Genus Iris Research Articles

Редкие виды Iridaceae Juss. горы Гарагуш

The genus Iris Tourn. ex L. of the family Iridaceae Juss. there are 200 different species in the Northern Hemisphere. There are more than 30 species of this genus in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan, some of which are endemic to Azerbaijan or the Caucasus. All irises are decorative and used in ornamental gardening. Iris caucasica Stev. (Iris caucasica Hoffm.) and I. lycotis Woronow (Iris iberica subsp. lycotis (Woronow) Takht.) grows on rocky and grassy slopes of The Garagush Mountain. Iris caucasica Stev. is included in the Red Data Book of Nakhchivan AR as an important subcatagory of protection with the status of Lower Risk — LR (a — Conservation Dependent — CD). Iris lycotis Woronow has been to its activity and other abiotics factors, its range is reduced its biology is poorly studied and it is included as an endangered species in the Red Data Book of Nakhchivan AR with the status of Near Threatened — NT. Species included in this category should be enshrined in special protected areas and their biological characteristics should be studied.

Germination of Seeds of the Genus Iris Under Laboratory Conditions

Germination of Seeds of the Genus Iris Under Laboratory Conditions

An Overview of the Therapeutic Potential of Iris persica

The family Iridaceae contains 92 genera and more than 1800 species, mostly perennial herbs with underground storage organs called rhizomes (bulbs). Some genera are important in traditional medicines, especially Iris and Gladiolus. The genus Iris belongs to this family and comprises about hundreds of species among them, 12 species are found in Iraq. It has been widely used in various medicines worldwide especially Iris persica is used in folk medicine in the Kurdistan region of Iraq as an effective treatment of tumours, inflammation, and as antibacterial and antifungal agent. Earlier findings confirmed that Iris persica and its constituents play a role in the scavenging of free radical generation and prevention of disease pathogenesis. Each part of the Iris persica herb has some medicinal property. This review focuses mainly on the biological activities of the Iris persica and some of their compounds isolated, pharmacological actions of the Iris persica extracts and products, and plausible medicinal and therapeutically applications.

ANALYSIS OF FLAVONES C-GLYCOSIDES AND AND STEPWISE HYDROLYSIS OF THEIR ACETATES IN THE LEAVES OF RUBUS CHAMAEMORUS L.

The C-glycoside embinin and its mono- and diacetate derivatives have immunotropic and cardiotonic activity, which makes the search for plants that contain them interesting. Embinin and its acetate derivatives were previously isolated only from some plants of the genus Iris, the habitat and growing conditions of which are very different from those of the genus Rubus. As a result of the study, the structure of seven C-glycosides, embinin derivatives, isolated from the leaves of Rubus chamaemorus L. (Rosaceae) was established. Using HR-ESI-MS, HPLC-MS, as well as one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, the structure of three substances isolated in individual form was established: embinin (1) and its diacetyl derivatives – 2''',3'''-diacetylembinin (5) and 3''',4'''-diacetylembinin (7). The method of stepwise hydrolysis of C-glycoside acetate residues proposed in this study, followed by HPLC analysis of the resulting hydrolysis products, made it possible to establish the structure of minor flavone C-glycosides contained in the leaves of Rubus chamaemorus L.: 2'''-acetylembinin (2), 3'''-acetylembinin (3), 4'''-acetylembinin (4) and 2''',4'''-diacetylembinin (6). All these compounds were found in the leaves of Rubus chamaemorus L. for the first time. The C-glycosides - embinin and its acetate derivatives are rare metabolites of higher plants, the presence of which is determined by the peculiarity of their physiology, and the biological activity determines the prospects for medical use.

Meiotic behaviour and pollen fertility of F1, F2 and BC1 progenies of Iris dichotoma and I. domestica

Abstract Pollen characteristics are very important for Iris interspecific hybridisation. In this study, the pollen viability and male meiosis were studied in yellow-flowered Iris dichotoma (Y2), I. domestica (S3) and their hybrids F1, F2 and BC1 (BC1-Y and BC1-S). The BC1-Y hybrids showed higher pollen viability than that of F1, F2 and BC1-S hybrids, which were between I. dichotoma (26.1%) and I. domestica (35.1%). Two sterile hybrids, F2-1 and BC1-S-1, exhibited more meiotic abnormalities (57.3% and 58.7%) than other individuals. During the first meiotic division, a diffuse diplotene stage was observed for the first time in the genus Iris. The meiotic abnormalities included non-congressed chromosomes, chromosome bridges, lagging chromosomes, unequal division, abnormally oriented spindle fibres, nonsynchronous division and polyad, and resulted in reduced pollen fertility. The relatively high frequency of 2n pollen grains was found in hybrids of BC1-Y-2, BC1-Y-1, BC1-S-2, BC1-S-3 and BC1-S-4. Our research provides a new resource for meiotic behaviour and pollen fertility of the genus Iris.

