Genus Kineococcus Research Articles

Kineococcus vitellinus sp. nov., Kineococcus indalonis sp. nov. and Kineococcus siccus sp. nov., Isolated Nearby the Tabernas Desert (Almería, Spain)

Three novel Gram-positive, aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, motile, non-endospore-forming, orange-pigmented bacteria designated strains T13T, T90T and R8T were isolated from the Tabernas Desert biocrust (Almería, Spain). Cells of the three strains were coccus-shaped and occurred singly, in pairs or clusters. The three strains were oxidase-negative and catalase-positive, and showed a mesophilic, neutrophilic and non-halophilic metabolism. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, the closest neighbours of strains T13T, T90T and R8T were Kineococcus aurantiacus IFO 15268T, Kineococcus gypseus YIM 121300T and Kineococcus radiotolerans SRS 30216T (98.5%, 97.1% and 97.9% gene sequence similarity, respectively). The genomes were sequenced, and have been deposited in the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ databases under the accession numbers JAAALL000000000, JAAALM000000000 and JAAALN000000000, respectively, for strains T13T, T90T and R8T. The average nucleotide identity (ANIb) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values confirmed their adscription to three new species within the genus Kineococcus. The genomic G + C content of strains T13T, T90T and R8T ranged from 75.1% to 76.3%. The predominant fatty acid of all three strains was anteiso-C15:0. According to a polyphasic study, strains T13T, T90T and R8T are representatives of three new species in the genus Kineococcus, for which names Kineococcus vitellinus sp. nov. (type strain T13T = CECT 9936T = DSM 110024T), Kineococcus indalonis sp. nov. (type strain T90T = CECT 9938T = DSM 110026T) and Kineococcus siccus sp. nov. (type strain R8T = CECT 9937T = DSM 110025T) are proposed.

Description of Chloramphenicol Resistant Kineococcus rubinsiae sp. nov. Isolated From a Spacecraft Assembly Facility.

A Gram-positive, coccoid, motile, aerobic bacterium, designated strain B12T was isolated from a Jet Propulsion Laboratory spacecraft assembly cleanroom, Pasadena, CA, United States. Strain B12T was resistant to chloramphenicol (100 μg/mL), and is a relatively slow grower (3–5 days optimal). Strain B12T was found to grow optimally at 28 to 32°C, pH 7 to 8, and 0.5% NaCl. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis showed that the major fatty acid of the strain B12T was anteiso C15:0 (66.3%), which is also produced by other Kineococcus species. However, arachidonic acid (C20:4 ω6,9,12,16c) was present in strain B12T and Kineococcus glutinatus YIM 75677T but absent in all other Kineococcus species. 16S rRNA analysis revealed that strain B12T was 97.9% similar to Kineococcus radiotolerans and falls within the Kineococcus clade. Low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (<94%) with other genera in the family Kineosporiaceae, including Angustibacter (93%), Kineosporia (94% to 95%), Pseudokineococcus (93%), Quadrisphaera (93%), and Thalassiella (94%) demonstrated that the strain B12T does not belong to these genera. Phylogenetic analysis of the gyrB gene show that all known Kineococcus species exhibited <86% sequence similarity with B12T. Multi-locus sequence and whole genome sequence analyses confirmed that B12T clades with other Kineococcus species. Average nucleotide identity of strain B12T were 75–78% with other Kineococcus species, while values ranged from 72–75% with species from other genera within family Kineosporiaceae. Average amino-acid identities were 66–72% with other Kineococcus species, while they ranged from 50–58% with species from other genera. The dDDH comparison of strain B12T genome with members of genera Kineococcus showed 20–22% similarity, again demonstrating that B12T is distantly related to other members of the genus. Furthermore, analysis of whole proteome deduced from WGS places strain B12T in order Kineosporiales, confirming that strain B12T is a novel member of family Kineosporiaceae. Based on these analyses and other genome characteristics, strain B12T is assigned to a novel species within the genus Kineococcus, and the name Kineococcus rubinsiae sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is B12T (=FJII-L1-CM-PAB2T; NRRL B-65556T, DSM 110506T).

Kineococcus terrestris sp. nov. and Kineococcus aureolus sp. nov., isolated from saline sediment.

