Population Mobility Research Articles

Population mobility : spatial spillover effect of government health expenditure in China

ABSTRACT Background Since the 20th century, pursuing Universal Health Coverage (UHC) has emerged as an important developmental objective in numerous countries and across the global health community. With the intricate ramifications of population mobility (PM), the government faces a mounting imperative to judiciously deploy health expenditure to realise UHC effectively. Objective This study aimed to construct a comprehensive UHC index for China, assess the spatial effects of Government Health Expenditure (GHE) on UHC, and explore the moderating effects of PM on this association. Method A Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model (DSDM) was employed to investigate the influence of the GHE on UHC. Therefore, we tested the moderating effect of PM. Results In the short-term, the GHE negatively impacted local UHC. However, it enhanced the UHC in neighbouring regions. Over the long term, GHE improved local UHC but decreased UHC in neighbouring regions. In the short-term, when the PM exceeded 1.42, the GHE increased the local UHC. Over the long term, when the PM exceeded 1.107, the GHE impeded local UHC. If the PM exceeded 0.91 in the long term, the GHE promoted UHC in neighbouring regions. The results of this study offer a partial explanation of GHE decisions and behaviours. Conclusions To enhance UHC, a viable strategy involves augmenting vertical transfer payments from the central government to local governments. Local governments should institute healthcare systems tailored to the urban scale and developmental stages, with due consideration for PM. Optimising the information disclosure mechanism is also a worthwhile endeavour.

Developing an integrated clinical decision support system for the early identification and management of kidney disease—building cross-sectoral partnerships

BackgroundThe burden of chronic conditions is growing in Australia with people in remote areas experiencing high rates of disease, especially kidney disease. Health care in remote areas of the Northern Territory (NT) is complicated by a mobile population, high staff turnover, poor communication between health services and complex comorbid health conditions requiring multidisciplinary care.AimThis paper aims to describe the collaborative process between research, government and non-government health services to develop an integrated clinical decision support system to improve patient care.MethodsBuilding on established partnerships in the government and Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Service (ACCHS) sectors, we developed a novel digital clinical decision support system for people at risk of developing kidney disease (due to hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease) or with kidney disease. A cross-organisational and multidisciplinary Steering Committee has overseen the design, development and implementation stages. Further, the system’s design and functionality were strongly informed by experts (Clinical Reference Group and Technical Working Group), health service providers, and end-user feedback through a formative evaluation.ResultsWe established data sharing agreements with 11 ACCHS to link patient level data with 56 government primary health services and six hospitals. Electronic Health Record (EHR) data, based on agreed criteria, is automatically and securely transferred from 15 existing EHR platforms. Through clinician-determined algorithms, the system assists clinicians to diagnose, monitor and provide guideline-based care for individuals, as well as service-level risk stratification and alerts for clinically significant events.ConclusionDisconnected health services and separate EHRs result in information gaps and a health and safety risk, particularly for patients who access multiple health services. However, barriers to clinical data sharing between health services still exist. In this first phase, we report how robust partnerships and effective governance processes can overcome these barriers to support clinical decision making and contribute to holistic care.

The structural change and determinants of global carbon footprint network embodied in international migration: A social network analysis

The carbon footprint embodied in international population mobility has a complex spatial correlation, which exacerbates the difficulty of global climate governance. However, the features, changing trends, and determinants of the carbon footprint flow embodied in global population migration are poorly understood. This study employed social network analysis and the exponential random graph model (ERGM) to investigate the structural changes and drivers of the carbon footprint network embodied in global migration from 1995 to 2015. The results showed that approximately 50% of carbon footprint flow embodied in international migration flowed from developing to developed countries. The spatial connections between countries in the network were becoming increasingly close, displaying a typical small-world structure, and showing low reciprocity and negative assortativity. Moreover, centrality analysis highlighted the United States and the European Union as being at the core of the network, whereas some emerging economies (e.g., China, India, and South Africa) were shown as having an increasing influence on the network. The determinants of network formation were divided into three effects. For node attribute effect, countries with developed economy, high proportion of industrial value added, urbanization and openness were becoming the destinations of carbon inflows from immigrants, while countries with high consumption of renewable energy and energy intensity had a trend of carbon outflows with emigrants over periods. As for exogenous network effect, the significance of economic integration on the formation of the network was strengthening, while that of geographical proximity and cultural similarity was declining. Additionally, the positive impact of self-organizational effect on the network was decreasing. This study provided guidance for countries to formulate policies to reduce the carbon emissions embodied in international migration.

