Safflower Genotypes Research Articles

Early monitoring of drought stress in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) using hyperspectral imaging: A comparison of machine learning tools and feature selection approaches

Early detection of drought stress is essential for preventing permanent plant damage and minimizing yield loss. This study utilized hyperspectral imaging at the leaf level to visualize drought stress in safflower plants (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Three safflower genotypes, Palenus, A82, and IL-111, were cultivated under three irrigation levels. Stress conditions were simulated by depleting 50%, 70%, and 90% of soil water content, representing unstressed (US), mild stress (MS), and severe stress (SS) conditions, respectively. Hyperspectral images of leaf samples were captured before any visible signs of water scarcity emerged. Classification analysis was performed using the full mean spectral data with partial least squares discriminant analysis, soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), support vector machines, and artificial neural network (ANN) classifiers. Feature selection methods were applied to extract the most informative wavebands, and ANN was used to build predictive models. Spatial analysis involved pixel-wise classification using both unsupervised (k-means clustering) and supervised (best classifiers) approaches. ANN outperformed other classifiers using the entire spectral data, effectively distinguishing US, MS, and SS classes in the Palenus, A82, and IL-111 genotypes, achieving F1-scores of 92.22%, 96.01%, and 96.47%, respectively. Among the feature selection methods, SIMCA-based features excelled in monitoring stress conditions in the Palenus and A82 genotypes. In supervised spatial analysis, ANN models clearly depicted the progression of stress in leaves across different genotypes. This study demonstrates the potential of hyperspectral imaging to differentiate various levels of drought stress in safflower, an important oilseed crop.

Fatty Acid Profiling of Major Fatty Acids in Safflower Genotype

Fatty acid profiling is a process of analyzing the composition and quantity of different fatty acids. Fatty acids are organic molecules that are essential for a variety of biological processes in the body, including energy storage and membrane function. Safflower seed contains major four fatty acids viz. linoleic acid, Oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid. The analysis of fatty acid profiles is important for understanding the nutritional quality of the oil and products derived from it. According to hull types of seeds, the seed oil content ranges from 20 % to 45 %. Fatty acid profiling of safflower involves analyzing the types and quantities of fatty acids present in safflower oil. This can provide insights into its nutritional value, stability, and potential health benefits from the oil derived from each genotype. This research is conducted to know the content of saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acid in safflower oil from selected genotypes. The major four fatty acid composition of safflower genotypes reveals palmitic acid content ranges from 5.09% (GMU-2969) to 6.93% (GMU-3929). The stearic acid content ranged between 1.69% (GMU-2969) to 3.55% (GMU-3780). The oleic acid content ranged from 12.88% (GMU-2749) to 20.69% (GMI-3177) and the percent linoleic acid content ranged from 71.31 (GMU-3177) to 78.44% (GMU-2749).

Genetic diversity assessment of Palestinian safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) utilizing DAMD molecular markers.

The current knowledge about Palestinian safflower landraces is relatively limited in terms of phenotypic and molecular characterization, however, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the amount of genetic diversity in eighteen local safflower landraces using seven DAMD markers. The banding patterns for each primer were scored and compiled into a data matrix. Subsequently, the data matrix was analyzed using UPGMA cluster analysis to identify distinct genetic groups among the landraces. In total, 88 DNA fragments were found, and there were an average of 12.6 loci per assay unit observed. Resolving Power (RP) revealed an average of 7.09 was determined, with the highest RP value at 13.3. The dendrogram obtained from DAMD data divided the landraces into three main clusters, denoted as I, II and III. The first cluster (I) consisted of one genotype (PTUK.SA16). The second cluster (II) consisted of two genotypes (PTUK.SA13 and PTUK.SA10). The third cluster (III) was later partitioned into two distinct sub-clusters, which are III.a and III.b. Sub-cluster III.a comprised seven genotypes (PTUK.SA4, PTUK.SA9, PTUK.SA8, PTUK.SA7, PTUK.SA6, PTUK.SA5 and PTUK.SA3). While Sub-cluster III.b consisted of eight genotypes (PTUK.SA15, PTUK.SA18, PTUK.SA17, PTUK.SA14, PTUK.SA12, PTUK.SA2, PTUK.SA11, and PTUK.SA1). This research assess the genetic diversity of Palestinian safflower landraces using PCR-based DAMD markers. The remarkable level of polymorphism detected using DAMD markers demonstrated their effectiveness in distinguishing between Palestinian safflower genotypes.

