Genome-wide Comparative Analysis Research Articles

Genome-wide identification of phytosulfokine (PSK) peptide family reveals TaPSK1 gene involved in grain development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

BackgroundPhytosulfokine (PSK) functions as a plant peptide growth factor that plays important and diverse roles in plant development and stress responses. Nevertheless, PSKs have not been systematically analyzed in wheat.ResultsA genome-wide comparative analysis of PSK genes in wheat was conducted and 15 TaPSKs were identified and divided into four subgroups in the wheat genome based on sequence similarity. The examination of motif compositions of TaPSK genes revealed the presence of the YIYTQ signature motif in the C-terminus of all TaPSK polypeptide precursors, with a highly conserved feature across different species. Exogenous application of TaPSK peptide promoted root growth in wheat. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the TaPSKs exhibited preferential or tissue-specific expression patterns in wheat. In particular, three homologs of the TaPSK1 genes were specifically expressed in grains, with the strongest expression observed in the developing grains at 15 days after anthesis. Compared with wild type, transgenic rice lines overexpressing TaPSK1-A exhibited larger grain size and higher thousand-grain weight. The promoter region and genomic sequence of the wheat TaPSK1-A gene were cloned. Sequence polymorphism showed that five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the promoter region of TaPSK1-A. A Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) marker was developed for TaPSK1-A based on –806 bp SNP (C/T transition), and two haplotypes, TaPSK1-A-HapI and TaPSK1-A-HapII were detected in 260 wheat accessions collected from different regions. The expression of TaPSK1-A, promoter activity, and thousand-grain weight (TGW) in the TaPSK1-A-HapII haplotype were higher than those in the TaPSK1-A-HapI haplotype. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid assays revealed the binding of TaNF-YB1 and TaERF39 to the promoter regions of the TaPSK1-A gene, and TaMADS29 could bind to the promoters of TaPSK1-B and TaPSK1-D genes.ConclusionsComparative genome-wide analysis of TaPSK peptide family revealed that the TaPSK1 gene is involved in wheat grain development, and the developed TaPSK1-A-KASP marker could be utilized for marker-assisted selection breeding of wheat.Graphical

Genome-wide identification of the EIN3/EIL gene family in Ginkgo biloba and functional study of a GbEIL in the ethylene signaling pathway

ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) or EIN3-Like (EIL) proteins, play critical roles in integrating ethylene signaling and physiological regulation in plants by modulating the expression of various downstream genes, such as ethylene-response factors (ERFs). However, little is known about the characteristics of EIN3/EILs in the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba. In the present study, a genome-wide comparative analysis of Ginkgo EIN3/EIL gene family was performed with those from an array of species, including bryophytes (Physcomitrella patens), gymnosperms (Cycas panzhihuaensis), and angiosperms (Arabidopsis thaliana, Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium hirsutum, Oryza sativa, and Brachypodium distachyon). Within the constructed phylogenetic tree for the 53 EIN3/EILs identified, 5 GbEILs from G. biloba, 2 PpEILs from P. patens, and 3 CpEILs from C. panzhihuaensis were assigned to one cluster, suggesting that their derivation occurred after the split of their ancestors and angiosperms. Although considerable divergence accumulated in amino acid sequences along with the evolutionary process, the specific EIN3_DNA-binding domains were evolutionarily conserved among the 53 EIN3/EILs. Collinearity analysis indicated that whole-genome or segmental duplication and subsequent purifying selection might have prompted the generation and evolution of EIN3/EIL multigene families. Based on the expression patterns of five GbEILs at the four developmental stages of Ginkgo ovules, one GbEIL gene (Gb_03292) was further investigated for its role in mediating ethylene signaling. The functional activity of Gb_03292 was closely related to ethylene signaling, as it complemented the triple response via ectopic expression in ein3eil1 double mutant Arabidopsis. Additionally, GbEIL likely modulates the expression of a Ginkgo ERF (Gb_15517) by directly binding to its promoter. These results demonstrated that the GbEIL gene could have participated in mediating ethylene signal transduction during ovule development in G. biloba. The present study also provides insights into the conservation of ethylene signaling across the gymnosperm G. biloba and angiosperm species.

