Genuine Space Research Articles

Enhanced assembly of bacteriophage T7 produced in cell-free reactions under simulated microgravity

On-demand biomanufacturing has the potential to improve healthcare and self-sufficiency during space missions. Cell-free transcription and translation reactions combined with DNA blueprints can produce promising therapeutics like bacteriophages and virus-like particles. However, how space conditions affect the synthesis and self-assembly of such complex multi-protein structures is unknown. Here, we characterize the cell-free production of infectious bacteriophage T7 virions under simulated microgravity. Rotation in a 2D-clinostat increased the number of infectious particles compared to static controls. Quantitative analyses by mass spectrometry, immuno-dot-blot and real-time PCR showed no significant differences in protein and DNA contents, suggesting enhanced self-assembly of T7 phages in simulated microgravity. While the effects of genuine space conditions on the cell-free synthesis and assembly of bacteriophages remain to be investigated, our findings support the vision of a cell-free synthesis-enabled “astropharmacy”.

Nurturing the political agency of young people in Aotearoa New Zealand

INTRODUCTION: Young people’s voices are often coloured by past experiences with significant others in their lives, such as parents, friends, peers, and teachers. These experiences can have long-lasting effects on their beliefs about their capabilities, place, value, and identity in society. This qualitative-exploratory research explored the development of young people’s political agency through social and political activism to provide further understanding around how and why young people politically engage to better nurture their political agency. METHOD: A small, qualitative-exploratory Master’s research project explored young peoples’ experiences of political participation and how these affected their political agency. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with six politically active young people and analysed thematically to identify four key themes. FINDINGS: The research found that young people’s understandings of the political world were inconsistent with widespread beliefs about their ability to contribute. The participants in this study were actively engaged in activities within broad civic and political contexts around issues of significance to them. The research also found that social contexts, access to political experiences, and connection to social and political issues were critical in nurturing their political agency. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest formal political institutions frame young people’s participation differently. They also advocate a cultural shift in civic and political settings to consistently provide genuine space for young people’s active participation.

FUZZY ASSOCIATIVE CLASSIFIER FOR BIG DATA APPLICATIONS

The related blueprint field melds really intriguing cycles for building solid classifiers and any of those methodologies all issues mulled over works of art on 4 top-notch levels. The thought process of this work might be a novel developmental issue for profitably gathering helpful classifiers in huge information. Comfortable supportive hoarding has not been significantly examined inside the structure, anyway familiar classifiers have wrapped up being impeccable in particular genuine space programs. we advance a helpful pivoted delicate auxiliary depiction strategy subject to the Map decrease viewpoint. The framework mishandles a particularly appropriated discretize dependent on woolen entropy for productively making padded bundles of the attributes. Zeroing in on precision, rendition multifaceted nature, assessment time, and adaptability. We spotlight that, despite the way that the correctnesses result to be comparative, the flightiness, assessed with perceive to a number of guidelines, of the classifiers made through the smooth appropriated approach is not exactly the one among the non fuzzy classifiers. the total circuit of padded understanding grams to visual assessment of agreeable association manages a successful appropriated woolen familiar classification model-dependent at the Map diminish demeanor. The preparation assessment first mines an unprecedented arrangement of agreeable association classification directs by utilizing the utilization of a dispersed variant of a smooth development of the putting FP-development tally number. We show the adaptability of our strategy by means of doing selective examinations on an appropriate critical dataset. A fuzzy affiliation rule-based solicitation gadget for high-dimensional issues trouble to two or three territories to advantage a specific and inconsequential delicate standard based absolutely classifier with an espresso computational expense.

Sustainable or Pseudo Development—Looking at Natural Resource Management in a Developing State, Kerala, India

ABSTRACT India’s mainstream political discourse is yet to grant genuine space to environmental issues or sustainable development; their priority being economic development. This is despite noteworthy environmental conservation movements and civil society organizations committed to the cause of the environment. Although the country has an array of competent environmental regulations, the environmental sustainability of the development programmes remains the least addressed. The case is not different for the Kerala state, despite its high literacy and human development matching many developed countries. The “Kerala Development Model” has been highly praised for its high-level social development. The apparently well-informed population of the state also outscores most states regarding environmental identity. In this context, this paper explores the Athirappilly hydroelectric Project pursued by the Kerala State Electricity Board Limited and other interest groups. It appears that the contemporary socio-economic-political scenario is urging the state's highly literate and politicized public to a post-nature or post-truth society increasingly engrossed in a consumerist lifestyle at the cost of the unique environmental setup. The present study also highlights how the Kerala population, once dominated by socialistic/liberal ideologies with egalitarian values, has been riding the neoliberal development wave giving little importance to nature and long-term ecological security.

