Genus Terrimonas Research Articles

Isolation and characterization of a novel glycoside hydrolase positive bacterial strain named Terrimonas ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. with ginsenoside-converting activity.

A novel yellow-pigmented catalase- and oxidase-positive bacterial strain (designated NA20T) was isolated from wetland soil and characterized. Results of 16S rRNA and draft genome sequence analysis placed strain NA20T within the genus Terrimonas of the family Chitinophagaceae. Strain NA20T showed ≤97.1 % sequence similarity to members of the genus Terrimonas and the highest sequence similarity was found to Terrimonas lutea DYT (97.1%). The draft genome of strain NA20T had a total length of 7 144 125 base pairs. A total of 5659 genes were identified, of which 5613 were CDS and 46 RNA genes were assigned a putative function. Mining the genomes revealed the presence of 225 carbohydrate genes out of 1334 genes. Strain NA20T contained iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) as major fatty acids. The predominant quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown polar lipid and one unknown aminophospholipid. Additionally, the functional analysis of NA20T showed the conversion of protopanaxatriol-mix type major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rc and Rd) to minor ginsenosides F2 and weak conversion of Rh2 and C-K within 24 h. As a result, the genotypic, phenotypic and taxonomic analyses support the affiliation of NA20T within the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonas ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NA20T (=KACC 22218T=LMG 32198T).

Terrimonas soli sp. nov., isolated from farmland soil.

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium that produced yellow viscous colonies, designated FL-8T, was isolated from farmland soil in Chuzhou, Anhui province, PR China. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain FL-8T and the type strains of species of the genus Terrimonas with validly published names ranged from 94.6 to 96.1 %. Strain FL-8T contained iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the predominant fatty acids. The predominant polar lipid of strain FL-8T was phosphatidylethanolamine. The sole respiratory quinone of strain FL-8T was MK-7 and the DNA G+C content was 44.8 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain FL-8T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonassoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FL-8T (=CCTCC AB 2017059T=JCM 32095T).

Terrimonas terrae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of a tomato plant.

A yellow, aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and non-flagellated bacterial strain, designated T16R-129T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of a tomato plant collected at a farm located on Buyeo-gun of Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. Strain T16R-129T grew at 15-40 °C and pH 7.0-9.0, and did not require NaCl for growth. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain T16R-129T clustered with members of the genus Terrimonas, and it shared highest similarity with Terrimonas arctica R9-86T (96.1 %), Terrimonas pekingensis QHT (95.9 %), Terrimonas lutea DYT (94.9 %), Terrimonas crocea M1-33108T (95.4 %) and Terrimonas rhizosphaerae CR94T (95.3 %). The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G. The polar lipids of strain T16R-129T were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified aminophospholipids and five unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 46.0 mol%. On the basis of data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain T16R-129T represents a novel species in the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonas terrae sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is T16R-129T (=KACC 18787T=JCM 31603T).

Terrimonas suqianensis sp. nov., isolated from a tetrabromobisphenol A-contaminated soil.

Strain C3-5T, a Gram-negative, asporogenous, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from a tetrabromobisphenol A contaminated soil. Growth was observed at 10-37°C (optimum 30°C) and at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum pH 7.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain C3-5T is a member of the genus Terrimonas and exhibits high sequence similarities with Terrimonas pekingensis QHT (99.0%) and Terrimonas rhizosphaerae CR94T (97.3%), and exhibits low (<97%) sequence similarities with other known Terrimonas species. Chemotaxonomic analysis revealed that strain C3-5T possesses menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the major isoprenoid quinone and iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c) as the major (>5% of total) fatty acids. The polar lipids were determined to be a lipid, glycolipid, phospholipid, phosphoaminolipid and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content was found to be 42.6mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values with the closely related strains T. pekingensis QHT and T. rhizosphaerae CR94T were 25.2 and 48.5%, respectively. Based on phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data, strain C3-5T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonas suqianensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C3-5T (=CCTCC AB 2017042T=KCTC 52676T).

Terrimonas crocea sp. nov., isolated from the till of a high Arctic glacier.

A yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated M1-33108T, was isolated from the till of high Arctic glacier Midtre Lovénbreen near Ny-Ålesund, in the West Svalbard Archipelago, Norway. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain M1-33108T belonged to the genus Terrimonas and its closest neighbour was Terrimonas arctica R9-86T with 96.12 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Cells of strain M1-33108T were Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that lacked motility. Cells contained iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as its major cellular fatty acids and menaquinone-7 as the sole respiratory quinone. The polar lipid profile of strain M1-33108T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminophospholipids, eight unknown aminolipids, an unknown glycolipid and three unknown polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 45.0 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain M1-33108T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonas crocea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M1-33108T (=CCTCC AB 2016103T=KCTC 52448T).

Terrimonas rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from ginseng rhizosphere soil.

