Mungbean Genotypes Research Articles

İkinci Ürün Olarak Yetiştirilen Maş Fasulyesinde Farklı Hasat Zamanlarının Ot Kalitesi ve Mineral İçeriğine Etkileri

Araştırma, Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Eğitim, Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliği deneme arazilerinde 2017 yılında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın amacı, ikinci ürün olarak yetiştirilen ve farklı zamanlarda hasat edilen maş fasulyesi genotiplerinde ot verimi, kalitesi ve mineral içeriğinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmada 02 G 06 ve 70 S 01 maş fasulyesi genotipleri tohum materyali olarak kullanılmış olup, deneme tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre faktöriyel düzende 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada bitki boyu, kuru madde oranı, ADF, NDF, ADL, TSBM değeri, hemiselüloz, selüloz, nisbi yem değeri, metabolik enerji özellikleri ile Mg, K, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Mn ve Zn içerikleri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre, bitki boyu 6,45-53,78 cm, kuru madde oranı %18,42-23,82, ADF içeriği %15,21-20,99, NDF içeriği %30,99-39,87, ADL içeriği %4,39-7,0, TSBM değeri %66,61-70,95, hemiselüloz %13,81-24,66, selüloz %8,21-14,35, nisbi yem değeri 179,8-228,9, metabolik enerji 10,33-11,10 MJ kg-1, Mg içeriği %0,34-0,46, K içeriği %2,39-3,41, Ca içeriği %2,39-2,84, P içeriği %0,30-0,38, Fe içeriği 202,67-586,0 ppm, Cu içeriği 7,67-11,50 ppm, Mn içeriği 121,75-245,0 ppm ve Zn içeriği 29,0-38,17 ppm arasında değişim göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, yöre koşullarında maş fasulyesinin tahıl hasadından sonra ikinci ürün olarak ekilebileceği ve hayvan besleme yönünden kaliteli bir kaba yem olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Influence of Temperature on the Pathogenesis and Gene Expression of Rhizoctonia solani Causing Web Blight/Wet Root Rot Disease in Mungbean

Background: Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilzeck) is one of the most important pulse crops and grown in almost all parts of the India. Web blight/wet root rot disease of mungbean is caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn. Crop environmental factors plays a vital role in the development of web blight disease caused by R. solani. An understanding of the role of environmental factors on the infection and survival of the pathogen is necessary to develop disease management practices. Methods: The effect of different temperatures (4oC, 20oC, 25oC, 30oC and 35oC) on mycelial growth of seven different R. solani isolates belonging to different anastomosis group were evaluated under in vitro conditions. Effect of different temperatures on the development of root rot/web blight disease of mungbean was also evaluated under phytotron conditions at various temperatures with constant relative humidity (85%) and illumination (alternate dark and light period of 12 h). Effect of temperatures on the expression of selected pathogenicity related genes was evaluated through real time PCR. Result: Maximum radial growth in R. solani isolates was observed at 25 and 30oC after 48 hrs of incubation. Maximum disease incidence was observed with R. solani isolate RUPU-18 (73.11%) followed by R-17 (68.75%), RDLM-1 (63.45%) at 25oC on mungbean genotype Pusa Vishal. Expression of genes like ABC transporter was observed only at 35oC, while other genes like 1, 3 glucan hydrolase expressed maximum at 25oC after 24, 48 and 72 hrs post inoculation. Present study suggested that the expression of pathogenicity related genes in mungbean-R. solani system is dependent on the temperature and time interval post pathogen inoculation.