A space for culturally and linguistically diverse learners?: Using S-STEP to examine world language teacher education

ABSTRACT When considering access to broader learning opportunities beyond the core curriculum for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners (CLDLs), the world language classroom is rarely a space that offers such access, despite the fact that CLDLs should have as much access to the development of multilingualism through school curricula as dominant English speakers. In this paper, three teacher educators use a reflective, dialogic method to unpack their work with preparing WL teacher candidates to work with CLDLs. This self-study of teacher education practice examines the sensemaking of 20 world language teachers in a course designed to teach them sheltered English immersion approaches to supporting CLDLs. Findings reveal that teachers had very little notion that CLDLs might take additional languages and little support was available to model excellent practice for them. Questions about whether WL courses can provide genuine spaces for multilingual development and implications for preparing WL teachers to support cultural and linguistic diversity are discussed.

Перелом или тупик? Дебаты в рамках теологической рецепции кантовской философии

Kant’s turn to the subject has changed the epistemological conditions for theology. Four intellectual backgrounds of objections are examined: an Aristotelian and Thomistic teleological order of nature (1); Augustinianism based on original sin in which human agency is completely attributed to God’s grace (2); a Hegelian critique of the deontological conception of an “unconditional ought” which also puts Kant’s postulate of the existence of God into question (3); the combination in Radical Orthodoxy of a postmodern critique of the subject, an Augustinian view of human nature, and a monistic understanding of the Trinity (4). Their different diagnoses why Kant’s work constitutes a cul-de-sac are contrasted with theological positions that welcome it as a watershed: its move from ontology to human subjectivity; from a biologically transmitted inescapable sin to a freedom for good and evil; from a strict reciprocity to an unlimited scope of ethics that is faced with the question of meaning; and from condemning the secular as “heretical” to defining it as the genuine space of the free human counterparts created by God, according to Duns Scotus’s late medieval theology which anticipates Kant’s concept of autonomy. The standard by which theologies are judged is how they do justice to the New Testament’s message of salvation by Jesus Christ. The Conclusion argues that Kant’s turn to freedom in its unconditionality and finitude has opened up a thought form in which the truth of the Gospel finds more adequate categories of understanding than in those of earlier eras.

Secondary Teachers and Creativity in Teaching: Conceptions and Practices

In recent years, there seems to be a sharp shift towards the concept of creativity in education. Given that many theorists and researchers find it difficult to define the concept of creativity itself, this paper will attempt to investigate a) the conceptions about creativity in teaching of 5 teachers of humanistic subjects (Modern Greek Language, Ancient Greek Language, History, Greek Literature) in Greek secondary education b) how these specific conceptions are reflected in their teaching practices and c) the degree to which certain teaching strategies that seem to better facilitate creativity in teaching. The research data were collected from five (5) interviews, transcripts and worksheets of ten (10) teachings including field notes. Data were analyzed by the method of grounded theory. Data analysis showed that the emphasis is placed on "creative teaching" rather than on "teaching in order to develop student‟s creativity", as distinguished by Jeffrey and Craft. The most important finding of the research is that despite their good intentions or stated open perceptions, the research subjects do not systematically promote students' creativity unless they abandon their regulatory role and leave a genuine space of self-efficacy to their students. The authors conclude that further research is needed to answer the following questions: why is the model of creative teacher dominant and not that of the teaching that promotes students' creativity and in what extent and in which ways is creativity defined by specific cognitive subjects.

Secondary Teachers and Creativity in Teaching: Conceptions and Practices

In recent years, there seems to be a sharp shift towards the concept of creativity in education. Given that many theorists and researchers find it difficult to define the concept of creativity itself, this paper will attempt to investigate a) the conceptions about creativity in teaching of 5 teachers of humanistic subjects (Modern Greek Language, Ancient Greek Language, History, Greek Literature) in Greek secondary education b) how these specific conceptions are reflected in their teaching practices and c) the degree to which certain teaching strategies that seem to better facilitate creativity in teaching. The research data were collected from five (5) interviews, transcripts and worksheets of ten (10) teachings and including field notes. Data were analyzed by the method of grounded theory. Data analysis showed that the emphasis is placed on "creative teaching" rather than on "teaching in order to develop student’s creativity", as distinguished by Jeffrey and Craft. The most important finding of the research is that despite their good intentions or stated open perceptions, the research subjects do not systematically promote students’ creativity unless they abandon their regulatory role and leave a genuine space of self-efficacy to their students. The authors conclude that further research is needed to answer the following questions: why is the model of creative teacher dominant and not that of the teaching that promotes students’ creativity and in what extent and in which ways is creativity defined by specific cognitive subjects.

