Genuine Entity Research Articles

Recurrent IDH2 Mutations in Salivary Gland Striated Duct Adenoma Define an Expanded Histologic Spectrum Distinct From Canalicular Adenoma.

Striated duct adenoma (SDA) is a rare salivary gland neoplasm defined by histologic similarity to normal striated ducts. However, doubt persists about whether SDA represents a genuine entity distinct from canalicular adenoma and if a malignant counterpart exists. This study aims to evaluate the molecular underpinnings of SDA to clarify its pathogenesis and classification. We identified 10 SDA and 2 tumors called low-grade adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified that were retrospectively recognized to resemble SDA. All cases showed recurrent histologic features including (1) discrete monophasic tubules, (2) tall columnar eosinophilic cells, (3) monotonous oval nuclei, and (4) scant fibrous stroma, and most were positive for S100 protein (91%), SOX10 (80%), and CK7 (80%). Although 1 case was previously called adenocarcinoma based on interdigitation with normal acini, this pattern was also seen in some SDA, and likely does not indicate malignancy; the significance of growth surrounding nerve in 1 other case is less clear. Targeted sequencing identified IDH2 R172X mutations in all 8 cases with sufficient tissue, with positivity for IDH1/2 mutation-specific immunohistochemistry in 9 cases stained. In contrast, 5 canalicular adenomas lacked IDH2 mutations or other oncogenic alterations. Overall, IDH2 R172X mutations are a defining feature of SDA that, in combination with its recognizable pathologic profile, confirm it is a unique entity separate from canalicular adenoma. IDH1/2 mutation-specific immunohistochemistry may provide a convenient tool to facilitate diagnosis. Both morphology and IDH2 mutations raise parallels between SDA and breast tall cell carcinoma with reverse polarity.

Naive bayes machine learning framework for auto detection of spam mails

Nowadays, Email spam is a major problem, with the increase usage of internet for product promotions, e-banking, e-loans, health related articles, movie news etc to users. Besides the people are practicing unwanted and unethical conduct as in phishing and mailing fraudulent information. Sending suspicious links through spam emails can harm our system and can also be sought after our system. Creating a fake user identity and email account is such easy for spammers. They pretend like a genuine entity in their spam emails and target those people who are not aware of these frauds. So, it is essential to identify those spam emails which are fraud. In this proposed work, we have applied machine learning algorithm to identify whether the incoming mail is spam or ham. This project will discuss how the Naive Bayes machine learning algorithm is applied on our data sets and how it has been selected for the email spam detection with the best precision and accuracy

Swinburne’s Hyper-Cartesian Dualism

This paper maintains that Swinburne’s argument that the body is not essential to who I am is vulnerable to a similar objection to that put forward by Arnauld against Descartes: how do I know that my self-identification furnishes a complete and adequate account of the essential “me,” sufficient to show I could really continue to exist even were the body to be destroyed? The paper goes on to criticize Swinburne’s “hyper-Cartesian” position, that we are simply “souls who control bodies,” and thus only contingently human. This denial of our essential humanity compares unfavorably with Descartes’s own more intuitively attractive view that the human being is a genuine entity in its own right.

Breast Implant Illness: A Biofilm Hypothesis.

Background:“Breast implant illness” (BII) is a poorly defined cluster of nonspecific symptoms, attributed by patients as being caused by their breast implants. These symptoms can include joint pain, skin and hair changes, concentration, and fatigue. Many patients complaining of BII symptoms are dismissed as psychosomatic. There are currently over 10,000 peer-reviewed articles on breast implants, but at the time of commencing this study, only 2 articles discussed this entity. At the same time, mainstream media and social media are exploding with nonscientific discussion about BII.Methods:We have prospectively followed 50 consecutive patients, self-referring for explantation due to BII. We analyzed their preoperative symptoms and followed up each patient with a Patient-Reported Outcome Questionnaire. All implants and capsules were, if possible, removed en bloc. Explanted implants were photographed. Implant shell and capsule sent for histology and microbiological culture.Results:BII symptoms were not shown to correlate with any particular implant type, surface, or fill. There was no significant finding as to duration of implant or location of original surgery. Chronic infection was found in 36% of cases with Propionibacterium acnes the most common finding. Histologically, synoviocyte metaplasia was found in a significantly greater incidence than a matched cohort that had no BII symptoms (P = 0.0164). Eighty-four percent of patients reported partial or complete resolution of BII symptoms on Patient-Reported Outcome Questionnaire. None of the 50 patients would consider having breast implants again.Conclusion:The authors believe BII to be a genuine entity worthy of further study. We have identified microbiological and histological abnormalities in a significant number of patients identifying as having BII. A large proportion of these patients have reported resolution or improvement of their symptoms in patient-reported outcomes. Improved microbiology culture techniques may identify a larger proportion of chronic infection, and further investigation of immune phenotypes and toxicology may also be warranted in this group.