Germination and Early Growth Performances of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) Genotypes Under Salinity Stress

Salinity is the abiotic stress factor that most restricts agricultural production after drought. In this study, mung beans (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) genotypes were analyzed the resistance performance to salinity stress in germination stage and early seedling stage. In accordance with this purpose, 17 mung bean genotypes were used in the study. Genotypes used in the study were treated with distilled water (0) and 2 different salt doses (4 and 8 mmhos cm-1 NaCl) as the control group. Petri dishes were allowed to stay at room temperature (25 ° C) for 9 days, and salt solution was added when required. The data obtained from the study, were obtained on the average of the measurements made on the 9th day and then analyzed. Germination power, root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight were determined as the analyzed parameters in the study. Increasing NaCl doses generally affected all parameters negatively. According to the analysis of variance with the results obtained, the genotypic effect was found to be statistically significant in all parameters, which was analyzed in this study. Stress dose was found to be statistically significant in all parameters except the dry weight parameter. In addition to this, genotype × stress dose interaction was determined to be statistically significant in germination power, root length and shoot length parameters. Genotypes, which were numbered No.20 and No.24, had maximum results in statistically important parameters such as germination power (97.00-94.11%), root length (1.557-1.563 cm) and shoot length (2.033-1.793 cm) under applied highest salt dose. As a result of this, No.20 and No.24 genotypes were determined to be the more tolerant to salt stress than other genotypes used in the study. As a conclusion, it is suggested that No.20 and No.24 genotypes can be used as parental plants in the breeding of new varieties tolerant to salinity in the future.

TILLING by sequencing (TbyS) reveals mutations in flowering control genes that are associated with altered plant architecture in Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek)

Mutation is prerequisite for creating new variation in crop plants. This variation forms the basis for any crop improvement program. In this study, a population of 3774 mungbean M1 mutant plants were generated using 0.7% of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). For TILLING by sequencing, 768 M2 families were sequenced for three different candidate genes responsible for altering plant architecture in mungbean. In total, five exon residing mutations were identified, among them three mutations each in GIGANTEA (GI), RAMOSUS (RMS) and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) were found to be deleterious and altering the protein function based on SIFT analysis. Through morphological characterization, we confirmed the potential role of each mutation in altering mungbean plant architecture to develop an ideal plant type to increase the yield potential. Additionally, mutants with desirable traits such as increase in number of branches, and terminal and late flowering were selected from this study and advanced to further generation, as well as we are planning to pyramiding all three mutation in single genetic background that could contribute potentially towards developing high yielding mungbean genotypes with ideal plant type.

Study on genotype x environment interactions and AMMI analysis for agronomic traits in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek.) under rainfed conditions.

In the present study, 23 genotypes of mungbean were evaluated for stability performance under different environments continuously for three years during kharif 2016 (E1), 2017 (E2) and 2018 (E3) under rainfed conditions. Genotype Pusa Vishal exhibited regression coefficient equal to unity with non-significant deviation from regression coefficient and hence showed wider adaptability under poor or good environments. Genotype EC520016 showed earliness in maturity with wider adaptability. Environmental indices indicated that environment E2 and E3 were most favourable for yield and majority of yield attributing traits, whereas E3 alone was important for seed yield/plant and no. of seeds/pod. Based on AMMI models, Pusa Vishal, PD139, IPM2-3, IPM2057 and PML2-14 showed higher IPCA scores coupled with high population mean in E3. AMMI2 analysis indicated ML2056, and K851 with high IPCA1 in E3 whereas IPM99-125, BM63 and PM2-14 with high IPCA2 in the same environment. Genotypes which positioned very close to centre point and are least affected by G x E interactions while those presented away from the point of centre are more affected by G x E interactions and hence not stable. Identified genotypes may be utilized in improvement programme of Vigna radiata for targeted environments.

Exploring the Genetic Divergence in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Germplasm Using Multiple Molecular Marker Systems.