Comparative Genome-Wide Analysis Underscores the Rapid Expansion of Cytochrome P450s for Secondary Metabolism in the Mycoparasite Pezizomycetes

Comparative Genome-Wide Analysis Underscores the Rapid Expansion of Cytochrome P450s for Secondary Metabolism in the Mycoparasite Pezizomycetes

Comparative genome-wide analysis of circular RNAs in Brassica napus L.: target-site versus non-target-site resistance to herbicide stress.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of non-coding RNA molecules, are recognized for their unique functions; however, their responses to herbicide stress in Brassica napus remain unclear. In this study, the role of circRNAs in response to herbicide treatment was investigated in two rapeseed cultivars: MH33, which confers non-target-site resistance (NTSR), and EM28, which exhibits target-site resistance (TSR). The genome-wide circRNA profiles of herbicide-stressed and non-stressed seedlings were analyzed. The findings indicate that NTSR seedlings exhibited a greater abundance of circRNAs, shorter lengths of circRNAs and their parent genes, and more diverse functions of parent genes compared with TSR seedlings. Compared to normal-growth plants, the herbicide-stressed group exhibited similar trends in the number of circRNAs, functions of parent genes, and differentially expressed circRNAs as observed in NTSR seedlings. In addition, a greater number of circRNAs that function as competing microRNA (miRNA) sponges were identified in the herbicide stress and NTSR groups compared to the normal-growth and TSR groups, respectively. The differentially expressed circRNAs were validated by qPCR. The differntially expressed circRNA-miRNA networks were predicted, and the mRNAs targeted by these miRNAs were annotated. Our results suggest that circRNAs play a crucial role in responding to herbicide stress, exhibiting distinct responses between NTSR and TSR in rapeseed. These findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying herbicide resistance in rapeseed.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. gypseum Dermatophyte Biofilms in Response to Photodynamic Therapy.

Dermatophyte biofilms frequently count for inadequate responses and resistance to standard antifungal treatments, resulting in refractory chronic onychomycosis infection. Although antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has clinically proven to exert significant antifungal effects or even capable of eradicating dermatophyte biofilms, considerably less is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying aPDT and the potential dysregulation of signaling networks that could antagonize its action. The aim of this study is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlining aPDT combat against dermatophyte biofilm in recalcitrant onychomycosis and to decipher the potential detoxification processes elicited by aPDT, facilitating the development of more effective photodynamic interventions. We applied genome-wide comparative transcriptome analysis to investigate how aPDT disrupting onychomycosis biofilm formed by three distinct dermatophytes, including Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum, the most frequently occurring pathogenic species. In total, 352.13Gb of clean data were obtained for the transcriptomes of dermatophyte biofilms with or without aPDT treatment, resulting in 2,422.42 million reads with GC content of 51.84%, covering 99.9%, 98.5% and 99.4% of annotated genes of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. gypseum, respectively. The genome-wide orthologous analysis identified 6624 transcribed single-copy orthologous genes in all three species, and 36.5%, 6.8% and 17.9% of which were differentially expressed following aPDT treatment. Integrative orthology analysis demonstrated the upregulation of oxidoreductase activities is a highly conserved detoxification signaling alteration in response to aPDT across all investigated dermatophyte biofilms. This study provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underneath anti-dermatophyte biofilm effects of aPDT and successfully identified a conserved detoxification regulation upon the aPDT application.

Genome-wide identification of TBL gene family and functional analysis of GhTBL84 under cold stress in cotton.