Phytoremediation Potential of Iris spp.

Iris plants are widely cultivated flowering ornamentals, with a long history of traditional use in Eurasia, where this genus is reaching the highest diversity. This paper aims to provide an overview on recent advances related to the phytoremediation potential of plants from the genus Iris, in order to promote the use of these species in phytoremediation programs. According to the relevant literature, eight species from genus Iris present phytoremediation potential (I. dichotoma, I. germanica, I. halophila, I. lactea, I. latifolia, I. pseudacorus, I. sibirica, I. wilsonii). The studies addressed potential of plants to mitigate toxic metals/metalloids (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), excess of nutrients (P, N), pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals as well as dyes. Most studies focused on wastewater treatment and environments contaminated due to mining activities. Main hindrances in upscaling this green technology remain mitigation of toxicity stress in plants during remediation and the disposal of resulting contaminated biomass. In this sense, use of beneficial microorganisms to alleviate phytotoxicity effects and new valorization possibilities of contaminated Iris spp. biomass have been proposed recently. Designing an entire cycle that includes phytoremediation and sustainable value chains for contaminated biomass could prove feasible and should receive more attention.

‘Flower Angel’: A New Iris sanguinea Cultivar

The Iridaceae is a family of perennial, herbaceous, and bulbous plants that belong to the order Asparagales, taking their name from the genus Iris. There are more than 2000 species in this family (Peter and Manning, 2008). The genus Iris is the largest one of the family Iridaceae. There are about 300 species around the world and 60 species in China (Roguz et al., 2020). Irises are commonly used in landscaping because of their large, colorful, and showy flowers (Lian et al., 2016). Among Iris species, Iris

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the chloroplast genome of Iris lactea var. chinensis

Iris lactea var. chinensis is a well-regarded ornamental plant in the genus Iris (family Iridaceae). In this report, we present the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of I. lactea var. chinensis for the first time. The complete cp genome of I. lactea var. chinensis was assembled using high-throughput sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis was undertaken based on a dataset of coding regions. The cp genome of I. lactea var. chinensis measures 152,409 bp in length, with regions having two inverted copies (IR 26,026 bp), and separated by the large single copy (LSC 82,256 bp) and small single copy (SSC 18,101 bp) regions. The cp genome encodes 133 unique genes, including 87 different protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Based on a dataset of 69 chloroplast coding regions, the maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that Iris lactea var. chinensis clusters closely with Iris sanguinea. Thus, the complete chloroplast genome presented in this report may provide valuable genetic information not only for the future exploitation and utilization of this plant resource but also for further research investigating its relationship with other Iris species.

Morphobiochemical features of plant adaptation in the Northern forest-steppe of Western Siberia

The article presents the results of long-term research on the adaptive potential of plants of the genus Iris of the family Iridaceae in the Northern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. An assessment of the morphobiological features of irises was carried out, the timing of flowering and the amount of positive temperatures necessary for the onset of such phenological phases of development as regrowth, budding, flowering and fruiting were determined. The indicator role of phenolic compounds and peroxidase in iris leaves during seasonal development was revealed. The studied indicators can be used as an informative parameter for evaluating the state of plants for phyto-indication and introduction.

The genus Iris as a critical taxon in establishing an integrated approach to Italian plant biodiversity

The genus Iris as a critical taxon in establishing an integrated approach to Italian plant biodiversity

Анализ коллекции рода Iris (Iridaceae) Ботанического сада-института ДВО РАН (г. Владивосток)

The article provides brief information about the history of the introduction of representatives of the genus Iris, analyzes the composition of the introduced varieties included in the modern collection in the BGI FEB RAS, and which are at various stages of the introduction study. The current volume of the collection is 188 species andvarieties, of which 88 varieties are included in the I. hybrida hort. group, 30 varieties in Siberia, 33 varieties in the Japanese group, 15 varieties in the Species Hybrid group and 22 species and forms of local and foreign flora.

Appraisal of perspecivity of growing of decorative perennials of genusIrisL. for introduction

The results of morpho-biological observations and biochemical indicators of decorative rhizomes of the genus Iris L. of the Iridaceous family growing in the conditions of the Kuzbass Botanical Garden are represented in the article. It was established the species-specifity in the duration of vegetation period and in the level of antioxidants accumulation of in leaves of decorative redivives:I. aphylla > I. halophile > I. chrysographes > I. ruthenica > I. pseudacorus. According to the results of the integral appraisal, all species are perspective for use in green building. The revealed restructuring in the functioning of the antioxidant system of irises allow considering them as adaptive and protective reactions aimed at their survival and decorative qualities in the environment. The studied figures can be used as an informative parameter to assess the plants condition in the introduction.