Molecular markers are considered powerful tools to identify the potential genetic variation. Forty-two RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers were employed to characterize 21 mungbean genotypes. RAPD primers produced 79 polymorphic bands while ISSR and SSR markers amplified 21 and 6 polymorphic bands, respectively. The range for minimum and maximum number of bands was 3-13, 3-9 and 1-2 and average alleles per loci were 8.17, 4.3 and 1 for RAPD, ISSR and SSR, respectively. Highest polymorphism percentage was 100% for both ISSR and SSR while 80% for RAPD markers. The SSR-VR-303 and ISSR-UBC-810 had highest PIC values (0.44, 0.72) indicating the more discriminating power of these primers for diversity analysis. RAPD primer OPA-7 with maximum PIC value (0.26) resulted in good amplification. Jaccard's similarity coefficient ranged between 0.50 to 1, 0.64 to 1 and 0.75 to 1 for SSR, ISSR and RAPD primers, respectively, indicating less genetic divergence among studied material. Dendrogram based on Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) grouped mungbean genotypes into two to three major clusters for different marker system with up to 100% genetic relatedness among different cultivars. Molecular genetic divergence identified can be utilized to widen the genetic base in mungbean breeding programs.

Genetic variability and divergence studies in mungbean (Vigna radiata) under rainfed conditions

Twenty three genotypes of moongbean were evaluated in two different environments for variability stability performance. The present investigation was conducted to provide information on the nature and magnitude of genetic variability and divergence among 23 genotypes of mungbean under different environments. It was measured by seed yield/plant under rainfed conditions during kharif 2016 and 2017. Seed yield/plant showed significant correlation with number of seeds/pod and negative correlation with days to maturity. These genotypes were divided into five clusters on the basis of D2 statistics. Maximum inter cluster distance was exhibited by cluster IV and intra-cluster distance by cluster I. Hence, the genotypes of cluster III & IV shall be utilized for the hybridization programme for the development of high yielding varieties (HYVs) of mungbean.

Yield Performance of Mungbean Genotypes as Influenced by Herbicides with Different Weed Management Practices

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of different herbicides with weed management practices on growth and yield performance of mungbean genotypes. The experiment consisted of two factors were mungbean genotypes and weed management. There were two genotypes namely BARI Mung 6 and BARI Mung 8. While there were five weed management practices namely control/no weeding and without herbicide application (T1), hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS (T2), pre emergence herbicide (Panida) at 1-2 DAS (T3), pre emergence herbicide (Neon) at 2-3 DAS (T4), and post emergence herbicide (Neon) at 10-15 DAS+hand weeding (T5). The results revealed that BARI Mung 6 stand superior to BARI Mung 8 in respect of dry matter content/plant, pods/plant, seeds/plant, seed yield, and 1000 seed weight. Among weed management practices, maximum plant height (53.70 cm), dry matter weight/plant (17.96 g), pods/plant (18.31), seeds/plant (171.47), maximum weed control efficiency (33.78 %) obtained from T3 treatment. Based on the interaction effect showed that BARI Mung 6 weeded with pre emergence herbicide (Panida) at 1-2 DAS produced maximum seed yield (1.79 t/ha) as well as yield attributes showed 2.29 % higher seed yield.

Molecular Characterization of Some Mung Bean (Vigna rediata L.) Genotypes by Using ISSR Technique الوصف الجزیئی لبعض التراکیب الوراثیة لفول المونج (Vigna rediata L.) باستخدام تقنیة ISSR

The present study was carried out to evaluate ten genotypes of mung bean for ten important agricultural characteristics. Ten mung bean genotypes were obtained from Bahteem Research Station of the Field Crop Research Institute in Gizain 2019. The complete randomized block design was performed with four replicates, the best genotype selection was made on the basis of ten important agricultural characteristic. Data were recorded for, plant height (cm), branches' number per plant, number of fertile nods per plant, number of pods per nods, pods length (cm), number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant (g) and 100-seed weight (g). The results indicated that there were slightly important differences between the genotypes and genetic diversity was observed for the studied traits and thus, there is an opportunity for genetic improvement. Molecular markers analysis evaluated using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) with ten primers were used on ten mung bean genotypes. A high level of polymorphism was found, where 65 polymorphic bands and 52 monomorphic bands were detected out of total 117 bands. The results showed that there is a high degree of genetic similarity ranged between 0.88 and 0.76 where the highest was 0.88 between genotypes 1, 2 and the least was 0.76 between genotypes 4, 5 and 2, 9.