Collecting behavioral evidence from a highly mobile and seasonal population: A protocol for a survey on quad bike injuries.

Quad bikes are popular recreational, four-wheeled bikes in the Middle East. Injury prevention programs targeting quad bike crashes in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) need evidence about the risk factors and behaviours associated with these crashes in the target population. This is a protocol for a study aiming to investigate quad bike rider behaviours and to assess the risk factors associated with related injuries in the UAE. This is a cross-sectional observational study aiming to describe a seasonal sport in a desert environment. With an estimated sample size of 451, the survey will follow a three-stage, location-based sampling strategy using the line-transect method. A sampling frame of desert locations with high injury incidences was developed, using Dubai ambulance injury records. Further expansion of the sampling frame was participatory, involving police, enthusiasts, emergency responders and gas station employees. The data collection will be limited to the winter months in fifteen high-injury desert locations across three major Emirates in the UAE. Trained researchers will observe the riders directly in the desert to note their riding habits, followed by a researcher-administered interview on riding and injury history. The interviews will be administered in Arabic and English using Qualtrics software on handheld tablets with offline and online entry mode. In addition, paper-based entry with the same format will be used as a contingency in busy quad bike locations. The objective of this study protocol is to develop a comprehensive survey that will furnish substantial evidence for the formulation of effective injury prevention strategies. To enhance the credibility of the recorded riding behaviors, field observations will be employed. The uniqueness of this study lies in its innovative sampling strategy, custom-tailored to accommodate the highly mobile and transient population of desert bikers in the UAE.

A Brief Introduction to the Problem of Difficult Enrollment in China's Compulsory Education: Current Situation, Causes and Measures

In today's society, more parents tend to pay more attention to the situation of children receiving compulsory education, so the problem of compulsory education is becoming more and more prominent. After a series of comparative analysis of data and fact research, this paper found that the difficulty of enrollment can be divided into enrollment difficulty and entrance difficulty, and the reasons can be divided into the implementation of enrollment policies, the current situation of population mobility, parents' educational expectations and other factors. To alleviate this social situation, various subjects as the government, schools, parents and children could make changes, in order to let children have better compulsory education conditions and correct learning environment. For example, the government should focus on narrowing the gap between private and public schools, developing more reasonable talent training programs and enrollment methods, schools should implement the policies the government carries out, reduce unhealthy competition, and parents and students should focus on learning themselves rather than blindly chasing external conditions.

Great Expectation in Shadow: Globalization and Young Chinese Entrepreneurs in Africa

Abstract As China’s economic power continues to globalize, more and more Chinese companies and people are going overseas to explore new opportunities. In contrast to the existing research that focuses on the overseas operations of Chinese companies or general immigration phenomena, this study focuses on an emerging group of young entrepreneurs in Africa. Based on three exemplary case studies, this paper attempts to explore these young people’s reasons for going to Africa, their strategies for coping with difficulties, and their gradually formed new lifestyles and self-awareness. The study finds that this group has a stronger “entrepreneurial spirit” than the domestic mobile population of the same age, which is also in the context of individualization, and thus shows a different process of individualization. The members of this group came to Africa with high expectations, used creative solutions to solve various problems in work and life, and dared to break traditions, building their life trajectories and self-understanding in continuous actions. Different from the previous immigrant groups, young entrepreneurs in Africa represent a new way for Chinese people to go out in the world in the era of globalization.