The novel isolate belonging to the genus Terrimonas, designated CR94T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of a ginseng field in Geumsan, Korea. Cells of strain CR94T were strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-filamentous single rods. Growth was observed at 10-37 °C (optimum 28 °C) and at pH 4.0-10.0 (optimum pH 6.0). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CR94T belonged to the genus Terrimonas, showing highest sequence similarity to Terrimonas lutea DYT (97.3 %), Terrimonas pekingensis QHT (97.1 %), Terrimonas aquatica RIB1-6T (95.6 %), Terrimonas rubra M-8T (94.7 %) and Terrimonas ferruginea ATCC 13524T (93.8 %). DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain CR94T and T. lutea KACC 13047T, T. pekingensis KACC 18795T, T. ferruginea KACC 11310T and T. aquatica LMG 24825T were 30.5, 28.9, 17.8 and 13.5 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content was 46.5 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The major cellular fatty acids of strain CR94T were iso-C15:1 G and iso-C15 : 0. On the basis of the polyphasic analysis, strain CR94T represents a novel species of the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonas rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CR94T (=KACC 17564T=NCAIM B 025317T).

Terrimonas aquatica sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater spring

A yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated RIB1-6(T), was isolated from a freshwater spring in Taiwan. Strain RIB1-6(T) was aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and non-spore-forming. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C, at pH 7-8 and with 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RIB1-6(T) belonged to the genus Terrimonas and its two closest neighbours were Terrimonas ferruginea ATCC 13524(T) and Terrimonas lutea DY(T) (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 97.4 % and 93.5 %, respectively). Strain RIB1-6(T) contained iso-C(15 : 0) (33.4 %), iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH (18.2 %), summed feature 3 (iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)ω7c; 14.7 %) and iso-C(15 : 1) (11.5 %) as the predominant fatty acids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content of strain RIB1-6(T) was 47.3&emsp14;mol%. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain RIB1-6(T) represents a novel species in the genus Terrimonas, for which the name Terrimonas aquatica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RIB1-6(T) (=BCRC 17941(T)=LMG 24825(T)).

Ferruginibacter alkalilentus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Ferruginibacter lapsinanis sp. nov., novel members of the family 'Chitinophagaceae' in the phylum Bacteroidetes, isolated from freshwater sediment

Six Gram-negative, non-gliding, rod-shaped bacterial strains isolated from freshwater sediment were subjected to polyphasic analyses to determine their taxonomic positions. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the six strains revealed that they represent two separate genomic species in a new lineage within the phylum Bacteroidetes, related to members of the family 'Chitinophagaceae', in which they were most closely related to members of the genus Terrimonas (93.4-90.5 %). Two of the isolates, HU1-GD23(T) and HU1-HG42(T), had a sequence similarity of 96.2 %, with DNA G+C contents of 39.4 and 38.5 mol%, respectively. They possessed MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone and contained high amounts of iso-pentadecanoic acid and 3-hydroxy-iso-heptadecanoic acid in their cell envelopes, properties shared by members of the family 'Chitinophagaceae'. They were well differentiated from other members of the family 'Chitinophagaceae' by additional physiological and biochemical characteristics. In conclusion, strains HU1-GD23(T) (=KCTC 22306(T)=LMG 24312(T)) and HU1-HG42(T) (=KCTC 22305(T)=LMG 24324(T)) are considered to represent two novel species of a novel genus, Ferruginibacter gen. nov., for which the names Ferruginibacter alkalilentus sp. nov. and Ferruginibacter lapsinanis sp. nov., are proposed, respectively.

Biodegradation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether by Enriched Bacterial Culture

Degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as a sole carbon and energy source was investigated utilizing an enriched bacterial consortium derived from an old environmental MTBE spill. This enriched culture grew on MTBE with concentration up to 500 mg/l, reducing the MTBE in medium to undetectable concentrations in 23 days. Traces of tert-butyl alcohol were detected during MTBE degradation. The degradation was not affected by additional cobalt ions, whereas low concentration of glucose enhanced the rate of degradation. The bacterial community consisted of numerous bacterial genera, the majority being members of the phylum Acidobacteria and genus Terrimonas. The alkane 1-monooxygenase (alk) gene was detected in this consortium. Our findings suggest that environmental degradation of MTBE proceeds along the previously proposed pathway.

Transfer of [Flexibacter] sancti, [Flexibacter] filiformis, [Flexibacter] japonensis and [Cytophaga] arvensicola to the genus Chitinophaga and description of Chitinophaga skermanii sp. nov.

Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of species currently assigned to the genus Flexibacter has shown extensive intrageneric phylogenetic heterogeneity. It has been shown in previous studies that the species [Flexibacter] sancti, [Flexibacter] filiformis and [Flexibacter] japonensis were most closely related to Chitinophaga pinensis. In addition, [Cytophaga] arvensicola and species of the genus Terrimonas also clustered into this phylogenetic group. Although the similarities of 16S rRNA gene sequences were low (88.5-96.4 %), there is no evidence for clear phenotypic differences between these organisms that justify assignment to different genera. A proposal is made to transfer these species to the genus Chitinophaga as Chitinophaga sancti comb. nov., Chitinophaga filiformis comb. nov., Chitinophaga japonenis comb. nov. and Chitinophaga arvensicola comb. nov. on the basis of phylogenetic and phenotypic data. Furthermore, a novel species is described within this genus, Chitinophaga skermanii sp. nov., with strain CC-SG1B(T) (=CCUG 52510(T)=CIP 109140(T)) as the type strain.