Fundamental properties of process distances

To quantify the difference of distinct stochastic processes it is not sufficient to consider the distance of their states and corresponding probabilities. Instead, the information, which evolves and accumulates over time and which is mathematically encoded by filtrations, has to be accounted for as well. The nested distance, also known as bicausal Wasserstein distance, recognizes this component and involves the filtration properly. This distance is of emerging importance due to its applications in stochastic analysis, stochastic programming, mathematical economics and other disciplines.This paper investigates the basic metric and topological properties of the nested distance on the space of discrete-time processes. In particular we prove that the nested distance generates a Polish topology, although the genuine space is not complete. Moreover we identify its completion to be the space of nested distributions, a space of generalized stochastic processes.

Managerial Appropriations of the Ethos of Democratic Practice: Rating, \u2018Policing\u2019, and Performance Management

This article examines how new types of performance appraisal reconfigure everyday personal relationships at work. These systems deploy smartphone technologies to be used continuously by individuals to rate each other. Our aim is to show, in concrete terms, how these practices claim to configure a democratic space where individuals are liberated to express their views about each other’s work. On the contrary, we argue that by being placed in continuous confrontation with each other’s ratings, the genuine space for democratic contestation, for the establishment of a genuine community, as well as for critique and dissent is—paradoxically—narrowed down. The first section of this article explores the context in which managerialism has become consolidated at the centre of neo-liberal politics in a dialogue with some of Mouffe’s and Rancière’s arguments. We use Rancière’s concept of “policing” to understand how managerial techniques subvert genuine democratic spaces, modes of participation and expression. Using performance appraisal systems as an example, the second part of the article provides a critical investigation which shows how managerialism intervenes at the very roots of possible democratic engagement and undermines dissent in subtle ways.

Study That Led to the Discovery of Rhombohedral Close Packing and Hexagonal Close Packing as Two New and Independent Lattices

An ab-initio calculation of angles has been made between various directions on close packed basal plane with the tilted axis obtained by placing identical atoms on voids. Results obtained from simple calculations provide a lot of important information related to Rhombohedral Close Packed and Hexagonal Close Packed structures, effectively leading to their discovery as independent and genuine space lattices from close packed category of materials. En-route, we also propose a separate equation to calculate the angles between two given directions in the above mentioned close packed crystal systems. Modes of polytype formation in close packing of identical atoms is also briefly discussed.

The balancing act. Museums as spaces for democratic debate: a case study from Oslo, Norway

ABSTRACT This paper explores the tensions that arise when museums adopt a particular moral and political standpoint while at the same time attempting to recognize and making space for a plurality of perspectives. The study draws on a visual, textual, and comparative analysis of two exhibitions: Typical at the Intercultural Museum and FOLK: from racial types to DNA sequences at the Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology, both located in Oslo, Norway. Alongside interviews with the exhibition producers, the analysis examines how the exhibitions communicate certain standpoints in relation to questions of diversity and demographic changes in contemporary Norway, while simultaneously facilitating an open dialog and debate. The findings suggest that these two roles can be hard to reconcile and ultimately influence museums’ attempts at creating genuine spaces for democratic debate.

Mass media, Elections and New Reality

In the media age, such fundamental concepts as “subject”, “power”, “sign”, “meaning”, on which the picture of the modern world was built, underwent dramatic changes. The election process in our country has shown how the post-modern sociology has become relevant agents of the modern political process. Television, the media are becoming a genuine space of human habitation, which requires new principles of orientation. In this case, the traditional means of orientation in space and time disappear. In the world of mass media, the linear sequence is canceled, the dialectic polarity is canceled, the opposition of the subject and the object is canceled. Any event, action, value, social institution, falling into the scope of a system in which there is no linear sequence, undergoes a certain deformation. This also applies to the authorities, which no longer belong to the order of the legislative and supervisory authority, but rather to the order of tactility and switching. We need to understand what is happening with the public space of politics and social, how the dissolution of television in life, as well as the dissolution of life in television happens, how in the space of the media the power is disorganized, turns into a simulation of power, losing touch with goals and objectives and dooming yourself to produce power effects. The sphere of simulation is contained in the media, in the field of communication. It is necessary to start studying this area from the most important, from the theory of signs. The process of creating value and value correlates with the process of signification. In particular, the subject of modern political economy is not a commodity and not a sign, but their indissoluble unity in which they are destroyed as particular definitions, but not as a form. Any attempt to overcome the political economy of the sign, relying on one of its components, is doomed to reproduce the arbitrariness of the sign. Therefore, a symbolic semantic operation should come to replace the sign.