A statistical analysis of COVID-19 mortality dynamics: Unraveling the interplay between vaccination trends, socioeconomic factors, and government interventions in Brazilian states

The main challenges in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil included socioeconomic inequality among different states and the lack of consensus on the measures implemented to contain and prevent the pandemic. This study analyzes the dynamics of COVID-19-related deaths in Brazilian states associated with the evolution of vaccination trends, socioeconomic factors, and government interventions through population mobility. By applying time series clustering techniques and regression modeling, the insights obtained show the commonalities and differences among the 27 Brazilian states and how the different vaccination temporal patterns, socioeconomic factors, and mobility rates correlated to the evolution of COVID-19 deaths.

Collaborative Governance in Management of the JakLingko Program (Case Study on Public Transportation Management in DKI Jakarta)

High population density and mobility in Jakarta have triggered persistent traffic congestion. The impacts are not only on time and cost but also on deteriorating air quality. Government efforts to provide alternative public transportation have not been fully effective, due to low public interest caused by inadequate facilities and limited accessibility. The solution is evident in the JakLingko Program, an initiative that integrates the public transportation system. To ensure the success of this program, the Jakarta Transportation Agency collaborates with public transportation modes and relevant businesses. Through this synergy, it is expected that public interest in using public transportation will increase, reducing the use of private vehicles, thereby alleviating traffic congestion and improving air quality in Jakarta. This research employs the collaborative governance model proposed by Ansell and Gash, encompassing four dimensions: initial conditions, institutional design, facilitative leadership, and collaboration processes. The research methodology is qualitative-descriptive. The research results indicate that collaborative governance in managing the JakLingko Program in Jakarta is fairly optimal, but not yet fully so.

A Systematic Literature Review on Population Density and Mobility

Urbanization relies on population growth and mobility in urban areas. Population density is measured by the number of people in a certain area, while mobility refers to the movement from one location to another. This paper, reports a comprehensive systematic literature review (SLR) guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement on the subject area related to population density and mobility. This review covers various published literature, spanning from 2012 to 2023. The purpose is to examine in detail the hot topic and the research gap on population density and mobility. This review found that urban is a common topic discussed with population density and mobility as urban is a big portfolio that involves urban planning, transportation, and real estate. Population density and mobility will be actively discussed when there is an epidemic.

The educational predicament of migrant children: Understanding it from the concept of citizenship

In China, the restrictions on population mobility imposed by the hukou (‘household registration’) system are in contradiction with the demand for increased population mobility in the context of economic production. The phenomenon of migrant children arises out of this contradiction, as they move between the place of household registration and the place of residence, unable to enjoy full citizenship rights and facing multiple dilemmas. Therefore, using the concept of citizenship, this article attempts to explore the interaction between the awakening of citizenship, government laws and responses and citizenship rights in terms of the right to education, so as to provide a foundational perspective for the study of the educational dilemmas of migrant children. Citizenship in China is influenced by a combination of China’s historical background, Confucian culture and the socialist ideology of the Communist Party of China, and it is firmly linked to the hukou system, possessing differentiated characteristics. The special meaning of citizenship in Chinese society and the differentiated stratification caused by the urban–rural dichotomy are the root causes of the inequality in education for migrant children, and the differentiated stratification and the awakening of civic consciousness further promote population mobility.

Regional Pattern of Representation for Cultural Heritage of the Holy Defense (Iran-Iraq War): Spatial Configuration of Axial Museum in Regional Scale by Rahian-Noor’s Population Mobility in Ahvaz-Arvand Axis in Iran

Regional Pattern of Representation for Cultural Heritage of the Holy Defense (Iran-Iraq War): Spatial Configuration of Axial Museum in Regional Scale by Rahian-Noor’s Population Mobility in Ahvaz-Arvand Axis in Iran

Patient delay of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Yantai, China, 2013 to 2022: Analysis of a case series.