Effects of plant hormones and genotypes on anther culture response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) belongs to the composite family with various uses, from the stem to the seeds. In vitro flowering and embryo rescue are common techniques for improving safflower hybrid fertility by overcoming breeding constraints. However, anther culture expedites the production of superior types. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of plant hormones and genotypes on anther culture responses and to develop a suitable protocol. In both safflower genotypes, callus, shoot, and root formation were investigated using ten factorial hormone treatments. To promote callus induction and shoot regeneration, variable doses of Thidiazuron (TDZ) at 1 mg/l indole butyric acid (IBA) and variable benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 0.5 mg/l NAA were added to the MS medium, respectively. ½ MS media with varying IBA concentrations at a fixed 0.5 mg/l NAA were used for root regeneration. Results showed that Turkan was superior in all aspects of callus induction, and the highest degree of callus formation (46 %) was observed at 0.5 mg/l TDZ. On the other hand, the local safflower performed better for shoot and root regeneration. The highest shoot regeneration capacity (20 %) was shown at 2.0 mg/l BAP, while shoot rooting was reached (21 %) at 1.0 mg/l IBA of culture media. Despite successful in vitro regeneration, acclimated plantlets did not survive in the glasshouse. In this study, we demonstrated the higher capability for both shoot and root regeneration of calli produced from local safflower anthers. More effort is required to improve shoot and root development for both genotypes.

Assessment of Genetic Variability for Yield and Yield Related Traits in Safflower Core Subset Germplasm

One hundred and fifty safflower genotypes of Core subset germplasm provided by ICAR-IIOR, were evaluated to study genetic variability, correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). A wide range of phenotypic data with near normal distribution was observed for most of the traits analysed. High variability was observed for all the traits studied indicating diverse nature of the germplasm. Significant positive correlation was observed for seed yield with test weight and oil content. Genotype GMU 6869 has been identified as potential genotype surpassing the best check A1 for seed yield and earliness. Twenty three genotypes significantly superior to the 2nd best check PBNS-12 were identified. High heritability along with GAM was recorded for the traits number of effective capitula/plant, test weight and single plant yield indicating that these characters may be considered as selection criteria for genetic improvement in safflower. Principal component analysis revealed that first four principal components contributed 65.2% of total variance. PCA-variables plot and PCA Bi-plots revealed that two traits viz., LPB and HPB contributed maximum variations in PC1, while two traits viz., DAF & DAM contributed to the maximum variability in PC-2. Safflower accessions displaying highest performance for the traits studied were identified. These genotypes can be used as parental lines for improvement of specific traits in safflower breeding program.

Growth and yield of safflower genotypes grown under different sowing windows

Growth and yield of safflower genotypes grown under different sowing windows

The effects of seasonal climate change on the safflower genotypes productivity under Central Anatolian conditions

The effects of seasonal climate change on the safflower genotypes productivity under <scp>Central Anatolian</scp> conditions

Trait-guided selection for superior safflower genotypes: towards enhanced oil yield and composition

Trait-guided selection for superior safflower genotypes: towards enhanced oil yield and composition

Effect of Full and Rainfed Irrigation, Traditional and Nano NPK Fertilizers on The Productivity on Five Genotypes of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.)

Effect of Full and Rainfed Irrigation, Traditional and Nano NPK Fertilizers on The Productivity on Five Genotypes of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.)