Effect of Leaf Clipping on Morphological Features and Yield in Mungbean Genotypes

Effect of Leaf Clipping on Morphological Features and Yield in Mungbean Genotypes

Assessment of Nitrogen Fixation by Mungbean Genotypes in Different Soil Textures Using 15N Natural Abundance Method

Ensuring food and nutritional security in light of high climate variability and a rapidly growing population remains a challenge. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is a short duration, drought-tolerant, and ureide-exporting legume crop capable of symbiotic atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Estimates of biological N2 fixation by mungbean in different soil textures have not been extensively studied. We conducted this study to evaluate plant growth and N2 fixation of five mungbean genotypes (Berken, 8735, IC 8972-1, STB#122, 223) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and grown on loamy sand and silt loam soils under glasshouse conditions. Mungbean dry matter yield, δ15N values, shoot content, amounts of N-fixed, and soil N uptake were all higher on the silt loam soil compared to the loamy sand soil, demonstrating the effects of soil properties on plant growth and N2 fixation potential. Among genotypes, IC 8972-1 produced the highest biomass (7.85 g plant−1), shoot N content (200 mg plant−1), and soil N uptake (155 mg plant−1) than other genotypes. The significant interaction between soil texture and genotypes for root dry matter and %Ndfa indicates the major role of legume root-nodule bacteria in symbiotic N2 fixation. This study demonstrated that N2 fixation in mungbean is affected by both genotypes and soil properties, illustrating the need to consider soil properties in order to maximize N contribution from mungbean to agricultural production systems.

An appraisal of genetic divergence in some indigenous collections of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wileczek)

The present investigation was undertaken to retrieve information on the nature and extent of genetic diversity among 110 mungbean genotypes for yield related traits by using Mahalanobis's D2 statistics. One hundred and ten genotypes could be grouped under 15 clusters, cluster XV showed maximum intra-cluster distance while the highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and XIII. Seed yield exhibited a maximum contribution to genetic divergence (72.02 per cent) followed by days to 50 per cent flowering (15.33 per cent) and plant height (4.24 per cent) while the other traits viz., the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per cluster, pod length and seeds per pod exhibited insignificant values for contribution to genetic divergence. The maximum and minimum cluster value for seed yield ranged from 5.83 to 19.13. The greater the distance between two clusters, the wider the genetic diversity between the varieties. Keeping this in view, it is indicated that hybridization between the varieties (SML 171/1, AGG 11–013, FRM 1320, EC 396114 and SML 138) of cluster VI and cluster XIII (CO 4, VPM 50 and PLM 501), cluster VIII (V4, V2 and CO 7) and cluster VI (CO 4, VPM 50 and PLM 501), cluster II (AGG 10–850 and EC 396118) with cluster VI (SML 171/1, AGG 11–013, FRM 1320, EC 396114 and SML 138) would produce a better seed yield along with earliness in green gram.

Genome-Wide SNP Identification and Association Mapping for Seed Mineral Concentration in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.).

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) quality is dependent on seed chemical composition, which in turn determines the benefits of its consumption for human health and nutrition. While mung bean is rich in a range of nutritional components, such as protein, carbohydrates and vitamins, it remains less well studied than other legume crops in terms of micronutrients. In addition, mung bean genomics and genetic resources are relatively sparse. The objectives of this research were three-fold, namely: to develop a genome-wide marker system for mung bean based on genotyping by sequencing (GBS), to evaluate diversity of mung beans available to breeders in the United States and finally, to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for nutrient concentrations based on a seven mineral analysis using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy. All parts of our research were performed with 95 cultivated mung bean genotypes chosen from the USDA core collection representing accessions from 13 countries. Overall, we identified a total of 6,486 high quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the GBS dataset and found 43 marker × trait associations (MTAs) with calcium, iron, potassium, manganese, phosphorous, sulfur or zinc concentrations in mung bean grain produced in either of two consecutive years’ field experiments. The MTAs were scattered across 35 genomic regions explaining on average 22% of the variation for each seed nutrient in each year. Most of the gene regions provided valuable candidate loci to use in future breeding of new varieties of mung bean and further the understanding of genetic control of nutritional properties in the crop. Other SNPs identified in this study will serve as important resources to enable marker-assisted selection (MAS) for nutritional improvement in mung bean and to analyze cultivars of mung bean.