Patient delay increases the morbidity and mortality due to tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to assess patient delay among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Yantai from 2013 to 2022, and to analyze factors related to patient delay. Data of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Yantai City from 2013 to 2022 were obtained from the Tuberculosis Management Information System of the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control System. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS.26.0 software. The trend in patient delay rate was tested using the chi-square trend test. Univariate analyses were performed using the chi-square test, and factors with statistically significant differences in the univariate analysis were included in the binary logistic regression analysis to identify the factors affecting patient delay. Patient delay was defined as an interval of more than 14 days between the onset of clinical symptoms and the patient first visit to a healthcare facility. From 2013 to 2022, the median delay time for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Yantai was 28 ± 52 days and the patient delay rate was 69.5%. There was an overall increasing trend in the rate of patient delay as the number of years increased. Univariate analyses revealed statistically significant differences in patient delay in terms of age, occupation, patient source, domicile, pathogenetic results, and the presence of comorbidities (all P < .05). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the age was 20 to 39, 40 to 59, and ≥ 60 years (OR = 1.365, 95%CI: 1.156-1.612; OR = 1.978, 95%CI: 1.660-2.356; OR = 1.767, 95%CI: 1.480-2.110), occupation was domestic and un-employed (OR = 1.188, 95%CI: 1.071-1.317), domicile as mobile population (OR = 1.212, 95%CI: 1.099-1.337), and positive pathogenic results (OR = 1.242, 95%CI: 1.015-1.520) were risk factors for patient delay. Patient delays were serious among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Yantai City, 2013 to 2022, and patient delay was related to factors such as age, occupation, domicile, patient source, and pathogenetic results.

Progress towards malaria elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion: perspectives from the World Health Organization

Malaria remains a global health challenge, disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities. Despite substantial progress, the emergence of anti-malarial drug resistance poses a constant threat. The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), which includes Cambodia, China’s Yunnan province, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam has been the epicentre for the emergence of resistance to successive generations of anti-malarial therapies. From the perspective of the World Health Organization (WHO), this article considers the collaborative efforts in the GMS, to contain Plasmodium falciparum artemisinin partial resistance and multi-drug resistance and to advance malaria elimination. The emergence of artemisinin partial resistance in the GMS necessitated urgent action and regional collaboration resulting in the Strategy for Malaria Elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion (2015–2030), advocating for accelerated malaria elimination interventions tailored to country needs, co-ordinated and supported by the WHO Mekong malaria elimination programme. The strategy has delivered substantial reductions in malaria across all GMS countries, with a 77% reduction in malaria cases and a 97% reduction in malaria deaths across the GMS between 2012 and 2022. Notably, China was certified malaria-free by WHO in 2021. Countries' ownership and accountability have been pivotal, with each GMS country outlining its priorities in strategic and annual work plans. The development of strong networks for anti-malarial drug resistance surveillance and epidemiological surveillance was essential. Harmonization of policies and guidelines enhanced collaboration, ensuring that activities were driven by evidence. Challenges persist, particularly in Myanmar, where security concerns have limited recent progress, though an intensification and acceleration plan aims to regain momentum. Barriers to implementation can slow progress and continuing innovation is needed. Accessing mobile and migrant populations is key to addressing remaining transmission foci, requiring effective cross-border collaboration. In conclusion, the GMS has made significant progress towards malaria elimination, particularly in the east where several countries are close to P. falciparum elimination. New and persisting challenges require sustained efforts and continued close collaboration. The GMS countries have repeatedly risen to every obstacle presented, and now is the time to re-double efforts and achieve the 2030 goal of malaria elimination for the region.

Mobility analysis of Wonogiri chicken noodle and meatball seller in Kartasura, Sukoharjo