Enjeux et travail de frontière : approche métapsychologique des limites

ObjectiveThe aim of this article is to revisit the concept of border or frontier in the areas of psychopathology and psychoanalysis, moving beyond a nosographic focus on the borderline personality category. In a conceptual approach, we focus on a particular form of dividing line or boundary, the border or frontier. This notion makes it possible to go beyond a purely linear, bi-dimensional approach attached the notion of a dividing line in favour of a dynamic and processual approach. MethodThe notion of the frontier has been widely debated, and belongs to reflection on the spatial dimension of the psychic apparatus. Freud linked it to drives and to the self. P. Federn went on to explore the frontiers of the ego and their fluctuations, in particular, in schizophrenia and depersonalisation. Other concepts contribute to an understanding of the boundaries of the psychic apparatus – Freud's “protective shield”, the barriers envisaged by Bion, and for Didier Anzieu the sphere of autistic disorders and his “moi-peau”. ResultThe notion of the frontier confronts bi-dimensional and tri-dimensional space, demarcation lines, passing places, conflict zones, transformation zones, trophism and toxicity. It underlines the importance of the fact that it is not a mere line, but a genuine space, a psychic place under construction. This leads on to the notion of the challenges raised by frontiers and the way to work on them. The challenges relate to the delineation and the differentiation of inside and outside, and on the inside to the differentiation of the different psychic entities or spaces. Working on frontiers involves psychic transformation and confrontation or conflict with what is beyond self, body and language. The challenges of frontiers or borders lead to a delineation of what is internal and what is external, and to differentiations: good inside, bad outside, guaranteeing protection. This is taken up again in work on the frontier: the frontier defines containers, and also contributes to the integration of content. In its dynamics, work on borders and frontiers contributes to converting excitation, the paradigmatic value of which is maintained: a crossing of borders that leads to change. Work on frontiers is particularly useful for adolescents, but its usefulness is lifelong, and it can favour or hamper processes of change; it can become rigid and sclerotic, which restricts the psychic dynamic and contributes to generating symptoms. ConclusionWhen dividing lines are envisaged as frontiers, it becomes possible to distinguish psychic processes that are underway throughout life in the delineation and transformation of the psychic apparatus. If we pay attention to work on frontiers and their transforming function, and note where obstacles are encountered, we can contribute to a dynamic approach to psychic functioning, working on a continuum from the normal to the pathological. The frontier, as a particular form of dividing line, provides a reappraisal of the processes underpinning contemporary expressions of psychic suffering, and gives impetus to the nosographic approach.

Creating a space to think in adversarial contexts: researching network meetings in statutory childcare interventions

This research investigated complex relationships between parents and professionals involved in care proceedings, through detailed observations of network meetings – a practice developed in a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service to engage with families and professionals in adversarial contexts. These take place at the border between the domain of court, often dominated by structural preoccupations, and the clinic valuing experience and relationships. Six meetings were recorded and observed by the researcher in the room. The methodology drew on a number of epistemological traditions to capture the complexity and multi‐layered nature of knowledge and experience. The study evolved into an ethnography‐inspired exploration of structures, relationships and emotions emerging in meetings and the adversarial context of care proceedings. Successful meetings managed tensions between a structure‐dominated domain and the experience‐near domain of the clinic while avoiding being dominated by either.Practitioner points Structure can be both enabling and constraining Direct observation and bringing stakeholders together without legal representatives can allow new information and a deeper understanding of human stories to emerge Chairs have to emphasize the need to work together in order to create a genuine space to think A three‐phase approach to meetings and assessments can provide a level of containment in order to move between the security of structure and the domain of experience.

