War Genocide Research Articles

The Making of a Monster: The Perpetrators of 1984 Sikh Genocide

Our in-depth understanding of atrocities and their perpetrators stems from extensive research on the Holocaust. Since then, we have been able to ascertain the roles of authority figures, society, and environmental factors in determining the behaviour of atrocity perpetrators. It is found that violators of human rights are more often than not ordinary people. Thus, it becomes important to study this perceived ordinary nature of perpetrators because it might help us prevent genocides in the future. In 1984, the Sikh community of India found themselves on the receiving end of a genocidal war. Even after years, they have been unable to cope with the trauma and suffering. This paper aims to understand the psyche and attitudes of the ordinary individuals who decided to murder the people they had grown up with. The paper will provide an overview of the Sikh genocide, the events that led up to it, the tumultuous environment in which it was set up, the role of superior figures, and how it affected the perpetrators.

«Биологические войны» как новая международная проблема политиков и военных России

The globalization of the global market economy and the unregulated global population of 8 billion people create threats of global warming of the Earth with its transformation into a hot lifeless Venus. The aggravation of the global situation for the survival of countries and peoples and major military conflicts are ahead. New "green technologies" do not allow us to abandon the increasing combustion of hydrocarbons. At the same time, a secret creation of a new biological weapon of mass destruction is underway. Defense and biomedical problems in Russia are largely recognized at the level of society, the state, the military and special services. The main stages of creation and sabotage use of biological weapons are studied. The specifics of new bioterrorism technologies are analyzed. Preventive defense measures for Russia in the current conditions are substantiated. The analysis showed that the scale of financing of R&D in the field of biology, medicine, genetics in Russia since 2000 does not meet the required structural reorganization of Russian industry and new rapidly developing areas of science, engineering and technology in the world. The main results of the study, which have theoretical and practical significance, include conclusions about a significant increase in the risks of potential aggressors using biological weapons against the enemy in the context of rapid scientific and technological progress in the world, especially in biology, genetics, medicine. A conclusion is made about the need for additions and amendments to the current international and national laws in order to prevent new military-biological initiatives and projects. The necessity of forming a new military-political point of view in Russia is substantiated, that what is brewing is not just wars for the redistribution of natural resources, but genocidal wars for the survival of the strongest countries and peoples, to which our state currently belongs. Threats to Russia from bioterrorism and sabotage biological wars are surmountable, but require a mobilization economy, significant funds and resources.

Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism with Roots In (Neo)Colonization

Many Western countries and their citizens react to right-wing extremism as if it were a coup against the democratic rule of law. This article explores the reasons for this. It does so as follows. First, by outlining what is meant by right-wing extremism. But also by addressing the theories that right-wing extremists use to support their ideology of destruction and subversion. Second, this article examines the numbers of right-wing extremists in Europe and in the European Parliament. In this European Parliament, right-wing extremists have become a party that cannot be ignored. In fact, even Hungary's far-right prime minister, Viktor Orbán, is now taking over the EU presidency for six months. Third, this article addresses the threat of right-wing extremist terrorism. This is done on the basis of a number of states that oppress citizens in their own and neighboring countries, invoking the adage: "one's own country and one's own people come first. Russia and Israel are the two countries most often mentioned. Attention is also paid to individual Western far-right terrorists who target Muslims, sub-Saharan Africans, and the "leftist" elite. Their far-right ideology is strongly discussed in this article. Fourth, we test the hypothesis that the ancestors of right-wing extremists had their first experiences with dismissing the other as inferior and inferior in the former Western colonies. In doing so, we do not close our eyes to neocolonial behavior. The elaboration of this hypothesis is that they treat immigrants, refugees and expatriates in the same way as their ancestors did in the former colonies on the African, Asian and American continents. Isolation, exploitation, enslavement, plundering, looting and torture, as well as genocidal wars, were the order of the day. Epigenetics shows that the distinction between genotype and phenotype is based on genotypic changes due to phenotypic conditions. In short, poor living conditions due to institutional racism, stress, pollution, overcrowding and deprivation lead to negative genetic changes. The victims of epigenetic transformation are mainly immigrants, refugees and expatriates in Western countries and the original populations in the former Western colonies. Finally, this article shows that it is a significant number of immigrants, refugees, and expatriates who are told by right-wing extremists that they are not welcome in their continent, country, province, neighborhood, and street. With God's evidence, this article shows that human beings were not created to fight each other with fire and sword.