March To Freedom: Indian Press and Public Opinion Towards Indian Independence in Madras Presidency 1942-1947

Gandhi had come to the decision, that genuine entity was unimaginable until British power was withdrawn. He steadfastly believed that the British would not be in a position to repel a Japanese aggression of India. He was also dubious with regard to the Allies ultimate victory in the West. Gandhi was not the author of the term 'Quit India' but his equivalent phrase was 'orderly and timely British withdrawal'. He had expounded the implications of 'Quit India' in his paper the Harijan. 'Quit India' meant the end of foreign rule and domination. It did not mean the destruction of foreigners’ but their willing conversion to Indian life. The Indian press and public opinion were chiefly mobilized for the nation’s march to freedom. Its main focus was on Quit India Movement and started mobilizing the public opinion in favour of Indian Independence. Writings of the Indian Press of the period from 1942-1947 were on 'C.R. Formula', 'Japanese Menace', 'Gandhi-Viceroy Correspondence', 'Fast unto death of Gandhi', 'World War Strategy', 'Indian Question in British Parliament', 'Gandhi’s Letter to M.A.Jinnah', 'Hug-Herbert issue', 'The Starvation in India', 'The Diravida Nadu', 'The Cabinet Mission', 'Interin Government', 'Hindu-Muslim Unity', 'Hindu-Muslim Peace Talks', and 'Towards Independence'. The majority of papers wrote articles in favour of Indian Independence and the celebration of Independence Day on 15th August 1947. The writings of the Indian Press on the whole were pro-Independence in character in general and Gandhi in particular.

Unstable angina in the era of high-sensitivity troponin testing: a genuine entity and a cautionary tale

High-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays have emerged as a powerful tool in the management of patients presenting acutely to hospital with suspected cardiac chest pain. Recent guidelines emphasize the reassurance offered by low troponin concentrations early after admission. We describe a patient with known coronary artery disease, who presented with a classical history of recurrent myocardial ischaemia. High-sensitivity cardiac Troponin-I concentrations remained in the low-normal sex-specific reference range, despite serial testing on the day of admission, and despite recurrent pain with dynamic ECG changes. Urgent coronary angiography confirmed severe multi-vessel disease. He required an intra-aortic balloon pump within 24 h due to clinical instability, and had urgent coronary artery bypass surgery a few days later. This case confirms that "unstable angina" remains a genuine entity. It highlights the hazards of over-reliance on any single test and serves as a reminder of the importance of integrating tests with clinical assessment.

P3‐272: Longitudinal profiling of mild congitive impairment subtypes

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) was originally conceptualized as a condition that manifested prior to the onset of clinical dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. However, longitudinal studies show that MCI has an unstable course and may lead to various outcomes including dementia, but also stability of cognitive deficits or recovery to age appropriate levels of functioning. As a result, the status of MCI as a genuine diagnostic entity remains questionable. The aim of the present thesis was to examine the validity of the MCI concept by tracking groups of individuals classified into one of the MCI subtypes and to monitor their neuropsychological profiles over time. To avoid previous criticisms of circularity, participants were classified as MCI on a neuropsychological test battery and then reassessed longitudinally using an alternate battery of neuropsychological tests. At each stage of testing, participants were assessed on a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery tapping the cognitive domains implicated in MCI. Findings from this thesis indicate that multiple domain amnestic MCI may be the most valid subtype of MCI due to consistently poor performance over time on a range of neuropsychological measures. Results also demonstrate that those who are likely to remain on the MCI spectrum can be differentiated from healthy older adults using reliable and valid measures of sustained attention, semantic memory, verbal episodic memory, visual and verbal working memory, selective attention and strategy use. Despite these findings, evidence from this thesis indicates that existing MCI clinical criteria lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Although the concept of MCI remains useful, it cannot be considered a clinical diagnostic entity. Future research should prioritize the observation of those presenting with a multiple domain amnestic profile as these individuals may have the poorest prognosis. Further, studies must utilize comprehensive testing protocols to increase the sensitivity and specificity of identifying those with genuine subclinical impairments.