Cotton fiber, the mainstay of the world's textile industry, is formed by the differentiation of epidermal cells on the outer peridium of the ovule. The TBL gene family is involved in the regulation of epidermal hair development as well as response to abiotic stress. However, the function of TBL genes in cotton has not been systematically studied yet. Here, we identified 131 and 130 TBL genes in TM-1 (Gossypium hirsutum) and Hai7124 (Gossypium barbadense), respectively. Phylogenetic, gene structure, expression pattern and cis-element of promoter analysis were performed and compared. Single gene association analysis indicated that more TBL genes related to fiber quality traits were found in G. barbadense, whereas more genes associated with yield traits were found in G. hirsutum. One gene, GhTBL84 (GH_D04G0930), was induced by treatment at 4°C for 12 and 24 h in G. hirsutum and silencing of the GhTBL84 gene by VIGS technology in TM-1 can significantly improve the resistance of cotton seedlings to low temperature stress. In sum, our study conducted a genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of TBL family genes in G. hirsutum and G. barbadense and demonstrated a group of TBL genes significantly associated with fiber quality and excavated cold stress responsive gene, such as GhTBL84, providing a theoretical basis for further improving cotton agronomic traits.

Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis of the Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Family in 19 Aphid Species and Their Expression Analysis in 4 Cereal Crop Aphids.

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) play a variety of physiological roles, including pesticide resistance, plant allelochemical detoxification, and hormone metabolism catalysis. However, limited information is available on the classification and expression profiles of the CYP450 gene family in aphid species. This is the first study to identify the cytochrome P450 gene family in 19 aphid species at the whole genome level. A total of 1100 CYP450 genes were identified in 19 aphid species. Three hundred CYP450 genes belonged to six cereal crop aphid species, which were further classified into four subfamilies according to the phylogenetic relationship. The conserved motifs, exon-intron structures, and genomic organization of the same subfamilies were similar. Predictions of subcellular localization revealed that the endoplasmic reticulum harbored the majority of CYP450 proteins. In Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum maidis, the increase in the CYP450 gene was primarily caused by segmental duplication events. However, only tandem duplication occurred in the CYP450 gene family of Diuraphis noxia, Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminum, and Sitobion miscanthi. Synteny analysis found three continuous colinear CYP450 gene pairs among six cereal crop aphid species. Furthermore, we obtained the expression profiles of four cereal crop aphids, including R. padi, D. noxia, S. graminum, and S. avenae. Differential expression analysis provided growth stage specificity genes, tissue specificity genes, organ specificity genes and some detoxification metabolic genes among these four cereal crop aphids. Meanwhile, their expression patterns were showed. The related functions and pathways of CYP450s were revealed by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. Above all, we picked the differentially expressed CYP450 genes from all of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These differentially expressed CYP450 genes provided some new potential candidates for aphid control and management. This work establishes the foundation for further investigations into the regulatory functions of the CYP450 gene family in aphid species and beyond.

Genome-wide comparative analysis reveals selection signatures for reproduction traits in prolific Suffolk sheep.

The identification of genome-wide selection signatures can reveal the potential genetic mechanisms involved in the generation of new breeds through natural or artificial selection. In this study, we screened the genome-wide selection signatures of prolific Suffolk sheep, a new strain of multiparous mutton sheep, to identify candidate genes for reproduction traits and unravel the germplasm characteristics and population genetic evolution of this new strain of Suffolk sheep. Whole-genome resequencing was performed at an effective sequencing depth of 20× for genomic diversity and population structure analysis. Additionally, selection signatures were investigated in prolific Suffolk sheep, Suffolk sheep, and Hu sheep using fixation index (F ST) and heterozygosity H) analysis. A total of 5,236.338Gb of high-quality genomic data and 28,767,952 SNPs were obtained for prolific Suffolk sheep. Moreover, 99 selection signals spanning candidate genes were identified. Twenty-three genes were significantly associated with KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology terms related to reproduction, growth, immunity, and metabolism. Through selective signal analysis, genes such as ARHGEF4, CATIP, and CCDC115 were found to be significantly correlated with reproductive traits in prolific Suffolk sheep and were highly associated with the mTOR signaling pathway, the melanogenic pathway, and the Hippo signaling pathways, among others. These results contribute to the understanding of the evolution of artificial selection in prolific Suffolk sheep and provide candidate reproduction-related genes that may be beneficial for the establishment of new sheep breeds.