Israel’s war on journalism: A Kiwi journalist’s response

Whether it is termed as ‘self-defence’ or ‘mowing the lawn’, the Israel Defence Force (IDF) has common phrases to describe its ongoing attacks on the besieged Palestine enclave of Gaza. The phrases obscure the devastation of death and disaster in the 2023/24 genocidal war on Gaza. While global reports have tended to focus on the horrendous and rapid climb of civilian casualties, especially women and children, Gaza has also claimed the worst ever death rate of journalists, many apparently targeted by the IDF because of their profession. Journalists in this article argue that it is time to ‘call these [Israeli state] terrorists by their true name: enablers of genocide.’

The War on Tigray: Geopolitics and the Struggle for Self-Determination

Tigray continues to be a unique case among ancient kingdoms, Westphalia nation-states, post-colonial Africa, and post-Cold War national liberation struggles. It is one of the oldest civilizations (Aksumite Kingdom) and the historical, cultural, and political soul of ancient and modern Ethiopia. But it was made to be an ‘oppressed nation struggling for regional autonomy and survival from genocidal aggression’ by the empire state of Ethiopia and the ‘garrison state’ of Eritrea. It also survived Egyptian and Mahdist expansionists, and Italian colonialism, though it lost ‘Bahre-Negash’ (Eritrea) to Italy due to the Wuchale Agreement (or Treaty of Wichale) in 1889. Eritrea was handed over to Italian colonialists by Menelik II of Shewa-Amhara in order to weaken Tigray’s geopolitical power base. Tigray was also the hotbed of the first Woyane rebellion in 1943 which sparked the idea of ‘land to the Tiller, fair taxation, and self-rule,’ and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) led the second Woyane rebellion (1975–91) that restructured the empire state of Ethiopia into a federation with the 1995 constitution. Since 2018, after 27 years of the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)- led federal experiment, Tigray again became a victim of a ‘genocidal war’ led by the Ethiopian federal army, Amhara forces, Ethiopian regional forces, and Eritrean army, supported by UAE and Turkey drones, and the Somalian army. The international community and the African Union supported Abiy Ahmed and Issaias Afewerki’s genocidal war in the name of “maintaining the territorial integrity of Ethiopia” by neglecting the principles of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), people’s self-determination rights, and the prevention of genocide. Tigray, therefore, is a rare case in the vicious cycle of violence. The Tigrayan ‘two-year’ survival war (from November 2020 to November 2022) against those who practice genocide was destined to break Tigray’s historically vicious cycle of violence perpetrated by Ethiopia and Eritrea. The paper aims to investigate the historical, geopolitical, and security reasons that have trapped Tigray into facing the post-2020 genocidal war.

The War as the Consequence: The Examination of How the Communist Remnants Led to Russia’s Full-Scale Invasion of Ukraine

The paper presents the results of exploring Russia’s ecocidal and genocidal war on Ukraine, which started in 2014 from Crimea and Donbas, and continued in 2022 as Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. A lot of very important aspects have been analyzed in the paper concerning the Ukrainian and the whole civilized world’s victory in the fight for human rights and freedom against the ‘state sponsoring terrorism and using terrorist means’ Russia and its died ideologies, such as communism, the ‘Russian world,’ the imperial USSR, the Cold War, etc. The methodology of the research consisted of qualitative methods. For analyzing the subject of the research, primary and secondary data have been collected and used. The primary data have been collected by the author in Ukraine, Poland, Turkey, the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Ireland, Canada, Italy, Lithuania, Denmark, and other countries during 2014-24, using case studies, fieldwork, semi-structured interviews, and very rarely, focus groups. The secondary data have been collected, using desk research from open international sources. To understand the topic of the research deeper, the paper also analyzed the traditionally aggressive behaviour of Russia as a successor country of the imperial USSR against other states and territories in different years and even centuries, symbolisms and ‘coincidences’ of Russia’s war on Ukraine, the present fight on the front line for the European past and future of Ukraine, and several stages of the heroic fight of Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, representatives of other minorities of Ukraine, and foreign volunteers fighting against Russia for the Ukrainian freedom during 2014-24.