Antiferromagnetic Co–Gd Interactions in a Tetranuclear [CoGd]2 Complex with Low‐Spin Square‐Planar Co Ions – Role of the Singly Occupied 3d Co Magnetic Orbital

AbstractA trianionic ligand H3L [2‐hydroxy‐N‐(2‐{[(2‐hydroxyphenyl)methylene]amino}‐2‐methylpropyl)benzamide] with an inner N2O2 coordination site and an oxygen atom coming from an amide function not involved in this site yields a monoanionic LCo‐pipH+ complex, in which the CoII ion is in a square‐planar environment and a low‐spin state S = 1/2. Further reaction with GdCl3·6H2O and tetramethylheptanedione (Hthd) yields a dinuclear Co–Gd complex that self‐assembles into a tetranuclear species, as demonstrated by the structural determination of the [LCoGd(thd)2(MeOH)]2 complex. This genuine entity is the first example in which a CoII ion in a low‐spin state is associated with a gadolinium ion. The magnetic studies confirm that two antiferromagnetic interactions are active through the double phenoxo bridge (J = –1.0 cm–1) and through the single amide bridge (j = –0.1 cm–1). Contrary to the large majority of 3d–Gd complexes that present ferromagnetic interactions, the involvement of a dxy or dyz cobalt orbital is responsible for the presence of an antiferromagnetic interaction.

Kleine–Levin syndrome: a disease in its own right?

This Practice Point commentary describes the findings of a cross-sectional study by Arnulf and co-workers on Kleine–Levin syndrome (KLS), a rare disorder of unknown pathophysiology and etiology that is characterized by periodic hypersomnolence and associated symptoms such as hyperphagia and hypersexuality. Arnulf et al. report data collected through a comprehensive questionnaire that help to elucidate the KLS phenotype. In addition, they report some evidence to suggest that an underlying biological abnormality could lead to this disorder. We discuss how the current lack of understanding regarding how the brain constructs the mind makes the categorization of clinical syndromes with unknown pathophysiological foundations, such as KLS, particularly challenging in psychiatry and neurology. We further consider the validity of the claim by Arnulf et al. that KLS represents a “genuine disease entity.”

Nonrecurrent Inferior Laryngeal Nerve Without Vascular Anomaly as a Genuine Entity

Inferior laryngeal nerve (ILN), which usually arises from vagus nerve, runs recurrent course and is called recurrent ILN (RILN). Intimate knowledge of normal and anatomic variants of the ILN reduces the risk of nerve injury and vocal cord paralysis in thyroid and parathyroid surgery. The nonrecurrent ILN (NRILN) is a rare nerve anomaly that is associated with a right aberrant subclavian artery. We encountered 2 patients with NRILN during thyroid surgery. Patient 1, a 57-year-old woman, had mediastinal thyroid tumor without vascular anomaly. Patient 2, a 47-year-old woman with a history of esophageal foreign body (fish bone), was suspected to have NRILN with vascular anomaly before surgery, as judged by preoperative enhanced CT. In the patient 1, we verified laryngeal mobility function of the NRILN by nerve stimulation, and confirmed the absence of RILN in usual recurrent course. The findings in the patient 1 indicate that NRILN without subclavian artery anomaly is a genuine entity. In both patients we performed thyroid surgery safely and fast by expectation and identification of NRILN by use of nerve stimulator. In conclusion, we confirm the existence of NRILN without vascular anomaly and show effectiveness of preoperative enhanced CT and valuable use of nerve stimulator for nerve preservation in the patients with NRILN.

Polymorphic fibro-osseous lesion of the bone: A case report with review of literature

A polymorphic fibro-osseous lesion of the bone is a benign fibro-osseous lesion of the bone with a marked predilection for the proximal femur and characterized by a complex mixture of histological elements. We present one such case of a 35-year-old female with spontaneous onset of pain in the left hip for 3 months and trauma sustained a year ago. An examination revealed tenderness with painful movements over the anterior aspect of the left hip joint and trochanter. A clinico-radiological differential diagnosis of simple bone cyst or fibrous dysplasia was entertained. A microscopic examination of the lesion with clinico-radiologic correlation led to the diagnosis of a polymorphic fibro-osseous lesion. This is a genuine clinico-pathologic entity that is usually asymptomatic with a rare history of trauma or hip pain. It has a distinctive histopathological picture with a better prognosis than its mimics.