Genome-wide annotation and comparative analysis revealed conserved cuticular protein evolution among non-biting midges with varied environmental adaptability

Chironomidae, non-biting midges, a diverse and abundant insect group in global aquatic ecosystems, represent an exceptional model for investigating genetic adaptability mechanisms in aquatic insects due to their extensive species diversity and resilience to various environmental conditions. The cuticle in insects acts as the primary defense against ecological pressures. Cuticular Proteins (CPs) determine cuticle characteristics, facilitating adaptation to diverse challenges. However, systematic annotation of CP genes has only been conducted for one Chironomidae species, Propsilocerus akamusi, by our team. In this study, we expanded this annotation by identifying CP genes in eight additional Chironomidae species, covering all Chironomidae species with available genome data. We identified a total of 889 CP genes, neatly categorized into nine CP families: 215 CPR RR1 genes, 272 CPR RR2 genes, 23 CPR RR3 genes, 21 CPF genes, 16 CPLCA genes, 19 CPLCG genes, 28 CPLCP genes, 77 CPAP genes, and 37 Tweedle genes. Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of CPs within the Chironomidae family. This expanded annotation of CP genes across diverse Chironomidae species significantly contributes to our understanding of their remarkable adaptability.

A Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis of AUX1/LAX, PIN, and ABCB Genes Reveals Their Roles in Cucumber Fruit Curving

Auxin transport is regulated by the AUX1/LAX, PIN, and ABCB gene families, controlling the distribution of auxin and ultimately fruit curving in cucumbers. However, studies on the differential expression of these auxin transporters and their roles in fruit curving are limited. In this study, we identified 36 auxin transporters from cucumber, including CsLAX1–7, CsPIN1–10, and CsABCB1–19. Basic characteristic analysis revealed that all CsLAX proteins were conservative, and a C-terminal NPNTY motif was found in CsPIN1–4/7–10. CsABCB1/5/11/14/17 were categorized as half-size transporters. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a genetic relationship between auxin transporters in Arabidopsis and cucumber. Exogenous auxin treatment on fruits and qPCR analysis indicated that differential expression patterns of auxin transporters control cucumber fruit curving. Co-expression analysis indicated that CsPIN1 and CsLAX2 were substantially negatively correlated, and they displayed opposite expression patterns in curved fruits. A proposed model suggested that CsLAX2 transports extracellular auxin to the convex side of the fruit; however, CsPIN1 inhibits auxin efflux at the same location. This leads to uneven auxin distribution that results in cucumber fruit curving.

Identification of a key signaling network regulating perennating bud dormancy in Panax ginseng

BackgroundThe cycle of seasonal dormancy of perennating buds is an essential adaptation of perennial plants to unfavorable winter conditions. Plant hormones are key regulators of this critical biological process, which is intricately connected with diverse internal and external factors. Recently, global warming has increased the frequency of aberrant temperature events that negatively affect the dormancy cycle of perennials. Although many studies have been conducted on the perennating organs of Panax ginseng, the molecular aspects of bud dormancy in this species remain largely unknown. MethodsIn this study, the molecular physiological responses of three P. ginseng cultivars with different dormancy break phenotypes in the spring were dissected using comparative genome-wide RNA-seq and network analyses. These analyses identified a key role for abscisic acid (ABA) activity in the regulation of bud dormancy. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that a transcriptional network comprising stress-related hormone responses made a major contribution to the maintenance of dormancy. ResultsIncreased expression levels of cold response and photosynthesis-related genes were associated with the transition from dormancy to active growth in perennating buds. Finally, the expression patterns of genes encoding ABA transporters, receptors (PYRs/PYLs), PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2Cs (PP2Cs), and DELLAs were highly correlated with different dormancy states in three P. ginseng cultivars. ConclusionThis study provides evidence that ABA and stress signaling outputs are intricately connected with a key signaling network to regulate bud dormancy under seasonal conditions in the perennial plant P. ginseng.

Genome-Wide Identification and Comparative Analysis of Elongation of Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid (Elovl) Genes in Echinoderms

Genome-Wide Identification and Comparative Analysis of Elongation of Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid (Elovl) Genes in Echinoderms

Comparative genome-wide analysis of novel Streptomyces isolates RC1831 and RC1832: deciphering the role of functional carbohydrate (CAZy) active genes including chitinase for production of chitosan.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03936-5.

Genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of YABBY transcription factors in oil tea and tea tree.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03940-9.

Genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of the Amino Acid Transporter (AAT) gene family and their roles during Phaseolus vulgaris symbioses

Amino acid transporters (AATs) are essential integral membrane proteins that serve multiple roles, such as facilitating the transport of amino acids across cell membranes. They play a crucial role in the growth and development of plants. Phaseolus vulgaris, a significant legume crop, serves as a valuable model for studying root symbiosis. In this study, we have conducted an exploration of the AAT gene family in P. vulgaris. In this research, we identified 84 AAT genes within the P. vulgaris genome sequence and categorized them into 12 subfamilies based on their similarity and phylogenetic relationships with AATs found in Arabidopsis and rice. Interestingly, these AAT genes were not evenly distributed across the chromosomes of P. vulgaris . Instead, there was an unusual concentration of these genes located toward the outer edges of chromosomal arms. Upon conducting motif analysis and gene structural analysis, we observed a consistent presence of similar motifs and an intron-exon distribution pattern among the subfamilies. When we analyzed the expression profiles of PvAAT genes, we noted tissue-specific expression patterns. Furthermore, our investigation into AAT gene expression under rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiotic conditions revealed that certain genes exhibited high levels of expression. Specifically, ATLa5 and LHT2 was notably upregulated under both symbiotic conditions. These findings point towards a potential role of AATs in the context of rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiosis in P. vulgaris, in addition to their well-established regulatory functions.

Genome-wide comparative methylation analysis reveals the fate of germ stem cells after surrogate production in teleost

BackgroundSurrogate production by germline stem cell transplantation is a powerful method to produce donor-derived gametes via a host, a practice known as surrogacy. The gametes produced by surrogates are often analysed on the basis of their morphology and species-specific genotyping, which enables conclusion to be drawn about the donor’s characteristics. However, in-depth information, such as data on epigenetic changes, is rarely acquired. Germ cells develop in close contact with supporting somatic cells during gametogenesis in vertebrates, and we hypothesize that the recipient’s gonadal environment may cause epigenetic changes in produced gametes and progeny. Here, we extensively characterize the DNA methylome of donor-derived sperm and their intergenerational effects in both inter- and intraspecific surrogates.ResultsWe found more than 3000 differentially methylated regions in both the sperm and progeny derived from inter- and intraspecific surrogates. Hypermethylation in the promoter regions of the protocadherin gamma gene in the intraspecific surrogates was found to be associated with germline transmission. On the contrary, gene expression level and the embryonic development of the offspring remained unaffected. We also discovered MAPK/p53 pathway disruption in interspecific surrogates due to promoter hypermethylation and identified that the inefficient removal of meiotic-arrested endogenous germ cells in hybrid gonads led to the production of infertile spermatozoa.ConclusionsDonor-derived sperm and progeny from inter- and intraspecific surrogates were more globally hypermethylated than those of the donors. The observed changes in DNA methylation marks in the surrogates had no significant phenotypic effects in the offspring.

Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis of SRCR Gene Superfamily in Invertebrates Reveals Massive and Independent Gene Expansions in the Sponge and Sea Urchin.

Without general adaptative immunity, invertebrates evolved a vast number of heterogeneous non-self recognition strategies. One of those well-known adaptations is the expansion of the immune receptor gene superfamily coding for scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain containing proteins (SRCR) in a few invertebrates. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of the SRCR gene superfamily (SRCR-SF) across 29 metazoan species with an emphasis on invertebrates. We analyzed their domain architectures, genome locations and phylogenetic distribution. Our analysis shows extensive genome-wide duplications of the SRCR-SFs in Amphimedon queenslandica and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Further molecular evolution study reveals various patterns of conserved cysteines in the sponge and sea urchin SRCR-SFs, indicating independent and convergent evolution of SRCR-SF expansion during invertebrate evolution. In the case of the sponge SRCR-SFs, a novel motif with seven conserved cysteines was identified. Exon-intron structure analysis suggests the rapid evolution of SRCR-SFs during gene duplications in both the sponge and the sea urchin. Our findings across nine representative metazoans also underscore a heightened expression of SRCR-SFs in immune-related tissues, notably the digestive glands. This observation indicates the potential role of SRCR-SFs in reinforcing distinct immune functions in these invertebrates. Collectively, our results reveal that gene duplication, motif structure variation, and exon-intron divergence might lead to the convergent evolution of SRCR-SF expansions in the genomes of the sponge and sea urchin. Our study also suggests that the utilization of SRCR-SF receptor duplication may be a general and basal strategy to increase immune diversity and tissue specificity for the invertebrates.