On the status quo of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in autumn 2023

The United Nations Organization is a project of international peace cooperation undertaken by the peaceful nations of the world, which have learned from history. Throughout its history, this global international organisation has prevented many international armed conflicts, avoided many and ended many. Despite the enormous human, moral and material sacrifices of all the wars fought around the world, it is clear that a part of the world’s human population has not yet learned the lessons of the history of wars. The persistence of war conflicts between nations in the 21st century is a testimony to this fact. One of the most recent armed conflicts to erupt and threaten the entire world is the genocidal war waged between the Palestinian-Arab organisation Hamas and the State of Israel. This article highlights some of the stages of its emergence, its course and its possible implications for the world peace.

Ethnic Genesis of Ukrainians in School Atlases of Ukrainian Studies and History in the Context of moscow's Genocidal War Against Ukraine

The article presents the results of the analysis of the content of 8 educational atlases on Ukrainian studies and history of Ukraine for secondary schools, published in 2003–2021. The author singled out and evaluated the knowledge presented in these atlases about the formation (genesis) of the Ukrainian ethnos in the context of Moscow's genocidal war against Ukraine. Atlases are compared with each other in terms of the amount and content of knowledge about the ethnic genesis of Ukrainians. The author compared the aggregate knowledge about the education of Ukrainians available in the atlases with the corresponding thematic content of the curriculum «Ukrainian Studies» for students in grades 5–11 (2020), as well as a number of scientific reference atlases of the history of Ukraine, published in 2010–2018. The article formulates proposals aimed at improving the coverage of the ethnic genesis of Ukrainians in school atlases of Ukrainian studies and history of Ukraine. The article is useful for Ukrainian scholars, historians, geographers who are concerned with improving the educational and methodological support of school courses in Ukrainian studies and history of Ukraine. The author believes that the reviewed thematic content of the program «Ukrainian Studies...», school atlases on Ukrainian studies and on the history of Ukraine needs to be deepened, modernized and concretized. The atlases should contain a clear answer to the question of where, when and as a result of what the ethnic community of Ukrainians was formed. A Ukrainian student should see in the atlas not only the Ukrainian ethnic territory that had already been formed, for example, at the beginning of the 16th or 17th centuries, but also the territory of the formation of the Ukrainian ethnic population, the Ukrainian language, Ukrainian culture, and the Ukrainian ethnos during the relevant historical time. In the same way, knowledge about the ethnic genesis of the Crimeans (Crimean Tatars) should be presented. In the conditions of the genocidal war, Ukrainians' awareness of their origins, the assimilation of scientifically based knowledge about the genesis of the Ukrainian ethnic community by school students have acquired strategic importance for the survival of Ukrainian society, for its ability to solidarize, consolidate, and mobilize in order to protect and counteract the genocidal aspirations of the ruscists.

Decision Making Process through Technical Analysis in New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Stock Trading (Case Study: Shares of Companies Supporting the Genocide War in Palestine for the Period November 2022 – November 2023)

This research aims to carry out technical analysis for the decision-making process in stock price movements listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). With a focus on company shares linked to support for the genocidal conflict in Palestine. The role of finance in the context of this conflict has been the subject of widespread debate and controversy. Therefore, technical analysis is considered a tool that can provide an objective view of market behavior, while still considering the social and humanitarian impact of companies involved in support of genocide. This research uses four technical analysis tools including Moving Average Coverage Divergence (MACD), Stochastic, Relative Strength Index (RSI) and Bollinger Bands, this aims to see the level of effectiveness of each of these tools in reading stock movements.