The incidence of chronic scrotal pain after vasectomy: a prospective audit

To assess the extent of scrotal pain in men before and after vasectomy, to produce accurate data for the benefit of men considering this procedure, and hence improved informed consent about the outcomes, as chronic scrotal pain after vasectomy is a poorly quantified clinical problem. Between November 2004 and January 2006 nine surgeons carried out vasectomies in 625 men (mean age 39.9 years, sd 5.6) under local anaesthesia. A questionnaire was devised to establish the presence of any scrotal or testicular pain, and to characterize this discomfort; 6 months after the procedure a modified version of the same questionnaire was administered. In all, 593 (94.7%) men returned the preoperative questionnaires and were entered into the study; 488 (82.2%) of these completed the follow-up questionnaire, giving a mean (sd) follow-up of 6.8 (1.6) months. In all, 65 men reported new-onset scrotal pain at 7 months (14.7%). The mean visual analogue score for this pain was 3.4/10. Four men (0.9%) in the responding group described pain after vasectomy as 'quite severe and noticeably affecting their quality of life'. At 7 months after vasectomy about 15% of previously asymptomatic men have some degree of scrotal discomfort. These early data indicate that chronic scrotal pain after vasectomy is a genuine entity, but a longer-term follow-up in this group will be important to allow further evaluation of how this pain develops with time.

Analysis of Immunoglobulin Gene Mutation Status in Lymphoplasmacytic and Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphomas with Bone Marrow Infiltration.

Splenic Marginal-Zone lymphomas (SMZL) and Lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas (LPL) correspond to entities that shared clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features and are not always easy to discriminate. Immunoglobulin variable heavy chain gene (VH) usage and somatic mutation pattern were analyzed to clarify the relationship and the pathogenesis of these 2 entities.Bone marrow frozen samples from 27 patients, 16 LPL and 11 SMZL, were studied. B-cell clonality was first analysed using the standard PCR method with the Biomed 2 primers. Informative PCR products were then purified, sequenced and analyzed on IMGT and Ig-Blast websites.Overall, median rate of somatic mutations was 9% in LPL and 4% in SMZL (p=0.013).All cases of LPL were mutated. Mutation rate was always higher than 5%. A preferential usage of VH3 gene was observed in 13/16 cases (80%), with a predominance of VH3–23 and VH3–74, both representing 60% of cases. VH4 gene was used only in 2/16 cases (13%). Regarding JH usage, a predominance of JH4 gene rearrangement was observed in 11/16 cases (69%). JH5 and JH6 were used in 20% and 13% of cases respectively.In the group of SMZL, mutation rates and usage of VH and JH genes were more heterogeneous. Thirty six percent of SMZL were unmutated and 19% had a mutation rate lower than 5%. VH3 was used in 4/11 cases (36%), VH4 in 3/11 cases (27%) and VH1 in 4/11 cases (36%). JH4 and JH6 were used in 4/11 cases (36%) and the JH5 in 1/11 cases (9%).Therefore, the profile of somatic mutations and the VH and JH segment preferentially used are different in SMZL and LPL, suggesting a different process of antigen-driven selection and of transformation of the initial B-cell clone. These findings consolidate the existence of LPL as a genuine entity, different of SMZL despite their histopathological overlaps.

Fatal Amphetamine-Associated Cardiotoxicity and Its Medicolegal Implications

Amphetamines are popular drugs of abuse, particularly among youngsters and at dance scenes. Cardiotoxicity (manifested as cardiomyopathy, acute myocardial infarction/necrosis, heart failure, or arrhythmia) after the recreational (mis)use of amphetamine and its synthetic derivatives has been documented but is rather rare. Amphetamine-related cardiac fatalities are even more rare. We present 6 cases of young persons who died unexpected after the chronic abuse of amphetamines. Death was not attributed to a lethal intoxication but to an acute myocardial necrosis, a right ventricle rupture, a cardiomyopathy, or an arrhythmia. Two of the deceased persons presented prior to their death to the emergency department, but their complaints were not considered (probably due to their young age) to be of cardiac origin. One case was a sport-related fatality where medical screening failed to identify the underlying cardiac pathology or the amphetamine abuse, and 1 case was a so-called idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy where substance abuse was not considered by the treating physician. We think that amphetamine-associated cardiotoxicity is a rare but probably genuine entity that should be considered both in forensic and clinical/emergency medicine because of its potential medicolegal implications.