The rate of population growth in Central Java every year has increased, if the number of jobs and wages is not in accordance with the number of residents it is not comparable it will have bad consequences such as unemployment, poverty to crime. The unmet needs made the people of Wonogiri conduct population mobility to Kartasura by working as traders. Therefore, this research has a goal to: 1) Analyzing the pull factors and push factors (pull-push factors) that influence the intentions of mobility actors who work as sellers of chicken noodle traders and Wonogiri meatballs in Kartasura District. 2) Analyzing circular mobility performed by respondents. The method used in this study is the Snowball Sampling method. The results obtained from the research are as follows; 1) The research results are in line with Everett S Lee’s theory; The driving factor for mobility is that there are more unfulfilled necessities of life in the place of origin compared to the place of destination. There are 4 variables of unfulfilled living needs: Low availability of jobs, low regional income, lack of transportation facilities, minimal consumers. Meanwhile, there are only 3 unmet needs, such as the cost of living which is quite expensive, the physical environment and the social environment. So the respondents chose to move to Kartasura as a destination. 2) The mobility of the respondents was spread from 11 sub-districts out of 25 sub-districts in Wonogiri, with a high number coming from the Girimarto sub-district (25%). The type of mobility carried out by the respondents was staying/lodging with the frequency of returning home dominated once a month by using private vehicles 75% in the form of motorbikes & cars and 25% using public transportation in the form of buses.

Quantum harmonic oscillator model for simulation of intercity population mobility

Quantum harmonic oscillator model for simulation of intercity population mobility

Understanding neighborhood income segregation around the clock using mobile phone ambient population data

This study examines the temporal changes in income segregation within the ambient population around the clock using mobile phone big data. It employs ordinal entropy, a metric suited for measuring segregation among ordered groups, to quantify the level of segregation among eight income groups within micro-geographic units throughout the 24-h period on a weekday and a weekend day in the urban core of Guangzhou, China. The study further decomposes daily segregation by location and time profile. We identify urban functions and neighborhood contexts relevant for income segregation and explore their temporal variation. Using group-based trajectory analysis, we classify daily segregation trends among 400 m urban grids into seven distinct trajectories for both weekday and weekend. Our findings confirm that segregation fluctuates constantly. The role of local urban functions, particularly retail, accommodation, and offices, and neighborhood context, such as the number of residents and the share of non-local migrants, exhibits a significant temporal rhythm. The seemingly convoluted 24-h segregation time series among urban grids follow just a few distinct trajectories with clear geographical patterns. There is limited variability at individual grids both over the course of a day and across days. Shifts across different trajectory types between weekday and weekend are rare. The dynamic daily segregation in the ambient population per se may be an enduring characteristic of neighborhoods and a real-time channel for neighborhood contextual influences, potentially fueling long-term residential segregation and neighborhood change.

Decision-Making Algorithm with Geographic Mobility for Cognitive Radio.

The proposed novel algorithm named decision-making algorithm with geographic mobility (DMAGM) includes detailed analysis of decision-making for cognitive radio (CR) that considers a multivariable algorithm with geographic mobility (GM). Scarce research work considers the analysis of GM in depth, even though it plays a crucial role to improve communication performance. The DMAGM considerably reduces latency in order to accurately determine the best communication channels and includes GM analysis, which is not addressed in other algorithms found in the literature. The DMAGM was evaluated and validated by simulating a cognitive radio network that comprises a base station (BS), primary users (PUs), and CRs considering random arrivals and disappearance of mobile devices. The proposed algorithm exhibits better performance, through the reduction in latency and computational complexity, than other algorithms used for comparison using 200 channel tests per simulation. The DMAGM significantly reduces the decision-making process from 12.77% to 94.27% compared with ATDDiM, FAHP, AHP, and Dijkstra algorithms in terms of latency reduction. An improved version of the DMAGM is also proposed where feedback of the output is incorporated. This version is named feedback-decision-making algorithm with geographic mobility (FDMAGM), and it shows that a feedback system has the advantage of being able to continually adjust and adapt based on the feedback received. In addition, the feedback version helps to identify and correct problems, which can be beneficial in situations where the quality of communication is critical. Despite the fact that the FDMAGM may take longer than the DMAGM to calculate the best communication channel, constant feedback improves efficiency and effectiveness over time. Both the DMAGM and the FDMAGM improve performance in practical scenarios, the former in terms of latency and the latter in terms of accuracy and stability.