Physiological Indices for the Selection of Drought-Tolerant Safflower Genotypes for Cultivation in Marginal Areas

Safflower is known as a tolerant plant to abiotic stress factors. This study was conducted to introduce some physiological indices to improve drought-tolerant safflower genotypes for cultivation in marginal and arid areas. Six safflower genotypes were studied for two years (2017–2019) in the East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre of Iran under non-stressed and low-water conditions from flowering to seed maturity. The occurrence of water deficits led to a significant decrease in relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (gs), osmotic adjustment (Oadj), water potential (WP) and agronomic water use efficiency (WUEa) and an increase in the water stress index (CWSI). In addition, the values of these traits differed significantly between the safflower genotypes. The correlations between the physiological traits and seed yield were significant. The regression relationships between seed yield and the above traits showed that CWSI, WP and WUEa had a strong relationship with seed yield under normal (R2 = 0.854, 0.801 and 0.856, respectively) and water deficit conditions (R2 = 0.931, 0.877 and 0.900, respectively). It can be concluded that the CWSI, WP and WUEa indices are able to select high-yielding and drought-tolerant safflower genotypes for the late season. Among the components of seed yield, the number of capitula per plant (r = 0.86) and seeds per capitula (r = 0.92), which were positively and significantly correlated with seed yield, played the main roles in the formation of seed yield. The Golemehr and Mec.295 genotypes achieved higher seed yields under normal (4676 and 4961 kg h−1, respectively) and water deficit conditions (3211 and 3385 kg h−1, respectively) and can be recommended for cultivation in marginal and arid areas.

CORRELATION AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS RELATIONSHIPS IN SAFFLOWER (CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L.)

An experiment was conducted on 40 genotypes of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) at the Experimental Farm of College of Agriculture, Latur, to examine genetic diversity and connections among characteristics. In Rabi 2020–2021, the experimental design was a complete randomized block design with two replications. The presence of considerable genetic diversity in the experimental materials was confirmed by analysis of variance results for 10 quantitative characters, which showed significant differences for all traits. The phenotypic and genotypic correlation among the traits and their path analysis were calculated. Plant height, number of branches per plant, number of effective capitulum per plant, number of seed per capitulum, and test weight were found to have a strong positive significant relationship with seed yield. This character had a strong and positive relationship toward seed yield. As a result, these characteristics could be considered important for improving safflower seed yield. The character number of branches per plant, plant height, number of effective capsules per plant, number of seed per capitulum, and test weight showed higher direct positive effects and indirect effects through other components traits. Number of seeds per capitulum had the greatest direct positive effect on seed yield per plant, followed by number of branches per plant and number of capsules per plant. As a result, these characteristics must be considered because they are directly relevant to seed yield. Characters like as days to maturity and oil content showed negative direct effects.

Genome-wide association studies identifies genetic loci related to fatty acid and branched-chain amino acid metabolism and histone modifications under varying nitrogen treatments in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).

Effective identification and usage of genetic variation are prerequisites for developing nutrient-efficient cultivars. A collection of 94 safflower (Carthamus tinctorius ) genotypes (G) was investigated for important morphological and photosynthetic traits at four nitrogen (N) treatments. We found significant variation for all the studied traits except chlorophyll b (chl b ) among safflower genotypes, nitrogen treatments and G×N interaction. The examined traits showed a 2.82-50.00% increase in response to N application. Biological yield (BY) reflected a significantly positive correlation with fresh shoot weight (FSW), root length (RL), fresh root weight (FRW) and number of leaves (NOL), while a significantly positive correlation was also observed among carotenoids (C), chlorophyll a (chl a ), chl b and total chlorophyll content (CT) under all treatments. Superior genotypes with respect to plant height (PH), FSW, NOL, RL, FRW and BY were clustered into Group 3, while genotypes with better mean performance regarding chl a , chl b C and CT were clustered into Group 2 as observed in principal component analysis. The identified eight best-performing genotypes could be useful to develop improved nitrogen efficient cultivars. Genome-wide association analysis resulted in 32 marker-trait associations (MTAs) under four treatments. Markers namely DArT-45481731 , DArT-17812864 , DArT-15670279 and DArT-45482737 were found consistent. Protein-protein interaction networks of loci associated with MTAs were related to fatty acid and branched-chain amino acid metabolism and histone modifications.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical properties affected by drought stress, genotype and 24-epibrassinosteroid