The Phenomenon of Quasi-states

The demise of the two federal communist states, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, was the major cause of the appearance of a new kind of state entity, unheard of since the end of feudalism in Europe. While the 15 Union Republics of the Soviet Union became independent from the old center (Moscow) as well as detached from each other, some ethnically different or mixed parts of the newly independent republics, deprived of federal protection, felt uncomfortable within the new framework and emerged as separate or detached entities. It should be remembered that this separatist movement predates the disintegration of the Soviet Union and is parallel to Gorbachev's ‘perestroika’. In the Trans-Caucasus, the separatist forces within the republics began to act as soon as Moscow loosened its grip and the national republics began to assert themselves. The half-hearted and limited use of force by Moscow in order to prevent the disintegration of the Soviet Empire (in Baku, Tbilisi, Vilnius) succeeded no better than attempts by individual republics to stop separatism within their own borders. Georgia and Azerbaijan were most affected, with several ‘quasi-states’ appearing within their borders: Nagorno-Karabagh in Azerbaijan, Abkhazia and Ossetia in Georgia. With the direct support of the Armenian republic and covert Russian assistance, the Armenian majority in the former Nagorno-Karabagh Autonomous Region split from Azerbaijan, expelled the Azeri minority, occupied a substantial chunk of Azeri territory, and created a ‘state’ of its own. The Abkhazian minority (less than one-fifth of the total population), with Russian assistance, split Abkhazia from Georgia, expelled the Georgian majority, and established its own ‘state’. South Ossetia declared itself a ‘sovereign republic’, while Adjaria and parts of Georgia proper became practically independent from Tbilisi. Political mistakes and chauvinist acts on the part of the Azeri and Georgian Popular Front governments that initially came to power contributed to local separatism.

Pseudocystic degeneration of the lumbar ligamentum flavum: a little known entity.

The objective of this work was to investigate the clinical and histologic features of patients with pseudocystic lesions of the ligamentum flavum in the lumbar region of the spinal canal and ascertain the existence of genuine ligamentum flavum pseudocysts. Retrospective chart and histologic study of a patient cohort with lumbar radiculopathy due to a cystic intraspinal lesion and who had undergone decompressive surgery was conducted. Intraoperatively, the stenosing process had been found to be different from common etiologic entities and had been submitted for histologic examination. The 33 patients with symptoms and signs of lumbar radiculopathy were between 48 and 85 years of age (mean 63.5 years). Twenty (61%) of them were women. All patients showed degenerative changes of the bony structures of the spine by conventional radiography. Segmental instability due to degeneration of the lumbar spine was present in 45%. Computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging showed a cystic lesion. Clinical and histologic examination confirmed their origin from within the severely degenerated ligamentum flavum. Radiologic, surgical, and histologic findings suggest that the pseudocystic degeneration of the ligamentum flavum represents a genuine entity that is associated with degenerative changes of the structures of the respective lumbar spine segment. These pseudocystic lesions may compress the adjacent nerve roots, provoking symptoms and signs of radiculopathy. The findings suggest that the surgical treatment not only must consist of removal of the pseudocyst but must also include a radical extirpation of the ligamentum flavum surrounding the pseudocyst to avoid recurrence of such a lesion.

