethiopian honey. Thus, enzymes activity alone cannot be a worthwhile indicator of quality for Ethiopian honey; besides diastase and invertase activity, the quality control of Ethiopian honeys should be supported by HMF parameters.

THE DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN BEHAVIOR WHEN CHOOSING BEAUTY CARE COURSES

INTRODUCTION:The goal of this paper is to define the socioeconomic profile of woman and to determine the key drivers of a female behavior when selecting one of the beauty courses (massage, cosmetics, make -up, hair-styling and manicure-pedicure). The findings help professional beauty schools and private beauty institutes to create a new marketing perspective. Based on the results of this article, public or private schools can better understand the consumer behavior and they can create a new marketing strategy by linking company value to consumer needs. In the past, beauty had different meanings, trends, standards, all these depending on geographic region, culture, education, age, race and style. Today, the globalization offers to young people the possibility of creating their own style in terms of make-up, skin treatment or hair style, all empowered by the available technology of every beauty salon. (Miller, 2006)According to the U SA Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of specialists in beauty centers or beauty salons will increase with 14 percent by 2022. The employment rate will increase and the jobs in beauty industry in 2022 will jump by over 40 percent as compared to 2012.In this context, recent studies show that nowadays beauty and wellness services are no longer considered a luxury but a need. In order to prepare specialists in wellness and beauty industry there are two types of courses: unrecognized training courses (they are not recognized by the industry and students do not receive a diploma - this type of courses are organized in beauty salons or in small beauty institutes) and organized training courses where students receive official certification/diploma and where the beauty institute operates like a school.On wellness market, there are a lot of public and private beauty schools and training programs, wellness concepts, therapist trainings which include new and specific techniques in beauty and wellness industry. To have success, the specialists should follow business management programs, beauty services marketing and customer communication programs. (KPMG, 2007; SRI International, 2010)Based on this assessment of the business and educational environment, this study aims to give a clear and realistic picture on how women make decision to follow a beauty program. Based on obtained results, specific beauty companies can implement marketing strategies to offer courses with an improved quality of teaching and help women with advices.LITERATURE REVIEW:THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEAUTY INDUSTRY:Wellness industry includes spas, complementary and alternative medicine, healthy diet/nutrition, preventive behavior, medical tourism, wellness tourism, workplace wellness, fitness industry, beauty & anti-aging industry. The last segment is one of the most important and largest segments of wellness industry. The entire industry refers to health, relaxation and the mental health of consumers, which increase the quality of life and develop a well-being feeling for the people who use these services. (SRI International, 2010; Cohen & Bodker, 2008)In 2010, at Global Spa Summit conference, beauty and anti -aging market was estimated to generate revenues of $679.1 billion. For the next period, beauty industry and the employment rate in this industry are expected to grow. In future, the new opportunities will appear as more people believe that beauty ritual is an escape from the daily routine (SRI International, 2010; Steers et al. 2010).In 2016, American Massage Therapy Association estimates a growth with an average rate of 3.6 percent in comparison with 2015. The development of beauty and wellness industry determines the increase of demand for professional specific courses. In 2015 in United Stated were between 300 and 350 accredited massage therapy schools and programs, the employment rate increased to 19 percent from since 2011 and continues to increase with an average rate of 3. …