Finding methods, which may alleviate drought stress on the growth and biochemical properties of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), as one of the important medicinal plants, is of significance. The objective was to alleviate drought stress on seed germination, seedling growth, and biochemical properties of different genotypes of safflower using 24-epibrassinosteroid (EBR). The experiments, conducted in the greenhouse in 2014 and 2015, were factorial on the basis of a complete randomized block design with three replicates. Drought stress (85 (S1), 65 (S2) and 45% (S3) of field capacity), genotype (Goldasht, Faraman and Sina), and the foliar application of 24-epibrassinosteroid (EBR) (0 and 10−7 M) were tested. Seed germination indices, seedling growth and biochemical properties were determined. The results indicated the significant effects of drought stress on the measured parameters including seed germination, which was the most sensitive stage. The use of EBR significantly increased seed germination and seedling growth, nutrient uptake and grain protein and oil contents, at different levels of stress. EBR significantly enhanced grain N (7.3%) and P (0.5%) uptake, as well as protein percentage (38.7%), even at the highest level of stress (S3), to the levels which were comparable with S1 and S2. The use of EBR may improve seed germination and the growth of safflower seedlings under drought stress conditions by affecting the physiological properties, mainly related to the mechanisms of protein production.

Genetic variation among diverse safflower genotypes for some agro-morphological traits

This study sought to investigate the genetic diversity among 100 safflower genotypes concerning seed yield performance and seventeen morphological traits and yield components. Employing an alpha 10 × 10 lattice design, the two trials were performed in 2022 and 2023, with two replicates. Principal component analyses (PCA) explained 65% and 61% of the variability in the first and second years respectively. In the first year, the yield of a single plant was positively correlated with plant height, lateral capitulum total weight and seed number and weight, and main capitulum seed number and weight. In the second year, the results obtained generally corroborated the first year. In both years, the PC1 and PC2 axes divided genotypes into four main groups which contained 14, 11, 15, and 10 entries respectively. Comparison of the traits of the four clusters demonstrated that Cluster-II and Cluster-IV exhibited the highest single plant yields., These clusters can therefore be considered as potential heterotic groups in crossbreeding programs aimed at producing genotypes with superior performance. About 21 genotypes of 100 studied were identified as good candidates for use in safflower breeding programs.

Assessment of the Genetic Diversity in 160 Safflower Genotypes Focusing on oil Quality Characteristics

Assessment of the Genetic Diversity in 160 Safflower Genotypes Focusing on oil Quality Characteristics

Evaluation of Some Local and Registered Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Based on SRAP Markers

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), a member of the Asteraceae family, is an important plant grown in the world as a source of vegetable oil. In addition, it is a versatile crop that is also used as biodiesel, animal feed, spice, dye, and medicinal plant. In this study, SRAP markers were used to determine the genetic diversity and relationships between four local and three registered safflower cultivars for use in cross-breeding programs. The twelve primer combinations yielded a total of 101 bands, including 33 polymorphic bands. The level of polymorphism of SRAP markers which were represented by the average number of total bands (NTB) (8.4), the average number of polymorphic bands (NPB) (2.8), polymorphic band ratios (PBR%) (34.5%), resolving power (RP) (1.48), effective multiplex ratio (EMR) (1.17), and marker index (MI) (0.43) was low. Conversely, polymorphism information content (PIC) (0.35), Nei’s gene diversity (h) (0.36) and Shannon's information index (I) (0.55) showed a significant genetic variation in the safflower genotypes studied. The polymorphism information content of the SRAP primer combinations used in the study ranged from 0.24 to 0.46, with an average of 0.35. Genetic similarity was calculated according to Dice similarity and varied from 0.12 to 0.92, with a mean genetic similarity (GS) of 0.58. The cophenetic correlation between the Dice similarity matrix and corresponding dendrogram obtained by SRAP (r = 0.95) revealed very good compliance. The genetically close genotypes were Remzibey05 - TR64702 and TR49119 - TR42630 (GS=0.91). Also, Dinçer5-118 and Yenice5-38 were the most genetically distant varieties (GS=0.12). Dinçer5-118 was very different from other genotypes (GS=0.29).

