Genotoxic Effects Of Aqueous Extracts Research Articles

Toxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of Poligonum weyrichii Fr. Schmidt on the Allium test taken as an example.

The plant Poligonum weyrichii Fr. Schmidt is a promising plant in Murmansk region because it is a valuable source of flavonoid compounds. The aim of the study is to investigate, using a sensitive and the well-established Allium test, toxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of inflorescences and leaves of the middle tier, which differ in concentration (20, 50, 80 and 100%). According to the observations, the 50%, 80% and 100% concentration aqueous extracts of inflorescences and leaves of P. weyrichii have a mitodepressive effect on the cells of the root meristem of Allium cepa L., and inhibit the root growth, causing chromosomal abnormalities. The further investigations are necessary on selection of such aqueous extracts concentrations of P. weyrichii because this plant is the source of biologically active compounds.

Genetic and reproductive toxicity of aqueous extracts of Telfairia occidentalis (Hook F.), Vernonia amygdalina and their combination on the testicular cells of male mice

Telfairia occidentalis (Hook F.) and Vernonia amygdalina are two commonly consumed vegetables, individually and as recipes, for their nutritive and medicinal values in Africa. Data on reproductive toxicity and DNA damage of the combination of these plants on the male reproductive system is scarce. We evaluated the toxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of T. occidentalis and V. amygdalina and their combination on the reproductive cells of male Swiss albino mice. Groups of mice exposed to five concentrations (62.5–1000 mg/kg) of each extract or combination as against distilled water and cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg bwt) as negative and positive control respectively were examined for abnormal sperm morphology, organo-somatic index and pathological changes. Each of the extracts significantly reduced the frequency of aberrant sperm cells, while their combination provoked increasing sperm abnormalities when compared with the negative control. None of the extracts induced adverse effect on body and testes weight of exposed mice. There was no visible histological lesion induced by extracts of V. amygdalina but there were residual bodies indicative of increased spermatogenesis. The extracts of T. occidentalis induced necrosis only at 1000 mg/kg, while with the combination, there were necrotic cells, mild congestion of blood vessels, and the seminiferous tubules had irregular outlines. These indicates that aqueous extracts of T. occidentalis and V. amygdalina individually at the tested doses did not evoke significant induction of genetic damage in the sperm head, and pathological changes unlike the combination in mice.

Evaluation of the genotoxicity of aqueous extracts of leaves and stems of Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G. Lohmann (Bignoniaceae) using the Allium cepa test

The province of Misiones is characterized by its great plant diversity and the use of medicinal plants is common, 80% of its boundaries are international, it borders the Republic of Paraguay to the west and the Republic of Brazil to the north and to the east, in both is also traditional the use of medicinal plants. Where in most cases they are marketed without previous toxicity studies. Dolichandra unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae) a species commonly known as "cat's claw", used in folk medicine to treat multiple conditions. The objective of this work is to analyze the genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts obtained from infusions of leaves and stems of D. unguis-cati using the Allium cepa test. The concentrations studied inhibited the growth of the roots, decreased the mitotic index with respect to a control and did not produce relevant genotoxic effects.

Genotoxic POTENTIAL OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT FRESH SHEETS DO GRASS - LEMON (Cymbopogon citratus (A.D.) Stapf).IN MICE IN MICRONUCLEUS TEST MEANS

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) it is a medicinal herb grown in almost all tropical countries, including Brazil. Your still therapeutic use is homemade, taking into account the ethnobotanical knowledge. Despite the long history with no reports of serious side effects, research has shown that they may have genotoxic potentialities. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of lemongrass, prepared in 2%, 4% and 8% in the animal test system - Mus musculus L. The results showed that the bend the concentration of the aqueous extract of fresh leaves of lemon grass, bent also genotoxic effects on bone marrow Mus musculus L, inducing an increased frequency of micronucleus. This way, the consumption of lemon grass tea should be done with moderations and monitoring of health professionals.

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of two medicinal species of Verbenaceae

Lantana camara L. and Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br. are two important species of Verbenaceae family and are commonly used in folk medicine in many countries of Central and Southern America. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts from leaves of both species on Lactuca sativa (lettuce) root tip meristem cells using a cytogenetic approach. Seeds of lettuce were separately treated during 72h with different concentrations of L. camara and L. alba aqueous extracts (5, 10, 20 and 30g/L). The percentage of germination, root development and cellular behavior were analyzed and the results showed that the highest concentration of aqueous extracts reduced the mitotic index, the seeds germination and the root development of lettuce. The extracts also induced chromosome aberrations and cellular death in roots cells of L. sativa. The cytogenotoxicity of L. camara and L. alba extracts was comparatively described.

Evaluation of genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Croton caudatus Geiseler leaves on mice

Abstract Croton caudatus Geiseler is widely used in Manipur, India and its neighbouring areas for the treatment of various ailments including cancer without considering the genotoxic effects. In an attempt to determine whether the aqueous extract of the plant leaves interact with genetic material both somatic and germinal were cytogenetically assayed. Mice which received intraperitoneal injection of the leave extract showed chromosome aberrations, abnormal chromosome behaviour and synaptonemal complex damages indicating their clastogenic potentials.