Penal Battalions and Genocidal Warfare: History's Warnings, Wagner's Global Footprint, and Ukraine

The expendability of penal battalions has provided genocidal regimes with ample fodder for conventional wars, genocidal warfare, and cases in which such conscripts may become either perpetrators or victims. The unresolved charges of those who massacred civilians in Bucha, Ukraine, in 2022 extend to include suspects from a private military security company (PMSC) known as the Wagner Group. Vladimir Putin's regime has regularly contracted Wagner since its founding in 2014 in operations that led to its adaptation and development as a tool for war and very likely also the world's first for-hire band of perpetrators. This study tracks histories of penal battalions before outlining the evolution of Wagner as a significant force in global politics and conflict. The findings suggest that prosecution, prevention, or intervention will become even more difficult than it already is for institutions of international law. The apparent successes and rapid growth of Wagner tend to indicate that the use of penal battalions in genocidal wars is not confined to the pages of history. The unaccountability of such suspects could increase both the recruitment of many more genocidal offenders and further risk the expendability of what Richard L. Rubenstein identified as surplus populations. By framing penal battalions that die en masse in genocidal wars, the case of the Wagner Group may ultimately include civilian victims in Ukraine, perpetrators for-hire, and victims within the group's own battalions that the Kremlin deployed to die across the war's frontlines.

Love in a Time of Genocide: A Palestinian Litany for Survival

This essay centers the affective insights and pedagogies of transnational Palestinian feminism through a conversation and friendship that emerged between Mona Ameen, a young feminist scholar trapped in Gaza, and the author, during Israel’s latest military assault, which is still ongoing at the time of writing. It argues that practicing decolonial love in a time of genocidal war is a life-affirming practice of critical Palestinian feminist consciousness.

Lost in Translation? Agency and Incommensurability in the Transnational Travelling of Discourses of Sexualized Harm

This article argues for incommensurability, incoherence, and difference as the grounds through which to think about sexualized harm and its redress. It seeks to remove the “me” from the “too”, and to instead consider the structures of white supremacy and neocolonial power that have facilitated white Western feminists’ ability to participate in shaping a hegemonic discourse of sexualized harm and its transnational travelling. The article traces the author’s personal genealogy of rights work in the context of shifts in international jurisprudence in relation to wartime sexualized violence. It looks back and reflects on an eight-year feminist participatory action research project that accompanied 54 Mayan women protagonists who survived a multiplicity of harm, including sexual violence, during Guatemala’s 36-year genocidal war. The project documented the protagonists’ engagement with transitional justice mechanisms, including a paradigmatic court case and a national reparations program, as part of their struggles for redress. The concept of “protagonism” is used to understand agency in the aftermath of genocidal violence as relational, co-constructed, and imbued with power. The meaning of sexualized harm is always “in-translation” between Western and Mayan onto-epistemological positionings, as Mayan women seek to suture land-body-territory in their multifaceted strategies for redress that engage but always exceed rights regimes.

Monst[her]-Making and Dina: Looking at the Creation of the Monstrous Feminine Through the Lens of Derrida’s Différance


 
 
 
 Man has often written about the creation of the monster. The monstrous figure frequently appears in a way that differentiates itself from the human by its grotesqueness, its potential immortality, and/or, of course, its desire to defile the body of the human (i.e. zombies, vampires, etc.) This trauma–i.e. that of being other than human–is often categorized as wicked and wrong. In the case of Attack on Titan, there is a deviation from the norm–namely, instead of being seen as merely evil, these monsters are seen as some“one” to sympathize with. Attack on Titan forces us to question the blurry line that is used to divide monster from human,and forces the viewer to question the human condition of the demonized and repressed everyday "monsters."
 It is our claim that Dina Fritz works as a representation of “monster.” We look at Dina as an example of representative trauma inflicted through horrific events–such as a genocidal war, dehumanization, and, of course, forced bodily violation–and how these traumas create the beasts that lead to such events; i.e. making these “monst[hers]” out of humans. We argue that the characterization of Dina Fritz is a warning to its audience that segregation, violence, and the loss of bodily autonomy perpetuates a cycle of monstrous births/creation. In this article, we will speak not only to the end result of the monstrous creation–i.e. the monst[her]–but also to the line that has been blurred with this monstrous other and the human in the world of Attack on Titan.
 