Pasja jako istotny wymiar doświadczania pracy

Working plays a relevant role in both personal and social life. Reflections on understanding its importance are necessary for accurately harnessing it for life, ensuring that it is in harmony with our whole life and serves s a source of sense of meaning and joy. The article indicates the different ways of experiencing work: as a source of material resources, social obligation, shaping identity, self-realization, determining social status and to establish contacts with other people. Attention has been drawn to the connection between the quality of work with the dimension which is called passion. Passion is defined together with what makes a person perform their work with passion. The importance of passion has been shown on the example of the research of American psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. For more than 25 years the author led a study through which he tried to explain why some people feel the maximum while others do not, although both execute the same operation. From its results, he developed flow theory. The consequence of the lack of passion is the mediocrity of work results. Negative consequences also arise when a person treats passion instrumentally, that is, as a means to gain more success. The article describes examples of such an attitude towards passion. True passion continues until it remains a genuine space for personal freedom and it is not the result of any necessity. Therefore, the pedagogical interpretation should be focused on creating the conditions conducive to the formation and development of passion, not indicating what might it be useful for.

Mindvaults: sociocultural grounds for pretending and imagining

The human mind has the capacity to vault over the realm of current perception, motivation, emotion, and action, to leap -- consciously and deliberately -- to past or future, possible or impossible, abstract or concrete scenarios and situations. In this book, Radu Bogdan examines the roots of this uniquely human ability, which he terms mindvaulting. He focuses particularly on the capacities of pretending and imagining, which he identifies as the first forms of mindvaulting to develop in childhood. Pretending and imagining, Bogdan argues, are crucial steps on the ontogenetic staircase to the intellect. Bogdan finds that pretending and then imagining develop from a variety of sources for reasons that are specific and unique to human childhood. He argues that these capacities arise as responses to sociocultural and sociopolitical pressures that emerge at different stages of childhood. Bogdan argues that some of the properties of mindvaulting -- including domain versatility and nonmodularity -- resist standard evolutionary explanations. To resolve this puzzle, Bogdan reorients the evolutionary analysis toward human ontogeny, construed as a genuine space of evolution with specific pressures and adaptive responses. Bogdan finds that pretending is an ontogenetic response to sociocultural challenges in early childhood, a pre-adaptation for imagining; after age four, the adaptive response to cooperative and competitive sociopolitical pressures is a competence for mental strategizing that morphs into imagining.

Faith and Volunteering in the UK: Towards a Virtuous Cycle for the Accumulation of Social, Religious and Spiritual Capital?

In the context of a communitarian discourse under the New Labour government (1997‒2010), the theoretical concept of social capital as developed by Putnam1 was influential on policy in welfare and community development. Faith communities, particularly those in ethnically and religiously diverse urban areas, were recognised as banks of social capital which could, as it were, be invested for the public good in areas such as urban regeneration, social welfare and - especially after September 2001 - in community cohesion and national security. Since 2010, under the coalition government headed by David Cameron, the notion of 'the Big Society' has been central in policy discourse. Under both governments, voluntary groups, including faithbased congregations and charities, have been urged to play a more significant role in community work and social welfare, and the 'volunteer' is portrayed as the archetypal good citizen. Debates continue as to whether this offers a genuine space for religion to make a contribution in the public sphere and/or whether it is the state seeking to control and exploit the voluntary and faith sectors, in part as a cynical cost-cutting exercise.2 In developing the debate on the relationship between faith and social capital, Baker and colleagues at the William Temple Foundation, drawing on Bourdieu's3 work on different forms of capital, have introduced the notions of 'religious capital' and 'spiritual capital'. In this article it is argued that when considering volunteering in such a theoretical framework, it is essential to examine the relationship of labour to the different forms of capital. One must recognise that volunteers, in supplying unpaid labour to churches and other religious or not-for-profit organisations, are among other things involved in an economic transaction. To what degree is the Marxist view that the accumulation of capital depends on the exploitation of labour relevant in this context? This article considers some of the empirical evidence from recent UK surveys and reports which cover faith and volunteering and which highlight their limitations in exploring the relationships between the different forms of capital. It then draws on qualitative reflections on the author's recent role as manager of a community centre attached to a Christian church building in a city in the north of England. In delivering a 'diaconal' programme of social care and community service activities reaching homeless and elderly people, the centre relied heavily on volunteers from the local community beyond the committed faithful members of the local church. Volunteers ranged from those whose motivations were religious or largely altruistic to those with instrumental motives and those whose unpaid labour was to some extent coerced by statutory agencies. Not only does this stretch the definition of the term 'volunteering', but it also raises some ethical and theological issues for a church espousing Christian values of justice, truth and human dignity while seeking to operate in the secular space of the public sphere.