Genotoxic effects of Campomanesia xanthocarpa extracts on Allium cepa vegetal system

Context. Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg. (Myrtaceae), popularly known in Brazil as guabiroba, is a plant used as antidiarrheic, anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic agents, and in stomach and hepatic disorders.Objective: The antiproliferative and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts and essential oil of C. xanthocarpa were evaluated.Materials and methods: Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the aqueous extracts (6 and 30 mg/mL) and essential oil (0.25%, v/v) obtained from leaves of C. xanthocarpa were evaluated using the Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae) assay. Mitotic index was calculated as the percentage of dividing cells of total cells observed; chromosome abnormalities were observed and counted during cell division. Additionally, the composition of the essential oil and the quantification of the main compounds of the extracts were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector, respectively.Results and discussion: Aqueous extracts (6 and 30 mg/mL) led to a reduction of 67.7% and 34.1% of the mitotic index, respectively, whereas the treatment with essential oil caused a 48.2% reduction in the mitotic index, when compared with negative control. Chromosomal mutations were observed and included anaphase bridges, delay chromosome, break chromosome, as well as metaphase with disorganized chromosomal and binuclear cells. The main compounds of the essential oil were β-caryophyllene (8.87%), viridiflorol (6.40%), spathulenol (5.16%), δ-cadinene (4.92%), linalool (4.46%) and α-cadinol (4.25%). Gallic acid (3.19%), chlorogenic acid (1.04%), quercetin (2.97%) and rutin (4.82%) were identified in an aqueous extract (30 mg/mL).Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that genotoxic and antiproliferative activities are present in C. xanthocarpa infusions using the in vivo onion root-tip cell test.

Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC as Genotoxicity Indicator of Exposure to Coal and Emissions from a Thermal Power Plant

During coal combustion, hazardous elements are discharged that impair environmental quality. Plant cover is the first available surface for the atmospheric pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate genotoxicity in the aqueous extract of the native plant, Baccharis trimera, exposed to coal and emissions from a thermal power plant (coal-fired power plant in Candiota, Brazil), correlating seasonality, wind tunnel predominance, and presence of inorganic elements. The presence of inorganic elements in the aerial parts of B. trimera was analyzed by particle-induced X-ray emission(PIXE) spectrometry, and genotoxicity was evaluated by ex vivo comet assay. The genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of B. trimera from four sites located in the area around power plant were analyzed by comet assay in peripheral human lymphocytes. Winter samples showed greater levels of metals than summer samples. Genotoxicity was detected in B. trimera extracts collected from the region exposed to extraction and burning coal. Extracts from the site impacted by the dominant wind induced more damage to DNA than those from other sites. Based on our data, we can suggest that in winter the inorganic elements from extraction and burning of coal and carried through the wind tunnel were responsible for the genotoxicity observed in aqueous extract of B. trimera.

Cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of Achillea millefolium L., Asteraceae, aqueous extracts

The yarrow, Achillea millefoilum L. is an important species of Asteraceae family with common utilization in folk medicine of many countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts from yarrow leaves on Lactuca sativa (lettuce) root tip meristem cells by cytogenetic studies, since studies of this nature do not exist for the yarrow extracts. For this, lettuce seeds were treated for 72 h with different concentrations of yarrow aqueous extracts (5, 10, 20 and 30 mg/mL). The percentage of germination, root development and cellular behavior were analyzed and the results showed that the highest concentration of aqueous extracts reduced the mitotic index (MI), the seed germination and the root development of L. sativa. More yet, the extracts also induced chromosome aberrations (CA) and cellular death in the roots cells of L. sativa indicating precaution in the therapeutic use of A. millefolium and reinforcing the utilization of L. sativa in the screening of cytogenotoxic substances once that this species showed a good sensibility to the extract application.

Cytogenotoxicity of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf (lemon grass) aqueous extracts in vegetal test systems.

The lemon grass, Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf, is an important species of Poaceae family commonly used in the folk medicine in many countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts from C. citratus leaves on Lactuca sativa (lettuce) root tip meristem cells by cytogenetic studies that have never been done before for lemon grass extracts. For this, lettuce seeds were treated for 72h with different concentrations of lemon grass aqueous extracts (5; 10; 20 and 30 mg/mL). The percentage of germination, root development and cellular behavior were analyzed, and the results showed that the highest concentration of aqueous extracts reduced the mitotic index, the seed germination and the root development of lettuce. The extracts have also induced chromosome aberrations and cellular death in the roots cells of L. sativa.