In reply to the letter to the editor

While the growing interest in the role of oxidative stress and ischemia in the pathogenesis of dementia provides a welcome reprieve from the stale arguments and deafening mantras chanted by the BAPtists and Tauists, I believe we are at a critical phase in which we still have the opportunity to utilize objective scientific methods to further unravel the mechanisms of Alzheimertype neurodegeneration. First and foremost, in contrast to Dr. Rafael’s suggestion, Alzheimer’s disease is a genuine entity. Anyone who has seriously studied the disease at both clinical and pathological levels can recognize the classical features and distinguish them from pure cerebrovascular or hypoxic-ischemic injury. Although the clinical manifestations of AD and vascular dementia overlap extensively in the early stages, this does not indicate that the two disease processes are one and the same. Another important concept that deserves intense investigation is that cerebrovascular injury can contribute to and exacerbate AD-type dementia. By now, there is ample evidence that both disease processes can co-exist in the brain, and therefore are likely to contribute to the cell loss and associated clinical manifestations of dementia. By way of analogy, cirrhosis of the liver can be caused by chronic Hepatits B virus infection. However, acute or chronic ethanol abuse can also cause liver injury, and each type of exposure can exacerbate liver injury and progression to cirrhosis that is mediated by chronic Hepatitis B virus infection. These are A plus B scenarios. In our manuscript, we made deliberate efforts to objectively evaluate the consequences of transient hypoxia in relation to AD-type neurodegeneration by evaluating the effects of hypoxic injury on known molecular markers of AD. The study was inspired by recent reports showing cognitive decline in elderly individuals who had undergone cardio-thoracic surgery. The results of our experiments showed that transient hypoxia was sufficient to trigger a neurodegeneration cascade that is reminiscent of the changes that occur in AD. Although we produced substantial neuronal dysfunction, we did not produce AD. We concluded that transient hypoxia (A) can contribute to the progression of AD (B) in much the same way that acute ethanol toxicity (A) can exacerbate the clinical course of chronic Hepatitis B infection (B) in the liver. However, what we found of particular interest was that the AD-type abnormalities developed after a delay and they were not produced immediately with the insult. Therefore, an acute insult can result in delayed onset of neurodegeneration. While we share the interest in determining the potential role of chronic hypoxic-ischemic injury in relation to AD-type dementia, the fact is that acute injury is probably sufficient to do the job, and therefore, it is not necessary to invoke a chronic hypoxic-ischemic hypothesis. The challenge awaiting is to generate an experimental model of chronic hypoperfusion that truly mimics the human condition, i.e. not chronic bilateral ligation of the carotid arteries, and determine the extent to which AD-type molecular abnormalities develop in that setting. The third message, which is of paramount importance is that, recognizing the potential impact of acute hypoxic or ischemic injury as a co-factor in the pathogenesis of AD-type dementia opens the door for the implementation of prophylactic neuroprotective agents in risky clinical circumstances. Ignoring this principle will likely aid and abet in the projected disastrous growth in the population of demented individuals as is projected for the next several decades. On the other hand, the liberal use of safe and effective neuroprotec-

Perineuronal nets: past and present

Golgi ranked the peripheral reticulum—which adheres intimately to nerve cell surfaces—alongside the intracellular reticulum, or Golgi apparatus, which immortalized his name. At first dismissed as an artefact of capricious staining techniques, this peripheral reticulum, or perineuronal net, is now recognized as a genuine entity in neurocytology. It represents a complex of extracellular matrix molecules interposed between the meshwork of glial processes, from which they are indistinguishable, and nerve-cell surfaces. In no other branch of neuroscience has the waxing and waning of interest in any morphological entity been so pronounced as in the case of the perineuronal net. This review traces the history of this enigmatic structure from its conception to the present time, brings to light the keen observational powers of morphologists at the turn of the century and reveals how their sagacious forethought anticipated current thinking on the role of perineuronal nets.

World-Economic Theories and Problems: Quigley vs. Wallerstein vs Central Civilization

This is one in a series of papers on civilizational issues. Its predecessors have argued for the existence of a world system/civilization, "Central Civilization," born regionally in the Middle East about 1500 B.C. in the collision of two smaller, expanding local civilizations, expanded throughout the globe, engulfing all competing civilizations to become the unique global social system in the last 100-150 years. If continuing social struggles both are and imply continuing social entities, there is social continuity-stabilities, trends and cycles--in the struggles forming and maintaining Central Civilizations. A consequence of accepting Central Civilization as a genuine entity, or a reason for treating it as a fruitful heuristic, is, in particular, the finding that it possesses a political cycle (states system--universal empire) characteristic of other entities commonly treated as civilizations (Wilkinson, 1986; 1987, 53-56; 1988) as well as a political evolution (from multistate anarchy to balance-of-power) incipient but never successfully established in other world systems (Wilkinson, 1985).

World-Economic Theories and Problems: Quigley vs. Wallerstein vs Central Civilization

This is one in a series of papers on civilizational issues. Its predecessors have argued for the existence of a world system/civilization, "Central Civilization," born regionally in the Middle East about 1500 B.C. in the collision of two smaller, expanding local civilizations, expanded throughout the globe, engulfing all competing civilizations to become the unique global social system in the last 100-150 years. If continuing social struggles both are and imply continuing social entities, there is social continuity-stabilities, trends and cycles--in the struggles forming and maintaining Central Civilization.ill A consequence of accepting Central Civilization as a genuine entity, or a reason for treating it as a fruitful heuristic, is, in particular, the finding that it possesses a political cycle (states system--univcesal empire) characteristic of other entities commonly treated as civilizations (Wilkinson, 1986; 1987, 53-56; 1988) as well as a political evolution (from multistate anarchy to balance-of-power) incipient but never successfully established in other world systems (Wilkinson, 1985).