Discussion of some taxonomy issues of species of the genus Iris L. based on biomorphological and karyological characteristics

A comparative analysis of ten taxa of the genus Iris was carried out based on biomorphological and karyological characteristics. The assessment of morphological variability structure allowed to identify taxonomic indicators common to the analyzed species and characterized by relatively low common and consistent variability: length and width of the outer perianth lobes, length and width of the inner perianth lobes, length of the stamen filament, anther and pistil, width of the fruit, as well as length and width of the seed. Based on the constructed phylogenetic relationships based on the identified taxonomic features, the studied species were grouped into conditional groups: 1. I. carthaliniae, I. halophila, I. spuria; 2. I. lactea; 3. I. pseudacorus, I. setosa; 4. I. sibirica, I. sanguinea; 5. I. graminea; 6. I. pumila, which is also consistent with chromosome numbers found by us in somatic tissue.

Assessing the Levels of Polymorphism and Differentiation in Iris pumila L. Populations Using Three Types of PCR Markers

The genetic polymorphism of Iris pumila L., a rare ornamental species involved in hybridization, was studied by PCR analysis using three types of primers: those based on microsatellite sequences (ISSR), MGE sequences (IRAP and iPBS), and abiotic stress response genes (LP-PCR). High levels of intraspecific and intrapopulation genetic polymorphism were revealed, which were comparable to those in other species of the Iris genus. The main indicators of genetic polymorphism of five I. pumila populations from the territory of Ukraine were the proportion of polymorphic loci (P) of 26.5–68.5%, the Shannon index (S) of 0.105–0.285, and genetic diversity (He) of 0.069–0.190. The dependence of the variability level on the population size was direct in the ISSR analysis and inverse according to the other two markers. The direct relationship between genetic and geographic distances between populations was found only using ISSR markers. The highest level of genetic polymorphism was detected by LP-PCR markers, while the population identification of all individual plants was possible only using ISSR markers. The tested system of PCR markers can be used to monitor the state of the gene pool and investigate the genetic structure of populations and migration processes.

Assessment of the quality of seeds formed in situ and ex situ as a mandatory element of maintaining seed banks of rare plants

The possibility of seed genetic banks creating is associated with the ability of many plants seeds (the so-called orthodox ones) to maintain germination ability for a long time, being in a dormant state. This opens up wide prospects for the formation of a reserve seeds fund of rare species that are threatened with extinction in natural communities. Botanical gardens in different countries of the world, including the Russian Federation, are working on the creation of such seed banks. To assess the quality of seeds in relation to agricultural crops, as well as natural flora species, radiography is used. It is this kind of non-damaging express assessment of the quality of seeds that turns out to be the most informative technique for seed material obtained in botanical gardens. The article presents the preliminary results of an X-ray study of the seeds quality of some Samara region rare plants - four species ofthe Iris genus - Iris aphylla L., I. halophila Pall., I. pumila L., I. sibirica L.

Оценка перспективности выращивания декоративных многолетников рода Iris L. для интродукции в условиях Кузбасского ботанического сада

В статье представлены результаты морфо-биологических наблюдений и биохимических показателей декоративных корневищных многолетников рода Iris L. семейства Iridaceae, произрастающих в условиях Кузбасского ботанического сада. Установлена видоспецифичность по продолжительности вегетации и уровню накопления антиоксидантов в листьях декоративных травянистых многолетников: I. aphylla>I. halophila>I. chrysographes>I. ruthenica>I. pseudacorus. Выявленные перестройки в функционировании антиоксидантной системы ирисов позволяют рассматривать их, как приспособительные и защитные реакции, направленные на их выживание и декоративные качества в окружающей среде. Исследуемые показатели можно использовать в качестве информативного параметра для оценки состояния растений в интродукции. Here we present the results of morphological and biological observations and biochemical parameters of decorative rhizome perennials of the genus Iris L. of the Iridaceae family, growing in the Kuzbass Botanical Garden. We assess the duration of the growing season in relation to particular species. We also estimate the level of antioxidants in the leaves of decorative herbaceous perennials: I. aphylla> I. halophila> I. chrysographis> I. ruthenica> I. pseudacorus. The revealed rearrangements in the functioning of the antioxidant system of irises make it possible to consider them as adaptive and protective reactions aimed at their survival and preservation of decorative qualities. The studied indicators can be used as an informative parameter for assessing plants' state in the introduction.

Genome Size Evolution and Dynamics in Iris, with Special Focus on the Section Oncocyclus.