L'Afrique entre passé et futur. L'urgence d'un choix de l'intelligence, by Kasereka Kavwahirehi

Reviewed by: L’Afrique entre passé et futur. L’urgence d’un choix de l’intelligence Dominic Thomas L’Afrique entre passé et futur. L’urgence d’un choix de l’intelligence By Kasereka Kavwahirehi Brussels, Belgium: Peter Lang, 2009. 330 pp. ISBN 978-90-5201-566-8 paper. For the most part, anniversary celebrations serve a symbolic purpose. Nevertheless, the opportunity to reflect on the past, assess progress, and determine future action can be a productive exercise. To this end, 2010 has been no exception, as seventeen sub-Saharan African countries who achieved independence from European colonial powers in 1960 have initiated various ceremonies and events to mark the fiftieth anniversary. However, a cursory overview of the “African condition” (23) raises numerous questions: Is there cause for celebration? How can one begin to explain the African crisis? and “[W]hat exactly is in crisis” (23; emphasis added)? What is Africa’s place in the new world order and what impact has globalization had on this continent? What kinds of educational reforms are necessary? Kasereka Kavwahirehi adopts a multidisciplinary framework, bringing into dialogue history, literature, and philosophy, in order to “better understand the full complexity of the African crisis” (29), its human dimension, and the role of critical thinking in answering some of these complex questions. Individual chapters are devoted to novelists, historians, political scientists, and philosophers. To this end, insightful readings are provided of Ahmadou Kourouma’s treatment of “the collapse of the metaphysico-religious foundations of society” (68) and of how during the 1970s and 1980 “the African world was transformed by colonial modernity” (73). The role of fiction in apprehending the collective experience and in the analysis of postcolonial practices informs the analysis of V. Y. Mudimbe’s work, and the focus on traditional initiation and healing rituals in Werewere Liking’s texts suggest “[h]ow a community can turn to its heritage as a way of remaking itself, restoring a creative culture” (114), essentials steps in identity formation. In turn, Pius Ngandu Nksahama’s writings propose a “holistic treatment of symbolic languages” and of the ways in which they are “produced,” “codified,” and “objectified” (131) given that the incorporation of the religious, of fiction, and of music makes it possible to grasp the mutations that have taken place at “every stage of social formation” (132). Throughout L’Afrique entre passé et futur. L’urgence d’un choix de l’intelligence, Kasereka Kavwahirehi privileges multiple forms of intellectual exchanges, mechanisms that contain the promise of “establishing, for citizens, genuine spaces for training, information and discussion” (55). [End Page 179] A new generation of thinkers have emerged since the 1980s and endeavored to explain the inability of “African societies to resolutely inscribe themselves in modernity” (295). Rather than attributing the causes of the African crisis to external factors (such as imperialism), they have instead questioned the effectiveness of existing responses to political and social problems (development policies, structural adjustment measures, political reform, etc.), “the limitations of “humanitarian and charitable” measures (23), and overreliance on infrastructural changes (transparent elections, democratic principles, economic models). Kasereka Kavwahirehi advocates instead for a reframing of critical and analytical approaches to the African continent given that educational structures have not sufficiently thought about the ways in which they reproduce or duplicate power structures (230). At times readers may find an overreliance on quotations and external sources in L’Afrique entre passé et futur. L’urgence d’un choix de l’intelligence–obfuscating or unnecessarily complicating the central argument–but for the most part one can disentangle oneself, extricate valuable perspectives on more recent theoretical paradigms, while also gaining invaluable exposure to a diverse range of thinkers whose work stands to influence all kinds of intellectual inquiries. For Kasereka Kavwahirehi, “major intellectual investment” (306) is essential in order to achieve the “decolonization and modernization of modernity . . . with the ultimate aim of lending a voice to those people who have been oppressed and suffocated by the implementation of a world system in which globalization is merely a stage” (306). At many levels, the writings under investigation share these objectives: Kä Mana (DRC) delineates a revolutionary praxis, Joseph Ki-Zerbo (Burkina Faso) foregrounds education and highlights the...

Expressive Exclusion: A Defense

AbstractCentral to the freedom of association is the freedom to exclude. In fact, American constitutional law permits associations to discriminate on otherwise prohibited grounds, a principle of expressive discrimination or what I call "expressive exclusion." However, we lack a complete normative defense of it. Too often, expressive exclusion is justifi ed as a simple case of religious accommodation, or a simple case of freedom of association or speech—justifi cations that are defi cient. I argue that expressive exclusion is essential in creating genuine space for democratic dissent. It stands at the intersection of speech, association, and democracy.