Australian Uromyces viciae‐fabae: Host and nonhost interaction among cultivated grain legumes

AbstractUromyces viciae‐fabae, rust of faba bean, parasitizes other legume crops such as lentils (Lens culinaris) and field peas (Pisum sativum) in some environments. In this study we examined the host range of two Australian isolates of U. viciae‐fabae collected and purified from a faba bean crop and classified as U. viciae‐fabae ex V. faba. Field pea (P. sativum), chickpea (Cicer arientinum), lupin (Lupinus spp.), lentil (L. culinaris), and mung bean (Vigna radiata) genotypes were tested with these isolates, as well as resistant and susceptible genotypes of the faba bean host. Race specificity for these two pathogen isolates was observed on Vicia faba, with two faba bean genotypes showing partial resistance. Both U. viciae‐fabae isolates also colonized field pea seedlings and successfully produced uredinia under glasshouse conditions, despite this fungus not being known as a pathogen of Australian field pea crops. No sporulation of either isolate of U. viciae‐fabae ex V. faba was observed on any of the remaining legume species tested. However, obvious differences in fungal growth were observed, ranging from small infection sites with very rare haustorium formation in mung bean to more extensive growth and the development of potential uredinial structures in chickpea. These observations are discussed in relation to the phylogenetic relationship of these host and nonhost species.

Development of Mungbean yellow mosaic virus Resistant Genotypes in Mungbean through Interspecific Crosses of Wild Vigna Species

Mungbean Yellow mosaic disease is a main destructing viral disease in mungbean caused by Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) which leads to severe sometime 100 percent yield reduction and it necessitates for developing MYMV resistant lines. The present investigation was carried out with an objective of evolution of MYMV resistant progenies through incorporating wide genes of same genera. An attempt was made between V. radiata x V. umbellata crosses. This agroinoculation technique was employed to examine the F2 individuals, which were derived from a cross between VMGG012-005 (Moderately susceptible) x VGGru1 (resistant homozygous advanced line from Vigna radiata x Vigna umbellata derivative used as MYMV donor) to screen for the MYMV resistant progenies. In the field condition, MYMV infection can be evaluated by MYMV disease rating scale (1-9).

Genetic variation for root architectural traits in response to phosphorus deficiency in mungbean at the seedling stage.

Roots enable the plant to survive in the natural environment by providing anchorage and acquisition of water and nutrients. In this study, root architectural traits of 153 mungbean genotypes were compared under optimum and low phosphorus (P) conditions. Significant variations and medium to high heritability were observed for the root traits. Total root length was positively and significantly correlated with total root surface area, total root volume, total root tips and root forks under both optimum P (r = 0.95, r = 0.85, r = 0.68 and r = 0.82 respectively) and low P (r = 0.95, r = 0.82, r = 0.71 and r = 0.81 respectively). The magnitudes of the coefficient of variations were relatively higher for root forks, total root tips and total root volume. Total root length, total root surface area and total root volume were major contributors of variation and can be utilized for screening of P efficiency at the seedling stage. Released Indian mungbean varieties were found to be superior for root traits than other genotypic groups. Based on comprehensive P efficiency measurement, IPM-288, TM 96–25, TM 96–2, M 1477, PUSA 1342 were found to be the best highly efficient genotypes, whereas M 1131, PS-16, Pusa Vishal, M 831, IC 325828 were highly inefficient. Highly efficient genotypes identified would be valuable genetic resources for P efficiency for utilizing in the mungbean breeding programme.