Genetic variability and heritability of seed yield and yield contributing characters in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

In the present study, genotypic and phenotypic variability were worked out on 34 genotypes of safflower for yield and yield contributing characters at Department of Genetics and Plant breeding at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences in Prayagraj during rabi 2021. The experiment was conducted by using RBD design with three replications. The information was compiled using 12 characters to examine the genotypes of safflower with regard to genetic variability, heritability, the connection of yield contributing components with yield The highest percentage of PCV (64.93 ), GCV (65.26) and heritability (99% ) were found for number of Capitulum per plant. Low heritability estimates were found for the seed index and capitulum diameter whereas moderate genetic gain was seen for capitulum diameter, days to maturity, days to 50% flowering, and plant height. When a trait is highly heritable and genetic progress as a percentage of the mean, it is likely that additive gene action, with equal contributions from non-additive and additive gene action, is responsible for the trait.

Safflower heterosis for yield and its contributed characters

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the major edible oilseed crops grown in winter season in India. The first safflower hybrid released in India for commercial cultivation in all safflower growing regions was based on genetic male sterility system. Twenty two hybrids were tested using line x tester design involving two cytoplasmic male sterile lines during rabi 2018, using Randomized block design with three replications. Twenty two along with three checks 'A-1, PBNS-12, PKV Pink' were evaluated at the field of Oilseeds Research Unit, Dr. PDKV, Akola during rabi 2019-2020 to estimate extent of heterosis in safflower genotypes. Among all the crosses, AKS CMS 2A x GMU 1183 (46.15 % and 44.30%) exhibited highly significant and positive average heterosis for number of seeds per plant over mid and better parent. crosses, AKS CMS 2A x GMU 184 (49.26% and 34.44%) exhibited highly significant and positive average heterosis for 100 seed weight, whereas, cross AKS CMS 2A x GMU 5149 (15.28% and 9.32%) exhibited highly significant and positive average heterosis for volume weight. The highest heterosis and heterobeltiosis in desirable direction were recorded for seed yield per plant in AKS CMS 2A x GMU 1654 (246.96. %) and the cross AKS CMS 3A x GMU 1183 (206.75%) showed highest and significantly positive standard heterosis over the checks i.e. PKV PINK, AKS 207 and PBNS-12.Biotechnological tools, such as genetic engineering need to be perfected for incorporation of mitochondrial male sterility causing factor of sunflower into safflower to develop safflower hybrids which can be more easily produced.

Effect of scheduling of irrigation on yield and economics of safflower genotypesunder limited water availability conditions

A field experiment was carried out to find out the effect of irrigation schedules for a suitable variety of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) using 3 genotypes and seven irrigation schedules.. The seed yield of safflowerwas significantly influenced by safflower genotypes. The seed yield of safflower was significantly higher in DSH 184 (1253 kg /ha) which was followed by TSF-1 (1123 kg /ha). While NARI-6 recorded the lowest yields (972 kg /ha). The seed yield of safflower differed significantly due to the application of irrigation at critical stages of the crop. The crop received 3 irrigations each at the Stem elongation stage + Early flowering stage + Seed filling stage resulting in significantly superior yields (1489 kg/ha) which was followed by 2 irrigations each at the Stem elongation stage + Early flowering stage (1408 kg/ha) and 2 irrigations each at the Stem elongation stage + Seed filling stage (1303 kg/ha). Crop grown completely under rainfed conditions recorded the lowest yield (776 kg/ha). The seed yield increased up to 47.88% by providing 3 irrigations each at Stem elongation, Early flowering and Seed filling stages as compared to rainfed conditions.

Assessment of inter-relationships between yield and yieldattributes in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Character association studies in 29 genotypes of safflower for seven characters conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Tandur revealed significant positive association of single plant yield with test weight, number of effective capitula per plant, plant height and number of seeds per capitulum. Estimates of direct and indirect effects of component characters on single plant yield at genotypic level revealed that test weight contributed for maximum positive direct effect on single plant yield followed by days to maturity, plant height and number of seeds per capitulum. Also, these traits had positive and significant association with grain yield. Critical analysis of character association and path analysis showed that these characters should be given importance to isolate superior lines with genetic potentiality for high grain yield.