Justice for whom? A dynamic interpretation of Isaiah 51.1–8

This article offers an analysis of Isaiah 51.1–3, 4–6, 7–8. These units contain multiple similarities that emphasize the fundamental tension between the units, primarily regarding the nature of divine tidings and the identity of their beneficiaries. The first part of the article demonstrates the unique content and design of each unit through a literary analysis; however, since the reading process constantly reveals new content, the underlying tension is further intensified in the second part of the article, which leads to the conclusion that the units are deliberately ambiguous and multivalent. The multifaceted content facilitates an understanding of the units, and Deutero-Isaiah as a whole. The article demonstrates that the dynamic literary-rhetorical design and its interpretive consequences reflect the existence of various groups (which serve as the ‘rhetorical situation’ of these units), the prospective connections between these groups, and their potential for social, geographical, and ethnic mobility.

Malaria elimination and the need for intensive inter-country cooperation: a critical evaluation of regional technical co-operation in Southern Africa

BackgroundMalaria elimination requires closely co-ordinated action between neighbouring countries. In Southern Africa several countries have reduced malaria to low levels, but the goal of elimination has eluded them thus far. The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) Malaria Elimination Eight (E8) initiative was established in 2009 between Angola, Botswana, Eswatini, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe to coordinate malaria interventions aiming to eliminate malaria by 2030. Cross-border coordination is important in malaria elimination settings as it strengthens surveillance, joint planning and implementation, knowledge exchange and optimal use of resources. This paper describes how this collaboration is realized in practice, its achievements and challenges, and its significance for malaria elimination prospects.MethodsThe ministers of health of the E8 countries oversee an intergovernmental technical committee supported by specialist working groups consisting of technical personnel from member countries and partner institutions. These technical working groups are responsible for malaria elimination initiatives in key focus areas such as surveillance, vector control, diagnosis, case management, behaviour change and applied research. The technical working groups have initiated and guided several collaborative projects which lay essential groundwork for malaria elimination.ResultsThe E8 collaboration has yielded achievements in the following key areas. (1) Establishment and evaluation of malaria border health posts to improve malaria services in border areas and reduce malaria among resident and, mobile and migrant populations. (2) The development of a regional malaria microscopy slide bank providing materials for diagnostic training and proficiency testing. (3) A facility for regional external competency assessment and training of malaria microscopy trainers in collaboration with the World Health Organization. (4) Entomology fellowships that improved capacity in entomological surveillance; an indoor residual spraying (IRS) training of trainers’ scheme to enhance the quality of this core intervention in the region. (5) Capacity development for regional malaria parasite genomic surveillance. (6) A mechanism for early detection of malaria outbreak through near real time reporting and a quarterly bulletins of malaria incidence in border districts.ConclusionsThe E8 technical working groups system embodies inter-country collaboration of malaria control and elimination activities. It facilitates sustained interaction between countries through a regional approach. The groundwork for elimination has been laid, but the challenge will be to maintain funding for collaboration at this level whilst reducing reliance on international donors and to build capacities necessary to prepare for malaria elimination.

The impact of public transportation on the transmission of COVID-19 in Rwanda.

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has placed a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan regions where healthcare resources are limited. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is facilitated by the movement of people from place to place. Therefore, implementing measures that restrict movement of people and contacts is crucial in controlling the spread of the disease. Following the identification of the first COVID-19 case in Rwanda, the government implemented stringent measures, including a complete nationwide lockdown, border closures, curfews, reduced capacity in public transportation and businesses, and mandatory testing. This study aims to assess epidemiological trends in COVID-19 cases in relation to changes in population mobility within the public transportation system. A descriptive analysis using publicly available data on COVID-19 epidemiological indicators (cases, deaths, vaccinations, and stringency index) and mobility data was conducted. The results reveal a strong correlation between mobility in public transportation and other activities, underscoring Rwanda's reliance on its public transportation system. The study also identifies a pattern where increases in transit station mobility preceded spikes in COVID-19 cases, suggesting that the subsequent rise in public transportation usage may contribute to higher infection rates. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of ongoing vigilance and regulatory measures regarding public transportation during infectious disease outbreaks.