Characterisation of the Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola population found in Eastern Australia associated with halo blight disease in Vigna radiata

This study analysed the phenotypic and genotypic variation among 511 Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola (Psp) isolates, causing halo blight in mungbeans. Collected from symptomatic mungbean (Vigna radiata) crops throughout Australia between 2005 and 2018, a total of 352 Psp isolates were phenotypically screened. Our in planta screening against a set of four mungbean cultivars with known susceptible and resistant reactions revealed five distinctive pathotypes. Isolates belonging to pathotype 2 were the most prevalent at 84% and were found to be highly pathogenic towards all tested mungbean genotypes. Genomic variation was investigated for 205 isolates using DNA fingerprints, splitting the halo blight pathogen population into two broad genetic lineages. Further genetic testing for two known avirulence genes, avrPphE and avrPphF, identified the avrPphE gene in all the tested isolates and avrPphF present in all but two. To identify candidate avirulence genes unique to Psp isolates infecting mungbean in Australia, a comparative genomics study was undertaken on the whole-genome sequences of two epidemiologically important Psp isolates, T11544 and K4287. The information presented in this study has the potential to dramatically improve mungbean disease resistance now and into the future.

Resistance in Mungbean Against Meloidogyne incognita and its Impact on Nodulation

Mungbean is an economically as well as nutritionally enriched crop. Of the different soil borne pathogens attacking mungbean, root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is an important pathogen affecting growth and production of mungbean. It is grown in summer as well as in kharif season. The germplasm of mungbean of two seasons’ viz., summer and kharif was screened to identify new sources of resistance against root knot nematode, M. incognita. In addition to screening; studies were also conducted on the impact of root knot nematode infestation in roots on nodulation character of mungbean and growth parameters. Of the sixty three genotypes evaluated in summer, seven were found to be moderately resistant. In kharif season, only three genotypes were found to be moderately resistant. M. incognita infestation was also observed to affect the plant growth parameters as well as nodulation on roots of mungbean genotypes. Comparatively, better plant growth and higher nodulation was observed in moderately resistant genotypes as compared to the susceptible ones. The ten identified moderately resistant genotypes from two seasons can be a useful source in breeding programmes for developing cultivars to manage root knot nematode.

Trichoderma virens-Tv4 enhances growth promoter and plant defense-related enzymes of mungbean (Vigna radiata) against soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani

Abstract. Inayati A, Sulistyowati L, Aini LQ, Yusnawan E. 2020. Trichoderma virens-Tv4 enhances growth promoter and plant defense-related enzymes of mungbean (Vigna radiata) against soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Biodiversitas 21: 2410-2419. Trichoderma virens has been studied for its ability to control various soil-borne pathogens as well as to induce plant resistance. The ability of T. virens control R. solani and its capability to induce resistance was evaluated in two different genotypes of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek). Plant growth-promoting capability and production of plant defense-related enzymes during plant-pathogen-Trichoderma interaction were investigated. Pathogen infection caused the morphological and biochemical changes as well as increased plant defense enzymes activity such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, PAL, phenolics, and flavonoid compared to control uninoculated plants. T. virens improved mungbean seedling growth in terms of increased total biomass, root weight, and root length as well as improved chlorophyll content and IAA-synthase from leaves and roots. T. virens treatment alone or in the presence of pathogen-induced mungbean defense-related enzymes indicated by the increasing of PO and PPO activity, and higher accumulation of total phenolic and flavonoid content. Although most of plant induced resistance parameters showed low and non-significant in direct single-factor comparison, Pearson’s correlation showed there was a positive correlation between plant growth promoter compounds (IAA and chlorophyll) with plant defense-related enzymes (total phenol, and flavonoid content). T. virens treatment can induce systemic defense response of mungbean seedling directly by increasing the activity of some defense-related enzymes, and indirectly by improving plant health, and promoting plant growth. In conclusion, T. virens-Tv4 has potential to be developed as bio-control agents to control R. solani as well as to induce mungbean resistance.

Anti-stress phytohormones impact on proteome profile of green gram (Vigna radiata) under salt toxicity

Anti-stress phytohormones impact on proteome profile of green gram (Vigna radiata) under salt toxicity