Two novel actinobacteria, designated YIM 121936T and YIM 121940T, were isolated from alkaline sediment in Yuanjiang, China. The cells of the novel strains were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming and coccus-shaped. The two strains both contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The whole-cell sugars were arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H2). The polar lipid profile of both strains comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, one unknown phosphoglycolipid and five unknown phospholipids. The predominant fatty acids of both strains were anteiso-C15 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains YIM 121936T and YIM 121940T were 74.7 and 75.2 %, respectively. Strain YIM 121936T was closely related to Kineococcus aurantiacus IFO 15268T (97.19 %), Kineococcus gypseus YIM 121300T (97.00 %) and Kineococcus mangrovi NBRC 110933T (97.00 %). Strain YIM 121940T was closely related to K. aurantiacus IFO 15268T (97.41 %), Kineococcus endophytica KLBMP 1274T (97.18 %), Kineococcus rhizosphaerae RP-B16T (97.09 %), Kineococcus radiotolerans SRS 30216T (97.09 %), K. gypseus YIM 121300T (97.00 %) and K. mangrovi NBRC 110933T (97.00 %). Strain YIM 121936T shared high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99 %) with YIM 121940T. Similarities of two strains with other species of the genus Kineococcus were <97 %. The DNA-DNA hybridization values were below 70 % among all the strains studied. YIM 121936T and YIM 121940T are representatives of two new species in the genus Kineococcus, for which names Kineococcus terreus sp. nov. (type strain YIM 121936T=KCTC 39738T=DSM 102155T) and Kineococcus aureolus sp. nov. (type strain YIM 121940T=KCTC 39739T=DSM 102158T) are proposed, respectively.

Kineococcus mangrovi sp. nov., isolated from mangrove sediment.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, motile, coccus-shaped actinobacterium, designated strain L2-1-L1T, was isolated from mangrove sediment in Thailand. The organism was deep orange, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. Growth occurred at temperatures between 17 and 32 °C and with NaCl concentrations up to 10 %. Chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain L2-1-L1T were typical of the genus Kineococcus. The diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. Whole-cell hydrolysates contained arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose. The menaquinone was MK-9(H2). Mycolic acids were not detected. Anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0 were detected as the major cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phosphoglycolipid. The G+C content of the DNA was 74.7 mol%. A phylogenetic tree, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that strain L2-1-L1T represents a novel member of the genus Kineococcus. The most closely related species were Kineococcus endophytica KLBMP 1274T, Kineococcus aurantiacus NBRC 15268T and Kineococcus rhizosphaerae RP-B16T, with 98.9, 98.6 and 98.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA relatedness data, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data, a novel species of the genus Kineococcus is proposed: Kineococcus magrovi sp. nov. The type strain is strain L2-1-L1T ( = BCC 75409T = NBRC 110933T).

Kineococcus gypseus sp. nov., isolated from saline sediment.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming coccus-shaped actinomycete, designated strain YIM 121300T, was isolated from alkaline sediment in Yuanjiang, Yunnan province, south-west China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain YIM 121300T was affiliated to the genus Kineococcus, and was closely related to Kineococcus aurantiacus IFO 15268T (97.3 % similarity). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to other species of the genus Kineococcus was < 97 %. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The whole-cell sugars contained arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H2). Mycolic acids were not detected. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and an unknown phospholipid. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 1 A. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 75.1 mol%. DNA–DNA relatedness (55 ± 4 % to K. aurantiacus IFO 15268T) and differential phenotypic data demonstrated that strain YIM 121300T was distinguished from all related species of the genus Kineococcus. On the basis of data from the present polyphasic study, the organism should be assigned to a novel species of the genus Kineococcus, for which the name Kineococcus gypseus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 121300T ( = CCTCC AA 2013232T = DSM 27627T).

Kineococcus endophytica sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from a coastal halophyte in Jiangsu, China

A novel Gram-positive, motile, non-spore-forming coccus-shaped bacterial strain, designated KLBMP 1274(T), was isolated from a halophytic plant (Limonium sinense) collected from the coastal region of Nantong, Jiangsu Province, in east China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain KLBMP 1274(T) belongs to the genus Kineococcus and is closely related to Kineococcus rhizosphaerae RP-B16(T) (98.72%), Kineococcus aurantiacus IFO 15268(T) (98.71%), Kineococcus radiotolerans SRS30216(T) (98.69%) and Kineococcus gynurae KKD096(T) (97.33%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to other species of the genus Kineococcus was <97%. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, with arabinose and galactose as the characteristic sugars. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H(2)). The polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, an unknown phospholipid, an unknown glycolipid, and three unknown lipids. Major cellular fatty acids were found to be anteiso-C(15: 0) and iso-C(14: 0). The chemotaxonomic data for strain KLBMP 1274(T) were typical of the genus Kineococcus. The total DNA G+C content was 73.4mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness and differential phenotypic data demonstrated that strain KLBMP 1274(T) was clearly distinguished from all closely related species of the genus Kineococcus. Thus, strain KLBMP 1274(T) represents a novel species of the genus Kineococcus, for which the name Kineococcus endophytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 1274(T) (=KCTC 19886 (T)=NBRC 108674(T)).