Exploring the versatility of sesquiterpene biosynthesis in guava plants: a comparative genome-wide analysis of two cultivars

Psidium guajava L., a fruit crop belonging to the Myrtaceae family, is highly valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties. The family exhibits a diverse chemical profile of essential oils and serves as a valuable resource due to its ecological interactions, adaptability, and dispersal capacity. The Myrtaceae family has been extensively studied for its terpenoids. Genetic studies have focused on foliar terpene yield in species from the Eucalypteae and Melaleucaceae tribes. To understand the evolutionary trends in guava breeding, this study predicted terpene synthase genes (TPS) from different cultivars. Through this analysis, 43 full-length TPS genes were identified, and approximately 77% of them exhibited relative expression in at least one of the five investigated plant tissues (root, leaf, bud, flower, and fruit) of two guava cultivars. We identified intra-species variation in the terpene profile and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in twelve TPS genes, resulting in the clustering of 62 genotypes according to their essential oil chemotypes. The high concentration of sesquiterpenes is supported by the higher number of TPS-a genes and their expression. The expansion for TPS sub-families in P. guajava occurred after the expansion of other rosids species. Providing insight into the origin of structural diversification and expansion in each clade of the TPS gene family within Myrtaceae. This study can provide insights into the diversity of genes for specialized metabolites such as terpenes, and their regulation, which can lead to a diverse chemotype of essential oil in different tissues and genotypes. This suggests a mode of enzymatic evolution that could lead to high sesquiterpene production, act as a chemical defense and contribute to the adaptive capacity of this species to different habitats.

Combining genome-wide association study and transcriptome analysis to identify molecular markers and genetic basis of population-asynchronous ovarian development in Coilia nasus.

Coilia nasus, a migratory fish species found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and along offshore areas of China, possesses considerable aquacultural and economic potential. However, the species faces challenges due to significant variation in the gonadal development rate among females, resulting in inconsistent ovarian maturation times at the population level, an extended reproductive period, and limitations on fish growth rate due to ovarian prematurity. In the present study, we combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) and comparative transcriptome analysis to investigate the potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and candidate genes associated with population-asynchronous ovarian development in C. nasus. Genotyping of the female population based on whole-genome resequencing yielded 2 120 695 high-quality SNPs, 39 of which were suggestively associated with ovarian development. Of note, a significant SNP peak on LG21 containing 30 suggestively associated SNPs was identified, with cpne5a determined as the causal gene of the peak. Therefore, single-marker and haplotype association analyses were performed on cpne5a, revealing four genetic markers ( P<0.05) and seven haplotypes (r 2>0.9) significantly associated with the phenotype. Comparative transcriptome analysis of precociously and normally maturing individuals screened out 29 and 426 overlapping differentially expressed genes in the brain and ovary, respectively, between individuals of different body sizes. Integrating the GWAS and transcriptome analysis results, this study identified genes and pathways related to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormone secretion, extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, and gap junctions involved in population-asynchronous ovarian development. The insights gained from this study provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ovarian development in fish and may facilitate the genetic breeding of C. nasus strains exhibiting population-synchronous ovarian development in the future.

Heterodimeric interaction of the C/S1 basic leucine zipper transcription factors in black raspberry: a genome-wide identification and comparative analysis

Heterodimeric interaction of the C/S1 basic leucine zipper transcription factors in black raspberry: a genome-wide identification and comparative analysis