Genotoxicity of Aqueous Extract From Heated Cooking Oils and its Suppression by Lactobacilli

In the present study the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts from six cooking oils (extra vergine olive, peanut, sunflower, soybean, corn, and various seeds oils) heated to the respective smoke point were investigated. The Ames test and the SOS Chromotest were carried out for this evaluation. The same oils were also tested after their re-frying, simulating domestic reuse process. Furthermore, the ability of different lactobacilli to reduce the potential genotoxic activity of the fried and re-fried oils was determined applying SOS Chromotest after co-incubation of samples with lactobacilli. The results showed that all the fried oils did not produce mutagenic effects while they induced a SOS response with the highest induction factor for the corn oil. Double heat-treatment caused an increase of the genotoxic activity until two times the first heating. The most susceptible oil to the re-frying procedure was the sunflower oil. The antigenotoxicity results were expressed as percent of genotoxicity inhibition. All the tested strains of lactobacilli exhibited antigenotoxic properties on the fried oils.

Recombinogenic effects of the aqueous extract of pulp from pequi fruit (Caryocar brasiliense) on somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster

Caryocar brasiliense Camb. is a tree popularly known in Central Brazil as pequi. Its fruit contains carotenes, retinols, vitamin C, and polyphenols. These compounds possess antioxidant properties preventing excessive free radical formation and modulating the genotoxicity of physical and chemical agents in the body. However, at high concentrations these compounds can have recombinogenic and mutagenic effects, because they can act as pro-oxidants. We examined the genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of pequi pulp on wing spots of Drosophila melanogaster using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). SMART was applied to a standard cross and to a high bioactivation cross. Two types of descendants were obtained from these crosses: marked-heterozygous (mwh + / + flr3) and balancer-heterozygous (mwh + / + TM3, Bds). Seventy-two-hour larvae from both crosses were treated with pequi pulp extract at 1, 5 and 10%. The extract increased significantly the frequency of mutant spots when compared with the negative control. Recombinogenic effects were also observed in the mwh/TM3 descendants.

Genotoxic effect of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) extract on human lymphocytes treated in vitro

Physalis angulata L (Solanaceae) is a medicinal plant from North of Brazil, whose different extracts and infusions are commonly used in the popular medicine for the treatment of malaria, asthma, hepatitis, dermatitis and rheumatism. However, the genotoxic effects of P. angulata on human cells is not well known. The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of P. angulata using the comet assay and the micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes provided from 6 healthy donors. Treatments with P. angulata extracts were performed in vitro in order to access the extent of DNA damage. The comet assay has shown that treatments with P. angulata at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 6.0 microg/mL in culture medium were genotoxic. Lymphocytes treated with P. angulata at the concentrations of 3.0 and 6.0 microg/mL in culture medium showed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronucleus (p<0.05), however, the cytokinesis blocked proliferation index (CBPI) was not decreased after P. angulata treatment. In conclusion, the present work demonstrated the genotoxic effects of P. angulata extract on human lymphocytes in vitro.

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Lavandula stoechas aqueous extracts

Lavandula genus is an important member of Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family. People use commonly Lavandula stoechas as a medicinal plant for various diseases around the world and also in Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts (40, 80 and 120 g/L) from L. stoechas flowers on Allium cepa root tip meristem cells. For this purpose, A. cepa onion bulbs were treated with the above-mentioned L. stoechas flower extracts for 72 h. Spring water (pH 7.3) was used as a control. The result of this study sowed that aqueous extracts reduced mitotic index, but induced chromosome aberrations and mitotic aberrations in comparison with control, significantly (p < 0.05). Aqueous extracts induced breaks, stickiness, pole deviations and micronuclei. Furthermore, these effects were related to extract concentrations. These results showed that L. stoechas aqueous extracts have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants on Allium cepa Linn.

The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants: Azadirachta indica (A. Juss), Morinda lucida (Benth.), Cymbopogon citratus (DC Stapf.), Mangifera indica (Linn.) and Carica papaya (Linn.) was evaluated using the Allium cepa assay. The extracts were prepared with tap water as practised locally. Onion bulbs were exposed to 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50%; and 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentrations (v/v) of each of the extracts for macroscopic and microscopic analyses, respectively. There was concentration-dependent and statistically significant ( P < 0.05) inhibition of root growth by the extracts when compared with the control. The EC 50 obtained for decoctions of Azadirachta indica. Cymbopogon citratus, Mangifera indica and Carica papaya were 0.6, 3.0, 1.4 and 0.8%, respectively. It was 2.6 and 0.8% for the squeezed extracts of Azadirachta indica and Morinda lucida, respectively. All the tested extracts were observed to have mitodepressive effects on cell division and induced mitotic spindle disturbance in Allium cepa. These results suggest an inhibitory, mitodepressive and turbagenic activities of the aqueous extracts on Allium cepa.

Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of Achyrocline satureoides in prokaryotic organisms

Aqueous extracts of Achyrocline satureoides (Marcela and/or Macela) were tested for the presence of genotoxic activity in microorganisms. This species belongs to the family Compositae and is used on a large scale by the population of South Brazil. The extracts showed genotoxic activity in the presence of S9 mix in the Ames test TA100, TA98 and TA102 strains, ‘SOS’ spot chromotest and Microscreen phage-induction assay. The positive results were related to the presence of quercetin and caffeic acid in the aqueous extracts.