Kineococcus glutineturens sp. nov., isolated from soil in Yunnan, south-west China

An orange-coloured, non-spore-forming, motile and coccus-shaped actinobacterium, designated YIM 75677(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from a dry-hot river valley in Dongchuan county, Yunnan Province, south-west China and its taxonomic position was investigated. Growth of strain YIM 75677(T) occurred at 12-55 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and NaCl tolerance up to 2 % (w/v). Cells adhered to agar media and were agglutinated tightly together. The peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid. The whole-cell hydrolysates mainly contained glucose, galactose, mannose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9 (H(2)) and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C(15:0) and iso-C(15:0). Mycolic acids were not present. The DNA G+C content of strain YIM 75677(T) was 74.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons clearly revealed that strain YIM 75677(T) represents a novel member of the genus Kineococcus and is closely related to Kineococcus xinjiangensis S2-20(T) (level of similarity, 98.6 %). Meanwhile, the result of DNA-DNA hybridization between strain YIM 75677(T) and K. xinjiangensis S2-20(T) demonstrated that this isolate represented a different genomic species in the genus Kineococcus. On the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain YIM 75677(T) represents a novel species of the genus Kineococcus, for which the name Kineococcus glutineturens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 75677(T) (=CCTCC AA 209075(T) = JCM 18126(T)).

Pseudokineococcus lusitanus gen. nov., sp. nov., and reclassification of Kineococcus marinus Lee 2006 as Pseudokineococcus marinus comb. nov.

A Gram-reaction-positive, motile, coccus-shaped actinobacterium, designated strain T2A-S27(T), was isolated from a roof tile in Oporto (Portugal) and studied using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the novel isolate showed high similarity to that of Kineococcus marinus KST3-3(T) (97.8 % sequence similarity). Strain T2A-S27(T) showed lower 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with other members of the genus Kineococcus and members of the family Kineosporiaceae (<94 %). A phylogenetic tree, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain T2A-S27(T) formed a coherent clade with the type strain of K. marinus and Quadrisphaera granulorum. The isolate was characterized by the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, MK-9(H(2)) as the predominant menaquinone and a polar lipid profile consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The fatty acid profile was dominated by anteiso-C(15 : 0). The DNA G+C content was 76.9 mol%. The low level of DNA-DNA relatedness to K. marinus (46-47 %) and the results of the chemotaxonomic and physiological studies clearly distinguished strain T2A-S27(T) from recognized species of the genus Kineococcus. On the basis of its phylogenetic position and phenotypic traits, strain T2A-S27(T) ( = LMG 24148(T) = CECT 7306(T) = DSM 23768(T)) represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Kineosporiaceae, for which the name Pseudokineococcus lusitanus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The misclassified species K. marinus is transferred to the new genus as Pseudokineococcus marinus comb. nov. The type strain of Pseudokineococcus marinus is KST3-3(T) ( = KCCM 42250(T) = NRRL B-24439(T)).

Kineococcus rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil

An orange-coloured actinomycete, designated strain RP-B16T, was isolated from a rhizosphere soil. Cells of strain RP-B16T were strictly aerobic, Gram-positive-staining, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, motile cocci. A phylogenetic tree, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that members of the genus Kineococcus were divided into two independent clusters and that strain RP-B16T formed a coherent clade with the type strains of Kineococcus aurantiacus (99.5% sequence similarity) and Kineococcus radiotolerans (99.1%). Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain RP-B16T and Kineococcus marinus KST3-3T and 'Kineococcus tegulae' T2A-S27 were lower than 97.0%. Chemotaxonomic characteristics were typical of the genus Kineococcus in having meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, MK-9(H2) as the predominant menaquinone, a polar lipid profile comprising diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and two unknown phospholipids, anteiso-C15:0 as the predominant fatty acid and a DNA G+C content of 73.8 mol%. Strain RP-B16T showed levels of DNA-DNA relatedness of 34.6-37.3% to Kineococcus aurantiacus DSM 7487T and 31.2-32.7% to Kineococcus radiotolerans DSM 14245T. On the basis of phenotypic features and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain RP-B16T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Kineococcus, for which the name Kineococcus rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RP-B16T (=KCTC 19366T=DSM 19711T).