 
 

Statebuilding in the Periphery: Why States Colonize and Why They Stop

Abstract How do states secure and maintain political authority over territory? In Settling for Less: Why States Colonize and Why They Stop, Lachlan McNamee explores one common mechanism for building authority, namely settler colonialism, that should be of interest to scholars beyond those interested in colonialism per se. Building a novel theory, he explains when settler colonialism is employed by states and, importantly, why it typically becomes obsolete with economic development. Using new data, he surveys paired cases of Indonesian settlement in New Guinea and Australia's failed attempt in Papua New Guinea, as well as two periods of Chinese settlement in Xinjiang. One underdeveloped dimension of this otherwise outstanding book is the strategic choices of the indigenes. A second dimension is the alternatives to settler colonialism, including direct and indirect rule through indigenous proxies. While McNamee pushes the research frontier outwards, exerting and consolidating state authority over peripheries remain a challenge. To the extent settler colonialism “works,” that is, migrants from a majority group move into and dominate the periphery so as to attach the region more firmly to the national-state, the indigenous community is not only displaced and exploited in the moment but it is economically and politically undermined for the future. The indigenes are not credibly protected against future exploitation but, at the extreme, are eliminated in genocidal wars.

Solidarity in Catholic Social Teaching and Its Implications for Creating an Authentic Human Self

The human self has been narrowly and erroneously understood in some quarters as simply purely scientific, naturalistic, individualistic, and materialistic. This understanding of the self has contributed to problems like selfishness, rugged individualism, materialism, get-rich-quick syndrome, ritual killings, genocidal wars, profiteering, and so forth. If these erroneous perceptions of the human person or self are left unchallenged, they will continue to degrade human society and dignity. This paper theorizes that the Catholic understanding of the human being as a social and communal being, thus implying solidarity, can help to recover the authentic human self. In this light, this paper uses the methods of critical analyses and hermeneutics to examine the Catholic understanding of solidarity and how it can help in retrieving the authentic human self. The paper finds that there are erroneous and narrow understandings of the human self and person. It concludes that the Catholic concept of solidarity can help to build an authentic human self and society.

РИЗИКИ НЕЦІЛЬОВОГО ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ТЕРОРИСТИЧНОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ ДЛЯ МЕДІАВИСВІТЛЕННЯ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ЗБРОЙНОЇ АГРЕСІЇ ПРОТИ УКРАЇНИ

<p><strong><em>The purpose of the research: </em></strong><em>to define what signature traits of terrorism correspond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine after the full-scale invasion on February 24, 2022, and to analyze the potential communication risks of media coverage of Russia's aggression under the terrorism paradigm.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology. </em></strong><em>The method of comparative analysis is applied to compare the signature traits of the terrorism phenomenon with the nature of Russia's military aggression. The analysis, synthesis, abstraction, analogy, and evaluation methods made it possible to examine and evaluate each signature trait in-depth. The author also used the formalization method to present findings as a table.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results. </em></strong><em>The importance of using correct and relevant concepts in the media to denote objects of reality is emphasized, and the potentially destructive communicative effects on the audience in the case of using inaccurate definitions or blurring objects of reality by broad synonymy of terms with different interpretations are analyzed. This issue is updated in the context of using the terrorism paradigm for media coverage of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine after the February full-scale invasion. It is found that a third of the signature traits of the "terrorism" definition by A. Schmid ("academic consensus") do not fully correspond to Russia's actions and strategy. Therefore, media should consider these features using the terrorism paradigm for covering the ongoing war in Ukraine. The potential harmful communicative effects in case of complete identification of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine with terrorism are outlined.<strong></strong></em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty. </em></strong><em>It is defined which signature traits of terrorism do not fully correspond to Russia's actions and strategy during military aggression against Ukraine after the February invasion (instead of seeking corresponding signature traits). The potential negative communicative effects on the audience by inaccurate, irrelevant, or untargeted using the terrorism paradigm for media coverage of the Russian war are outlined.<strong></strong></em></p><p><strong><em>Practical value. </em></strong><em>The article explains the implications of incorrect definitions usage and the terrorism paradigm in the media coverage of Russia's war against Ukraine, which journalists are recommended to pay attention to in their professional activities. Moreover, the conducted comparative analysis enables journalists to understand better the nature of terrorism and the relevance of this phenomenon to current events in Ukraine. Besides, the study's results contribute to the broader scientific and public discussion about the qualification of Russia's crimes, considering the dimensions of terrorism and genocidal war.<strong></strong></em></p><p><strong><em>Key words: </em></strong><em>media, terrorism, military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, conceptual thinking, journalism, war.</em></p>