Insights into genome size dynamics and its evolutionary impact remain limited by the lack of data for many plant groups. One of these is the genus Iris, of which only 53 out of c. 260 species have available genome sizes. In this study, we estimated the C-values for 41 species and subspecies of Iris mainly from the Eastern Mediterranean region. We constructed a phylogenetic framework to shed light on the distribution of genome sizes across subgenera and sections of Iris. Finally, we tested evolutionary models to explore the mode and tempo of genome size evolution during the radiation of section Oncocyclus. Iris as a whole displayed a great variety of C-values; however, they were unequally distributed across the subgenera and sections, suggesting that lineage-specific patterns of genome size diversification have taken place within the genus. The evolutionary model that best fitted our data was the speciational model, as changes in genome size appeared to be mainly associated with speciation events. These results suggest that genome size dynamics may have contributed to the radiation of Oncocyclus irises. In addition, our phylogenetic analysis provided evidence that supports the segregation of the Lebanese population currently attributed to Iris persica as a distinct species.

Introduction research of Iris species in the Stavropol botanical garden

In the process of plant introduction, the main task is to study the features of their biology and ecology, and as a result, their adaptive capabilities in specific climatic conditions. In nature, species of iris ( Iris L.) are widely distributed from the Northern regions to the subtropics and have a great ecological plasticity. In the conditions of the Stavropol upland, it is possible to successfully grow representatives of the genus iris from different parts of its range. The collection of irises in the Stavropol Botanical garden has 19 species. Species of Iris furcata, I. notha, and I. pumila that are common in grass-turf and meadow steppes, and I. pseudonotha that are common in wet meadows, have a stability in the conditions of culture, and they have an annual abundant flowering and fruiting. The timing of the beginning of generative phases of I. pumila development in culture and natural populations of the Stavropol upland varies within 5-7 days. In comparison with other species of local flora in the collection I. pseudonotha is most susceptible to diseases, for species I. halophila flowering is not observed every year. Some of the species in the collection are of Far Eastern Asian origin: I. domestica, I. ensata, I. lactea, I. laevigata, I. oxypetala, I. sanguinea and North American - I. versicolor. Among them, I. domestica shows the least frost and drought resistance, the flowering of the species occurs during the hottest period - the third decade of July, however, in some years, high seed productivity was observed for the species. Irregular flowering in the I-II decade of May was observed for I. lactea and I. oxypetala. The species I. ensata blooms in early June, a month earlier than in natural populations. Most of the Iris species in the collection are stable, and to a lesser extent adaptive potential is shown by species with a narrow ecological and phytocenotic affiliation - I. domestica, I. scariosa, I. halophila, and I. lactea . Species I. pseudonotha, I. domestica, and I. graminea do not reach their natural values in terms of habitus.

Seed morphology in the genus Iris (Iridaceae) from Russia

The genus Iris in Russia is represented by 41 species. Four species are endemic, 11 are included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation and 30 have different regional conservation status. The presented results of the study of the morphology of seeds and of seed coat surface morphology in 40 species from the genus Iris growing in Russia were obtained mainly using light and scanning electron microscopy. Seed shape is round, ovate, oblong or pear‑shaped, with the exception for I. psammocola, in which it is club‑shaped. The smallest seeds in the studied species belong to I. ruthenicaand I. uniflora. Morphometric data lead to interesting conclusions regarding the taxonomic relations between some species. For example, the species currently considered as synonyms, e.g., I. biglumisand I. pallasii in I. lactea, and I. maackii in I. pseudacorus, are found different concerning seed morphology. On the other hand, the taxonomically well distinct species such as I. halophila and I. pseudonotha share similar seed morphology. A study of the morphological characteristics of the seed coat surface in 40 species of the genus Iris made it possible to compile an atlas for determining species in the genus Iris in Russia.

Identification of plastid genomic regions inferring species identity from de novo plastid genome assembly of 14 Korean-native Iris species (Iridaceae).

Iris is one of the largest genera in the family Iridaceae, comprising hundreds of species, including numerous economically important horticultural plants used in landscape gardening and herbal medicine. Improved taxonomic classification of Iris species, particularly the endangered Korean-native Iris, is needed for correct species delineation. To this end, identification of diverse genetic markers from Iris genomes would facilitate molecular identification and resolve ambiguous classifications from molecular analyses; however, only two Iris plastid genomes, from Iris gatesii and Iris sanguinea, have been sequenced. Here, we used high-throughput next-generation sequencing, combined with Sanger sequencing, to construct the plastid genomes of 14 Korean-native Iris species with one outgroup and predict their gene content. Using these data, combined with previously published plastid genomes from Iris and one outgroup (Sisyrinchium angustifolium), we constructed a Bayesian phylogenetic tree showing clear speciation among the samples. We further identified sub-genomic regions that have undergone neutral evolution and accurately recapitulate Bayesian-inferred speciation. These contain key markers that could be used to identify and classify Iris samples into taxonomic clades. Our results confirm previously reported speciation patterns and resolve questionable relationships within the Iris genus. These data also provide a valuable resource for studying genetic diversity and refining phylogenetic relationships between Iris species.