Kineococcus xinjiangensis sp. nov., isolated from desert sand

A brown-orange-pigmented, non-spore-forming, coccus-shaped actinomycete, designated S2-20(T), was isolated from desert sand from Xinjiang Province in China. The isolate stains Gram-positive, is motile and produces a brownish diffusible pigment. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain S2-20(T) was phylogenetically affiliated to the genus Kineococcus, and the sequence similarity to the type strains of Kineococcus species was less than 96 %, making it clear that strain S2-20(T) represents a species that is separate from recognized Kineococcus species. Its major fatty acid was anteiso-C(15 : 0). The major menaquinone was MK-9(H(2)). Whole-cell hydrolysates of strain S2-20(T) contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose. The DNA G+C content was 77.8 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain S2-20(T) should be classified within a novel species of the genus Kineococcus, for which the name Kineococcus xinjiangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S2-20(T) (=CCTCC AB 207179(T) =KCTC 19474(T)).

Kineococcus gynurae sp. nov., isolated from a Thai medicinal plant

A novel, Gram-positive, motile, coccus-shaped, orange-pigmented organism, designated strain KKD096(T), was isolated from the roots of a Thai medicinal plant, Gynura pseudochina DC. var. hispida Thwaites. Growth of strain KKD096(T) occurred at temperatures of 14-34 degrees C, at pH 5.0-9.0 and at NaCl concentrations up to 7 % (w/v). Whole-cell hydrolysates contained arabinose and galactose as the characteristic sugars. The diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The glycan moiety of the murein contained acetyl residues. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H2); mycolic acids were not detected. The genomic DNA G+C content was 73.3 mol%. The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C(15 : 0) (81.42 % of the total). Strain KKD096(T) was assigned to the genus Kineococcus on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis; it was most closely related to Kineococcus radiotolerans DSM 14245(T) (97.1 % similarity). DNA-DNA hybridization revealed 39.4 % relatedness between these two taxa. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data presented, strain KKD096(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Kineococcus, for which the name Kineococcus gynurae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KKD096(T) (=TISTR 1856(T)=NRRL B-24568(T)=BCC 26245(T)=NBRC 103943(T)).

Kineococcus marinus sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment of the coast of Jeju, Korea

A novel marine actinomycete, designated strain KST3-3(T), which was isolated from a sediment sample of the coast of Jeju, Korea, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterization. The organism was characterized morphologically by the formation of motile, coccoid cells. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed that the organism was related to the genera Kineosporia and Kineococcus, and members of the suborder Frankineae, and occupied the deepest branch outside a taxon encompassing members of the genus Kineococcus. The organism showed relatively low levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to members of the genera Kineococcus (93.0-93.4 %) and Kineosporia (93.1-93.8 %). The morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, albeit with a slightly higher level of sequence similarity to members of the genus Kineosporia, supported its classification within the genus Kineococcus. On the basis of the polyphasic data presented, it was evident that the organism should be assigned to a novel species of the genus Kineococcus, for which the name Kineococcus marinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain KST3-3(T) (=KCCM 42250(T) = NRRL B-24439(T)).

Kineococcus radiotolerans sp. nov., a radiation-resistant, gram-positive bacterium.

A gram-type positive, motile, coccus-shaped organism was isolated from a radioactive work area. Strain SRS30216T is an orange-pigmented bacterium that is catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and urease-negative. The orange pigment is most likely a carotenoid with absorption peaks at approximately 444, 471 and 501 nm. Cells normally grew in clusters, but individual, motile, flagellated cells were also observed. Growth of strain SRS30216T occurred at temperatures between 11 and 41 degrees C, between pH 5 and 9 and at NaCl concentrations up to and including 5%. Fatty acid composition was limited, with >90% of the fatty acids being anteiso 15:0. Alkenes of 19-24 carbons in length were detected during examination of the neutral lipids. Strain SRS30216T demonstrated high levels of resistance to gamma-radiation and desiccation. The most closely related recognized species is Kineococcus aurantiacus RA 333T, which is 93% similar in 16S rDNA sequence. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed only 31% similarity between these two organisms. It is proposed that SRS30216T (= ATCC BAA-149T = DSM 14245T) represents the type strain of a novel species in the genus Kineococcus, Kineococcus radiotolerans sp. nov..