Українські ліберально-демократичні партії в Російській імперії на початку ХХ ст.: розробка проєктів державного устрою

The purpose of the research is to reveal the content of the projects of the state system developed by the Ukrainian liberal-democratic parties in the Russian Empire at the be- ginning of the 20th century, to carry out their comparative analysis. Research methodology includes the principles of historicism, objectivity, comprehensiveness, and systematicity, which are implemented using such research methods as analytical, comparative and others. Th e sci- entifi c novelty of the work lies in the fact that it holistically and comprehensively reveals the essence of the projects of the state system developed by Ukrainian liberal-democratic parties in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, their comparative analysis is car- ried out, common features and existing diff erences are identifi ed, an attempt is made to give a modern assessment of their value, expressed critical perception of the possibilities of their imp- lementation. Conclusions. It was found that the projects of the state system, developed in the program documents of the Ukrainian liberal-democratic parties in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, having common features and certain peculiarities of their own, refl ected, in fact, only one concept of solving the issue of statehood, as they saw the future of Ukraine in its national-territorial autonomy as part of federal democratic Russia. Th ey did not consider or develop a concept that provided for the achievement of an independent Ukrainian state, which gives grounds for asserting that the development of the projects of the state system by the Ukrainian liberal democrats was not complete. Th e proposed party projects did not agree with the idea of a conciliar independent Ukrainian state, which was included as a strategic goal in the program requirements of Ukrainian parties in Austria-Hungary in the second half of the 90s of the 19th century. From the point of view of civilizational development, the projects generally met the require- ments of the time and certainly had an external appeal. But today, taking into account the cen- tralizing tendency of russian politicians, the imperial experience of russia in the 20th and early 21st centuries, the genocidal war of the russian Federation against Ukraine, the reluctance of the russian power structures for decades to take the path of the democratic and legal development of the state, obviously, one can question their realism.

Remembering the Holocaust in the Anthropocene

Abstract: This paper explores how the "environmental turn" for the last 25 years has been shaping remembrance of the destruction of Europe's Jewish populations. I argue that climate change is not just one more catastrophe to pass into the broad analogical field of the Holocaust. In fact, international Holocaust consciousness and understandings of what we now call the Anthropocene have long been intertwined and mutually constitutive. The paper starts in the 1990s with acclaimed writers Anne Michaels and W.G. Sebald, who sought to recast the Holocaust's significance to modernity against a long backdrop of geologic time. Their memorial fiction, which grounds the history of the Holocaust in the eroding landscapes of Europe, reflects a growing and urgent global concern for the vulnerability of the environment and a sense of man's responsibility for preserving human and biological life. The paper then moves through more contemporary examples of the sublimation of Holocaust memory in discourse about global warming—evident in terms like "climate change denial" and calls to "bear witness" to mass extinction events. For better or worse, journalists and scholars who write about environmental activism frequently call on memory of World War II and genocide in order to redefine what constitutes "grievable life." Example authors include historian Timothy Snyder, who has predicted that climate change may lead to new genocidal wars over Lebensraum ; scientist James Lovelock, who has urged nation states to consider how to limit the coming influx of climate refugees; theorist Bruno Latour, who has argued, via Nazi philosopher Carl Schmitt, that we must "name our enemies" in the new climate wars; and essayist Ari Brostoff who has attempted to think climate catastrophe through Walter Benjamin's meditations on the angel of history. The implicit question in all of their work is this: What histories and philosophical traditions can help us redefine humanity's entangled relationship to nature in order to take political responsibility for saving life on Earth? In other words, the Anthropocene requires "a usable past"—but what will that usable past be?

ОСОБИСТИЙ ДОСВІД МІГРАЦІЇ УКРАЇНОК ПІД ЧАС РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ (ЩОДЕННИКИ О. КАРІ «ЖИТТЯ ПОСЕРЕД ЖИТТЯ», Н. СУХОРУКОВОЇ «МАРІУПОЛЬ. НАДІЯ» І Т. БЕЛІМОВОЇ «БІЖЕНКА»)

The article focuses on analyzing the diaries of the Ukrainian women, their personal experience of migration during the Russian- Ukrainian war, which began with the Revolution of Dignity November 21, 2013, or the Eurorevolution, Euromaidan, the place where the events developed. It is when the Ukrainian people protested against the then prorussian leadership and its rejection of the course towards the European integration. The Heavenly Hundred February 20, 2014 is the first hundred killed insurgents in this Revolution, which continued with war. Russians did not recognize their invasion of Ukraine. They annexed Crimea too quickly – March 18, 2014. Then the Donetsk region – April 7, 2014, criminally forming the separatist, puppet Donetsk People’s Republic and, April 27, 2014, the Luhansk People’s Republic. Therefore, we are currently witnessing the period of development of a new literature about the war, which seeks an academic attention in order to analyze its multigenre, reader reception, artistic and historical value, influence on the creation of the contemporary literary canon. The diary genre was the first, after poetry, to react to this genocidal war. The diaries of O. Kari, N. Sukhorukova, and T. Belimova attracted the attention of readers, scholars, film directors, and the European community. The genre of the diary is a vivid example of auto-documentary prose, which is provocative, extraordinary, relevant in its content, form and functions, constantly developing and acquiring new genre modifications. The post-colonial approach to the analysis of diaries’ texts as historical evidence makes it possible to talk about trauma, life in trauma, colonialism, colonizer, imperial thinking, violent imposition of a totalitarian regime.

Memory, Trauma and Affect: The Implicated Subject in Anuk Arudpragasam’s A Passage North

In A Passage North, Anuk Arudpragasam invades the consciousness of the protagonist to reveal the subliminal enmeshed spaces of the personal and the political. The distance between the traumatic events of the Sri Lankan civil war and the alienated individual who has apparently remained aloof, is obliterated through the refracted memories that have embedded the subject in the matrix of his country’s political history. The individual memory thus coalesces into the fabric of collective memory as the narrative unfolds. The concatenation of the traumatic realities and the sequestered psyche, untethers the individual from its ensconced private sphere and situates it within the macrocosmic and pervasive sociopolitical structure. The transmutation of subjectivity is attuned to the affective sites of collective trauma. The dichotomy of proximity and distance elucidated by the apprehensive reflections of the survivor is symptomatic of the subterranean intensities that elude corporeal presence and agency. The memories of the individual become resonant with the affective (un)lived experiences of traumatic violence, that deconstruct the tension of presence/absence, and consequently reconfigure the preconceived notions of subjectivity. The theoretical framework of this paper would foreground Michael Rothberg’s conceptualization of the implicated subject, to limn the trajectory of identities who are indirectly implicated in traumatic legacies. This paper argues that the trauma of the genocidal war and its aftermath is transcribed into affective memories, that bear the potential to reconstitute identity by recognizing and transcending the state of implication.